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PubMed1985

Inhibitory effect of [Asu1,7]-eel calcitonin on growth hormone-secretion in conscious, freely moving, male rats.

The effect of [Asu1,7]-eel calcitonin (ECT), which is an equipotent analog of eel calcitonin (CT), on GH secretion was investigated in freely moving conscious male rats. Pulsatile GH secretion was completely inhibited by iv injection of ECT (2.5 micrograms/rat). The mean 6-h plasma GH levels, 9.54 +/- 2.34 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM) in ECT-treated rats, were significantly lower than those in saline-treated rats (69.9 +/- 9.4 ng/ml, P less than 0.001). In order to examine the action of ECT on the central nervous system, 25 ng ECT dissolved in 10 microliters saline were injected into the lateral ventricle of conscious male rats. The bursts of GH secretion were completely abolished by this dose of intraventricularly (ivt) injected ECT. The mean 6-h GH levels 5.8 +/- 0.8 ng/ml, were also significantly lower than those in control rats (35.8 +/- 6.6 ng/ml, P less than 0.01). Serum Ca levels did not change after the ivt injection of 25 ng ECT but fell significantly after the iv injection of 2.5 micrograms ECT. In order to clarify the inhibitory mechanism of GH secretion by ECT, the effect of ECT on the release of GH elicited by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), a well-known GH secretagogue acting directly on the pituitary, was examined in vivo as well as in vitro. Both ivt (2.5, 25, or 250 ng/10 microliters X rat) and iv (2.5 or 25 micrograms/rat) injections of ECT caused a significant and dose-dependent suppression of PGE1-induced GH rises in conscious rats. In contrast, 10(-8) to 10(-7) M ECT failed to affect the baseline secretion of GH and its release by 5 X 10(-6) M PGE1 from rat anterior pituitary tissues perifused in vitro. These findings suggest that ECT suppresses GH secretion in the rat, at least in part, through the central nervous system.

Alprostadil↗
PubMed1992

Basal and volume expansion-stimulated plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations and hemodynamics in conscious rats: effects of SCH 39.370, an endopeptidase inhibitor, and C-ANF-(4-23), a clearance receptor ligand.

The effects of a neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitor, SCH 39.370, and a clearance receptor ligand, C-atrial natriuretic factor-(4-23) [C-ANF-(4-23)] on the plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and hemodynamics under basal conditions and during increased circulating ANP levels produced by acute volume loading in conscious rats were studied. Measurements of plasma immunoreactive N-terminal fragment of pro-ANP (IR-NT-ANP) concentrations were used to characterize the endogenous secretion of the biologically active peptide in response to drug infusions and volume expansion. Infusion of SCH 39.370 increased plasma IR-ANP levels dose-dependently in conscious normotensive Wistar rats; maximal increases of 17% (P less than 0.02) after the dose of 3 mg/kg, iv, and 67% (P less than 0.002) after the dose of 10 mg/kg, iv, SCH 39.370 were noted. Similarly, infusion of C-ANF-(4-23) alone (30 micrograms/kg, iv bolus, followed by infusion of 3 micrograms/kg.min for 30 min) increased plasma IR-ANP levels by 37% (P less than 0.001). Given in combination, SCH 39.370 and C-ANF-(4-23) produced a greater increase in plasma IR-ANP concentration (83%; P less than 0.001) than when either substance was infused alone. Neither SCH 39.370 nor C-ANF-(4-23), alone or in combination, had any effect on basal plasma IR-NT-ANP concentrations. The combination reduced mean arterial pressure (8 +/- 2 mm Hg; P less than 0.01) and right atrial pressure (0.67 +/- 0.20 mm Hg; P less than 0.01), while administration of SCH 39.370 or C-ANF-(4-23) alone had no effect on mean arterial pressure, heart rate, or right atrial pressure in conscious rats. Acute volume expansion with 0.9% saline (1.1 ml/100 g BW) resulted in an increase in right atrial pressure (2.7 +/- 0.2 mm Hg; P less than 0.001) as well as in plasma IR-ANP (55%; P less than 0.001) and IR-NT-ANP concentrations (24%; P less than 0.03). Volume expansion in rats pretreated with SCH 39.370 resulted in a greater increase in plasma IR-ANP concentrations than in control animals; the relative ANP increases corresponding to the 2.5-mm Hg increase in right atrial pressure were 1.48-, 1.69-, and 2.28-fold in control, 3 mg/kg SCH 39.370-treated, and 10 mg/kg SCH 39.370-treated groups, respectively. When the relation between changes from control in plasma IR-ANP and right atrial pressure in response to acute volume expansion was analyzed in the presence of C-ANF-(4-23), no difference was noted between control and treated rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Effect of acetylcholine on corticotropin-releasing factor gene expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of conscious rats.

