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PubMed1987

Eye injuries in childhood.

A 3-year survey was conducted of all children with eye injuries admitted to Wills Eye Hospital to determine demographic, etiologic, and prophylactic factors. There were 278 cases, representing 22% of all ocular injuries in children requiring admission. The frequency of childhood ocular injuries is high, often resulting in serious visual impairment. Many of these injuries are preventable. The causes of pediatric eye injuries and preventive measures are discussed.

Accidents↗
PubMed1986

Surgical treatment of tears of the rotator cuff in athletes.

Forty-five athletes with either a partial or a complete tear of the rotator cuff were treated with anterior acromioplasty and repair of the tear. The minimum duration of follow-up was twenty-four months (average, forty-two months). Thirty patients had an incomplete tear and fifteen had a complete tear. Postoperatively, thirty-nine (87 per cent) of the patients stated that they were improved compared with their preoperative status, although only thirty-four patients (76 per cent) felt that they had a significant reduction of pain postoperatively. Objectively, twenty-five (56 per cent) of the patients were rated as having a good result, which allowed them to return to their former competitive level without significant pain. Twelve (41 per cent) of the twenty-nine athletes who had been involved in pitching and throwing returned to their former competitive status. Seven (32 per cent) of the twenty-two pitchers and throwers who had been active at a professional or collegiate level returned to the same competitive level. In our experience, a repair of the rotator cuff combined with an acromioplasty in a young athletic population provides satisfactory relief of pain but does not guarantee that the patient will be able to return to his or her former competitive status in all sports.

Acromion↗
PubMed1986

Throwing injuries of the elbow.

With the burgeoning popularity of racquet and throwing sports in our society, an increasing awareness of the elbow injuries sustained with repetitive upper extremity activity is important. Particular attention should be paid to proper technique, equipment, and duration of activity, and preventive measures should be taken. In the adolescent or adult individual who sustains elbow injury, it is imperative that the treating physician recognize the pathologic stage early in order to minimize the consequences of these activities. Only with a thorough history and physical examination of this complex joint and a firm understanding of the forces generated during activity will the sports medicine physician entertain the proper diagnosis and initiate a treatment protocol that is likely to be successful.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed1985

Bony injuries about the elbow in the throwing athlete.

Tremendous valgus stress during the acceleration phase of pitching is the primary cause of elbow injury in the pitcher. Lateral compression injuries are usually found in pitchers in their early teens, and osteochondritis dissecans is the primary underlying cause. Severe flexion contractures and even partial ankylosis of the elbow may occur. Prognosis after surgery is generally poor. Medial tension injuries with either soft-tissue damage or bony damage usually require surgery. The medial collateral ligament should be considered the primary stabilizer against the valgus-vector overload. The medial collateral ligament or bony avulsion form the medial compartment of the elbow should be primarily corrected. Results of early surgical correction to these lesions should produce excellent results. Pitchers with extension block injuries are generally older, more experienced athletes than those without such injuries. These pitchers have had symptoms for some time with progressive loss of full extension of the elbow and increasing pain. Valgus extension overload can be surgically corrected by an open surgical approach or an operative arthroscopic approach. Basically these approaches are palliative, and progression of symptoms at a later date may be expected. Finally, the postoperative rehabilitation of any elbow problem is extremely important and should be preplanned for the specific lesion treated.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1986

Effects of selected softball bat loading strategies on impact reaction impulse.

Interior loading strategies to modify the location and size of the effective hitting area of aluminum softball bats were identified. The effects of these strategies on theoretically derived and empirically determined relevant mechanical parameters were compared. Loading strategies consisted of adding 315 g to the interior of three similar (790 g) aluminum softball bats: at the center of mass of the original bat (bat C); at the ends of the bat and distributed so that the center of mass was unchanged, (bat A); and at the ends of the bat and distributed so that the moment of inertia about the swing axis (I1) was the same as that of bat C (bat B). The following parameters were derived theoretically by considering the bat as a physical pendulum and empirically by observing the impact reaction impulse on the axis of suspension: moment of inertia about the suspension axis (I0); moment of inertia about the swing axis; distance from the suspension axis to the center of percussion; and the slope of the impact reaction impulse (P1) relative to the impact impulse (P) as a function of impact location. These values for each bat were compared. Both empirical and theoretically derived data indicated that: the center of percussion of bat B was farther away from the axis than bats A and C; the moment of inertia about the swing axis of bat A was much greater than that of bats B and C; and the slope of the impact reaction regression line as a function of impact location for bat B was significantly less than that of the other bats. Thus, the effective hitting area of bat B was moved toward the barrel end of the bat and enlarged without a substantial increase in the moment of inertia about the swing axis.

Baseball↗
PubMed1985

Finger release sequence for fastball and curveball pitches.

The purpose of this study was to determine the action of the thumb, index, and middle fingers in releasing fastballs and curveballs for nine right-handed college pitchers. Micro-switches for the fingers were created by using two strips of electroconductive tape and a ball covered with electroconductive paint. Time data, accurate to 10(-4)s, were initiated by the stride foot onto a floor mat switch. When each digit left the ball, a corresponding timer was triggered with the final channel tripped by a contact switch in the catcher's glove. A total of 103 fastball and 88 curveball trials had complete data for each of the variables studied. Results showed that for the fastball, in 91.1% of the cases, the thumb preceded the middle and index fingers by approximately 6 ms. (p less than .001) but there was no significant difference between the middle and index fingers. The curveball data indicated that five of the nine pitchers had a definite release sequence of thumb first followed by middle then index finger (p less than .001). In total, 72.7% of the curveballs thrown had a release sequence of thumb, middle, and index fingers and 24.0% had a middle, thumb, index finger release sequence. The remaining 2.3% of the pitches had either similar times or odd combinations of release sequence.

Baseball↗
PubMed1985

Shoulder impingement syndrome in athletes treated by an anterior acromioplasty.

Shoulder pain caused by a impingement syndrome commonly affects an athlete's performance. Thirty-five shoulders in 33 athletes had an impingement syndrome treated by an anterior acromioplasty after failure of conservative treatment. Thirty-one of 35 shoulders (89%) were subjectively judged improved by the patients from their preoperative status. The moderate and severe pain was reduced from 97% of the shoulders preoperation to 20% postoperation. The pain at rest and with activities of daily living was reduced from 71% of the shoulders preoperation to 9% postoperation. However, only 15 of 35 operated shoulders (43%) allowed return to the same preinjury level of competitive athletics, and only four of 18 athletes involved in pitching and throwing returned to their former preinjury status. This operation is satisfactory for pain relief but does not allow an athlete to return to his former competitive status. A prolonged rehabilitation program may improve the results.

Acromion↗