To examine the physiological role of cholinergic input in the regulation of CRF neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, acetylcholine (ACh) was microinjected bilaterally into the dorsolateral border of the PVN of conscious rats. Changes in the levels of POMC messenger RNA (mRNA) in the anterior pituitary, CRF mRNA in hypothalamic tissue containing the PVN, and plasma ACTH were assessed. Plasma ACTH concentrations increased in a dose-dependent manner after ACh injection (1-100 pmol/side), reaching a peak 30 min after ACh injection and returning to baseline within 120 min. The POMC mRNA level in the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamic CRF mRNA level increased in a dose-dependent manner 120 min after ACh (0.1-10 pmol/side) injection. Intracerebroventricular pretreatment with atropine completely abolished the ACh-induced increase in plasma ACTH concentrations, whereas pretreatment with hexamethonium was without significant effect. The intracerebroventricular injection of ACh also increased plasma ACTH concentrations in a dose-dependent manner in conscious rats, but not in pentobarbital-anesthetized animals. Thus, cholinergic hypothalamic input stimulates CRF gene expression in the PVN and CRF secretion into the portal circulation under physiological conditions. The use of conscious animals is essential in elucidating the physiological roles of neurotransmitters and other modulators regulating CRF neurons.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1990

Respiratory effects of expiratory flow-resistive loading in conscious and anesthetized humans.

The response of breathing patterns to increased expiratory resistance is not only of physiologic interest, with respect to the control of breathing, but also of clinical interest because of its clinical relevance to obstructive diseases such as asthma and emphysema. To elucidate the response of breathing patterns to increased expiratory resistance during anesthesia, the respiratory effects of expiratory flow-resistive loading on breathing patterns were studied in 15 conscious and 10 lightly anesthetized subjects. Inspiratory time, expiratory time, respiratory frequency, inspiratory duty cycle, tidal volume, minute ventilation, and mean inspiratory flow rate were determined from a respiratory inductive plethysmograph. End-tidal CO2 was continuously recorded. In awake subjects, respiratory frequency was reduced without change in tidal volume or mean inspiratory flow rate, and minute ventilation was significantly decreased; the synchrony between rib cage and abdomen wall motion was well maintained during the loads. In contrast, in anesthetized subjects, respiratory frequency was reduced with remarkable increases in tidal volume, mean inspiratory flow rate, and minute ventilation, whereas coordination between rib cage and abdomen compartments was disturbed. End-tidal CO2 did not change in conscious subjects, but it increased in anesthetized subjects during the loads. These results indicate that there are differences between conscious and anesthetized subjects in breathing patterns during expiratory loading, and suggest that the ability to coordinate rib cage-abdomen wall motion is easily disturbed during anesthesia in patients with expiratory flow limitation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Simultaneous evaluation of intestinal absorption and hepatic extraction of 5-fluorouracil using portal-systemic concentration difference by short-period double dosing in a single conscious rat.

The intestinal local absorption and the hepatic local disposition of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in a single conscious rat was investigated by the simultaneous sampling of portal and systemic bloods (PS method). The portal blood flow rate, measured using a compact electromagnetic flow-meter, was estimated to be 15.3 +/- 2.2 ml/min per body weight (250g). The portal vein and the femoral artery of the rat were cannulated to simultaneously obtain blood samples from two sites. 5-FU (30 mg/kg) was administered first intraarterially, and subsequently orally 90 min after intraarterial administration to a single conscious rat (short-period double dosing; DD). Concentrations of 5-FU in the portal and arterial bloods were determined by HPLC. The local absorption ratio (Fa) and the absolute bioavailability (F) were 71.2 +/- 15.4 and 25.1 +/- 13.2%, respectively. Consequently, the hepatic extraction ratio (F[H] = F/Fa) was estimated to be 34.9 +/- 14.4%. The mean local absorption time (t[a]) and the mean absorption time (MAT) were 37.5 +/- 15.5 and 31.4 +/- 13.7 min, respectively and they were statistically the same. In conclusion, a PS method by short-period double dosing (PS-DD method) has been developed to evaluate the first-pass effect, separating the intestinal absorption and hepatic elimination of a drug in a single conscious rat. It was demonstrated by applying PS-DD method that the low bioavailability of 5-FU can be explained by the large hepatic first-pass extraction, and that the large inter-individual variation in bioavailability of 5-FU is caused mainly by a large variation in the hepatic first-pass effect. The large variation in t(a) (or MAT) was predicted to be due to a variation in the gastric emptying time.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Magnitude and distribution of muscle blood flow in conscious animals during locomotory exercise.

A large number of papers in the literature have reported peak blood flows in electrically stimulated isolated skeletal muscles in the range of 40-140 ml.min-1.100 g-1. Peak muscle blood flows of similar magnitude have been measured in human subjects with 133Xe clearance and plethysmography. In contrast, measurements of average blood flow in conscious animals at VO2max with radiolabeled microspheres have ranged from about 150-250 ml.min-1.100 g-1. Furthermore, flows in active high oxidative muscles in conscious animals during maximal exercise may attain 500 ml.min-1.100 g-1. Reasons for these apparent discrepancies are unknown, but possible explanations including technical artifacts and differences in mechanical influences on contracting muscles in isolated preparations and exercising conscious animals are discussed. It is concluded that the primary reason for the differences in magnitude of muscle blood flow is the efficient muscle pumping action that occurs in vivo during locomotory exercise.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effect of trimebutine maleate on bethanechol-induced contractions of gastrointestinal tract in conscious and anaesthetized dogs.

The effect of trimebutine maleate (TM-906) on bethanechol-induced contractions of the gastrointestinal tract in dogs was studied by means of chronically implanted force transducers, and it was compared with that of metoclopramide and atropine. During the period of motor quiescence in the fasted state of conscious dog, a bolus i.v. injection of 10 to 50 micrograms/kg bethanechol caused rhythmic contractions in the stomach and small intestine, in which an increase in basal tone was often accompanied in the distal ileum. The stomach responded to a less extent than the small intestine. Intravenous infusion of TM-906 at 3.0 mg/kg-hr for 20 to 60 min reduced the gastric contractions induced by 20 to 30 micrograms/kg bethanechol in five out of six conscious animals examined. The drug, however, enhanced the contractions of the duodenum and jejunum in a majority of the animals. Metoclopramide (1.8 mg/kg-hr) showed a tendency to potentiate the bethanechol-induced contractions in the stomach and small intestine, and atropine (0.06 mg/kg-hr) diminished them. In pentobarbital-Na anaesthetized dogs, effects of TM-906 on bethanechol-induced contractions resembled those in conscious dogs, inhibition in the stomach and potentiation in the small intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Intracerebroventricular treatment with vasopressin V1-receptor antagonist inhibits centrally-mediated pressor response to clonidine in conscious rats.

The effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) treatment with a vasopressin (AVP) V1-receptor antagonist on the pressor response to i.c.v. injection of clonidine was investigated in conscious rats with chronic i.c.v. guide cannulas and an arterial catheter. In conscious rats, i.c.v.-injected clonidine (5 and 10 micrograms) dose-dependently produced a pressor response with a decrease in heart rate. No significant depressor response was induced by clonidine. The i.c.v. pretreatment with an AVP V1-receptor antagonist ([d(CH2)5-Tyr(Me)]-AVP) at 0.5-2.5 micrograms dose-dependently inhibited the pressor response to 10 micrograms of i.c.v.-injected clonidine, while systemic (i.v.) pretreatment with the antagonist (2.5 micrograms) had no effect. In pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, 10 micrograms of i.c.v.-injected clonidine caused a marked depressor response associated with bradycardia. However, i.c.v. pretreatment with the antagonist (2.5 micrograms) did not affect cardiovascular responses to i.c.v.-injected clonidine. These results suggest that endogenous AVP in the brain is involved in the mechanisms underlying the pressor response to i.c.v.-injected clonidine in conscious rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

QT PRODACT: inter-facility variability in electrocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters in conscious dogs and monkeys.

In safety pharmacology studies, the effect of a test compound on the electrocardiogram is routinely examined by using conscious dogs. However, the results may be widely variable. The monkey, on the other hand, has scarcely been used for such studies; and as yet, there have not been reported studies on monkeys conducted at several facilities with a standard protocol. In the present study, we examined inter-facility variabilities in electrocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters as described below. We analyzed the data from 8 facilities (9 test groups) on dogs and 5 facilities (7 test groups) on monkeys. This data was obtained from the studies employing the following standard protocol: dl-Sotalol or a vehicle (0.5 w/v% methylcellulose solution) was given to animals; and the PR interval, QRS duration, QT interval, heart rate, and mean blood pressure were determined time-sequentially before and after administration of the vehicle or dl-sotalol in each test group. dl-Sotalol produced a prolongation of the maximum mean QTcF interval in conscious dogs and QTcB interval in conscious monkeys by more than 10% in every test group. No difference in the corrected QT interval among the test groups was observed in dogs, but a difference was observed in monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Simultaneous measurement of metabolic flux in portally-drained viscera, liver, spleen, kidney and hindquarter in the conscious pig.

A method was developed to measure metabolic fluxes simultaneously across the portally-drained viscera (PDV), liver, spleen, kidney and hindquarter (HQ) in the conscious pig (20-25 kg). For this purpose, sampling catheters were implanted in the abdominal artery, portal vein, hepatic vein, splenic vein, renal vein and caval vein. Further, two extra infusion catheters were implanted in the splenic vein and abdominal artery. These allow continuous infusion of para-aminohippuric acid (PAH), providing a method for estimating the plasma flow of the liver, PDV, spleen, kidney and HQ. To minimize the postoperative recovery period of the pigs, great attention was paid to the housing conditions. After a recovery period of seven days, pigs were used for experiments twice a week. During the three weeks experimental period, food intake, body temperature, weight gain, blood gas data and plasma flow were monitored. Mean plasma flow was: liver 52 +/- 6, PDV 40 +/- 5, HQ 20 +/- 2, spleen 4 +/- 1 and kidneys 15 +/- 2 ml/kg body weight/min. These data were characteristic for a pig in a conscious normal resting and unstressed state. The long-term patency rate of the sampling catheters was very high (ranging from 75% to 100%). This was probably due to the prevention of catheter-related infections using a gentamicin (20 mg/ ml), alpha-chymotrypsin (225 U/ml) solution as catheter filling. We conclude that this model enables simultaneously liver, PDV, intestine, spleen, liver, kidney and HQ flux measurement of many metabolic substances in the conscious pig.

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain↗
PubMed1990

[Life style and the right to clean air in public places (RCA). Part 1. The relationship between life style and legal consciousness on smoking regulations].

The right to clean air in public places (RCA) could be a good indicator of health consciousness. We surveyed the consciousness of RCA among residents (20 years of age or older; n = 1500) in city D, a satellite town of Osaka, and examined the relationship between life style and the knowledge aspect of RCA, one of the three aspects of the consciousness concerning RCA. Knowledge of laws concerning the smoking regulations in public places are divided into two categories. One is knowledge of laws concerning general matters, and the other is knowledge of laws concerning concrete matters. Therefore, we get two kinds of relationships. These are the relationship between life style and knowledge of laws concerning general matters, and the relationship between life style and knowledge of laws concerning concrete matters. We examined these two relationships by using Student's t test, and tried to determine the individual life style closely related to the scores for knowledge of laws with the chi-square test. We got following results. (1) The relationship between life style and knowledge of laws concerning general matters Knowledge scores got higher as the life style scores (HPI) became higher. This trend could be detected in all four subgroups. The scores of male subgroups were generally higher than those of female subgroups. This could be construed as follows: those who take care of their physical health have a lot of knowledge of laws concerning smoking regulations. (2) The relationship between life style and knowledge of laws concerning concrete matters Knowledge scores got lower as the life style scores became higher. This trend was almost the same in all four subgroups. The scores of male groups were generally higher than those of female subgroups. This trend could be construed as follows: men and women whose HPI is lower get more opportunities to be in the public places where smoking is totally allowed (e. g., bars) irrespective of their smoking status.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Attitudes to conscious sedation in patients attending an emergency dental clinic.

INTRODUCTION: Anxiety and fear in relation to dentistry are long-standing problems and the incidence of dental fear does not appear to be decreasing. It can result in poor dental health and wastage of clinical time. Conscious sedation is one method of allaying anxiety in dental patients and enables such patients to accept dental treatment. AIMS, MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire survey was undertaken among patients attending an emergency dental clinic. Its aims were to assess the levels of dental anxiety in these subjects, the impact on their attendance for dental treatment, and their knowledge of and desire to have conscious sedation, should it be available. RESULTS: The results indicated that in the 72 patients who responded, levels of anxiety regarding dental treatment were high, with 49 (68%) claiming some nervousness or worse. Thirty-one (43%) cited fear/nervousness as a reason for delaying making a dental appointment. Twenty-seven (38%) were not aware of the existence of conscious sedation for dental treatment, of whom half reported that they were in the highly anxious group. Forty (56%) respondents said they would like to have sedation if it were available. Twenty-five (35%) claimed to have received sedation for dental treatment in the past. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the availability of dental sedation was currently not matching the needs and demands of several patients who took part in the survey. Increased availability of dental sedation could remove a barrier to dental care for many highly anxious dental patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[The effects of PGE2, 2-DG and L-arginine on hypothalamic GHRH and SRIF releases in conscious rats, with respect to GH secretion].

The effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and L-arginine on hypothalamic GHRH and SRIF release with respect to GH secretion were studied in conscious male rats. Intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of 5 micrograms PGE2 and intravenous (iv) infusion of 1 g/kgBW L-arginine caused an increase in plasma GH levels, but icv (36 micrograms) or iv (400 mg/kgBW) injection of 2-DG suppressed spontaneous GH surge in conscious rats. The concentration of hypothalamic GHRH was decreased in all three groups of the animals, but the concentration of hypothalamic SRIF was decreased only in 2-DG-treated animals. In the perifusion system using rat hypothalamus, PGE2 (0.28 microM, 2.8 microM), 2-DG (22 mM) and L-arginine (3 mM) stimulated GHRH release from rat hypothalamus. 2-DG also stimulated SRIF release more predominantly than GHRH release. Passive immunization with anti-GHRH serum inhibited the GH secretion induced by icv injection of 5 micrograms PGE2 and by iv infusion of 1 g/kgBW L-arginine in conscious rats. In contrast, GH secretion induced by iv injection of 50 micrograms/kgBW PGE2 was not affected by the pretreatment with the antiserum. These results suggest that the central effect of PGE2 and peripheral effect of L-arginine to stimulate GH secretion are mediated by hypothalamic GHRH release, and that the inhibitory effect of 2-DG on GH secretion is predominantly mediated by hypothalamic SRIF release rather than GHRH release in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Comparison of ejection fraction and segmental circumferential fiber shortening velocity in the anesthetized and conscious canine.

A chronically and transseptally implanted left atrial catheter was utilized to perform repeated cineangiography in the conscious dog. The advantage of this preparation is that catheter placement does not require a thoracotomy. Left ventricular function was compared in the same pentobarbital-anesthetized and conscious dog. Anesthesia significantly depressed myocardial function as was demonstrated by a decrease in ejection fraction and segmental circumferential fiber shortening velocity (VCF) and an increase in end-diastolic volume. In addition, no difference in Vcf occurred between the base and the apex. Since anesthesia produced regional difference in the degree of depression of VCF, we conclude that anesthesia will produce patterns of ventricular contraction which are variable and unpredictable. Consequently, we recommend the use of the conscious dog and this preparation in order to evaluate myocardial function.

Anesthetics↗
PubMed1998

Cardiovascular responses to microinjection of trans-(+/-)-ACPD into the NTS were similar in conscious and chloralose-anesthetized rats.

The changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) in response to the activation of metabotropic receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) with trans-(+/-)-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid (trans-(+/-)-ACPD) were evaluated in conscious and anesthetized Wistar, male rats weighing 240-260 g (N = 8). The responses obtained with trans-(+/-)-ACPD were compared with the responses to L-glutamate (1 nmol/100 nl), since in a previous study we showed that anesthesia converted a pressor response to L-glutamate microinjected into the NTS of conscious rats to a depressor response in the same rats under urethane or chloralose anesthesia. Microinjection of 3 doses of trans-(+/-)-ACPD (100, 500 and 1000 pmol/100 nl) produced a dose-dependent fall in MAP (range, -20 to -50 mmHg) and HR (range, -30 to -170 bpm) under both conscious and chloralose anesthesia conditions. These data indicate that the cardiovascular responses to the activation of metabotropic receptors by trans-(+/-)-ACPD are not affected by chloralose anesthesia while the cardiovascular responses to the activation of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors by L-glutamate are significantly altered.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1980

Effect of the suckling stimulus on secretion of prolactin and luteinizing hormone in conscious and anaesthetized rats.

Luteinizing hormone and prolactin were measured in plasma samples taken from conscious and anaesthetized, lactating, suckled rats after overnight separation from their litters except for one pup. In the conscious rats, there was a marked fall in plasma LH concentration (P < 0.05), and a large increase in that of prolactin (P < 0.01) within 30 min of returning the pups to the mothers. When the mothers were anaesthetized with urethane and then suckled by their litters, there was no significant change in plasma LH values, but prolactin values rose significantly (P < 0.05) after 2.5 h of suckling. However, suckling caused no significant change in plasma concentrations of LH or prolactin when the milk-ejection frequency was doubled (P < 0.001) by administering xylazine to urethane-anaesthetized mothers. It was concluded that the conscious lactating rat, separated from her litter overnight, is a very sensitive model for studying the neural events controlling LH and prolactin secretion during suckling. Anaesthesia by urethane blocks this sensitized response, but the blockade is not associated with interference in the milk-ejection reflex.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1984

Production rate, metabolic clearance rate and blood concentration of progesterone in conscious and anaesthetized pregnant rats.

Both production rate and metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of progesterone may vary rapidly and so effect short-term changes in blood concentration of the hormone. Here, a constant infusion and sampling technique was used to estimate these three characteristics of progesterone metabolism in seven conscious and ten anaesthetized rats on day 16 of pregnancy. After steady state was achieved, four samples were collected during a 1-h period from each rat. Mean values for production rate and MCR of progesterone in conscious rats were 14.0 +/- 1.4 mumol/day and 63.2 +/- 6.2 litres/day respectively. Both values were substantially reduced in anaesthetized rats (8.6 +/- 0.8 mumol/day and 39.4 +/- 3.4 litres/day respectively) and so blood concentration was unchanged. The production rate was positively related to the total mass of luteal tissue (common correlation coefficient, r = 0.61, P less than 0.05). There were no consistent changes in the three characteristics with time but variation within rats was high. The estimated coefficients of variation for production rate, MCR and blood concentration within rats were 26, 18 and 17% in conscious and 27, 20 and 23% in anaesthetized rats respectively. Short-term changes in production rate and MCR generally were in the same direction (P less than 0.05). This reduced variation in blood concentration which would otherwise have occurred if production rate and MCR were unrelated. The pregnant rat is clearly capable of rapid shifts in production rate, MCR and blood concentration of progesterone and the positive relationship between production rate and MCR has a homeostatic effect on blood concentration.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed2004

Oral rehabilitation under dental general anesthesia, conscious sedation, and conventional techniques in patients affected by cerebral palsy.

The purpose of this report is to find the use of different alternatives for dental treatment, from general anesthesia to conventional techniques, in patients affected by cerebral palsy (CP) in a dental school setting. The sample was divided into two groups: (1) children, and (2) adolescents and young adults; 38 patients (20 female and 18 male) with diagnostic of CP were included. Risks and benefits of conscious sedation and general anesthesia were written into a consent form and these were discussed with parents or guardians of each affected patient. The mean age was 7.14+/-2.2 years for children's group and 18.5+/-3.06 years for adolescent and young adult group. Most children (77.3%) were classified as ASA II with a level of behavior I-II according to Frankl's scale and these patients were treated under general anesthesia (GA). For patients that were classified as of positive behavior with little necessity of dental procedures, independent of the medically compromised level, dental treatment was done with conventional techniques or with conscious sedation. Dental frequency procedures were as follows: composites, dental prophylaxis, and dental extractions in children; in adolescents and adults, important to point out is that in anterior teeth and molars endodontic treatment, and surgical procedures increased in frequency. The mixture sevoflurane-propofol worked well during pre-, peri-, and post-operative procedures. During the discharge process, most patients needed a recovery of 20-40 minutes after which they were awake and oriented, breathing comfortably with stable vital signs. It was concluded that GA with sevoflurane-propofol and conscious sedation are an excellent tool to provide dental treatment in CP patients in a dental school setting without most of the major postoperative complications, such as nausea and vomiting.

Adolescent↗