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PubMed2002

Unilateral neuroretinitis and periparillary serous retinal detachment in cat-scratch disease.

Cat-scratch disease is a self-limited infection characterized by subacute regional lymphadenitis, which is usually preceded by a history of being scratched by a cat infected with the Bartonella species. Neuroretinitis, retinochoroiditis, isolated papillitis and peripapillary angiomatosis are features of posterior segment involvement. However, vision loss is very rare. We report a patient with cat-scratch disease associated with unilateral neuroretinitis and peripapillary serous retinal detachment, and discuss its fluorescein and indocyanine green angiographic features.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

A case of hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection.

The precise etiology of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is unknown. However, it has been associated with bacterial (Shigella, Salmonella, E. coli, S. pneumoniae), Bartonella, and viral (coxsackie, ECHO, influenza, varicella. Epstein-Barr) infections and with endotoxemia. Recently, we experienced a case of HUS in a 16-year-old boy who was in the acute phase of an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. He had typical manifestations of HUS and EBV infection. He also transiently presented disseminated intravascular coagulation. His renal dysfunction recovered by supportive care, including hemodialysis, plasmapheresis, antihypertensive medication and aspirin. We present this case with a review of the literature as the second report of HUS associated with EBV infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Fourteen-year seroepidemiological study of zoonoses in a Greek village.

A seroepidemiological study carried out in a high-risk village in Crete in 1985-1987 and 1998 showed that although the awareness of the people concerning zoonoses had increased during this period, the situation did not improve: there was a significant increase of the spread of seroprevalence in time and space of Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia typhi, Brucella sp., and Entamoeba histolytica. Toxoplasma gondii, Rickettsia conorii, Borrelia burgdorferi, Echinococcus granulosus, Leishmania sp., and Fasciola hepatica stayed at the same levels. This first study of Bartonella henselae in Crete showed that 15.9% of the children tested were seropositive. The results indicate that reservoirs and vectors of the pathogens studied are widespread in the environment, and the way of life of the people favors contact with them. Seven of 30 milk samples were positive for Brucella sp. by seminested polymerase chain reaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chronic canine ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis): a retrospective study of 19 natural cases.

Nineteen dogs from Greece with chronic ehrlichiosis were studied. The dogs exhibited bicytopenia or pancytopenia, bone marrow hypoplasia, seroreactivity to Ehrlichia canis (E. canis) antigens, and had no history of drug or radiation exposure. Anorexia, depression, severe bleeding tendencies, hypoalbuminemia, and increased serum alanine aminotransferase activity were also hallmarks of the disease. All these animals eventually died, irrespective of the treatment applied. Some dogs were also serologically positive for Rickettsia conorii, Leishmania infantum (L. infantum), and Bartonella vinsonii subspp. berkhoffii. Polymerase chain reaction testing of bone marrow samples revealed E. canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilia, Anaplasma platys, and L. infantum in some dogs. Concurrent infections did not appear to substantially influence the clinical course and final outcome of the chronic canine ehrlichiosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Exposure to feline and canine pathogens in bobcats and gray foxes in urban and rural zones of a national park in California.

Exposure of bobcats (Lynx rufus) and gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) to a range of common canine and feline pathogens was assessed in urban and rural zones of Golden Gate National Recreation Area, a National Park in the San Francisco Bay Area, (California, USA) from 1992 to 1995. Testing included serology for canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus (CPV), canine adenovirus, Leptospira interrogans, feline calicivirus (FCV), feline panleukopenia virus, feline herpesvirus, feline enteric coronavirus (FECV), feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus, Toxoplasma gondii, and Bartonella henselae. Testing was also performed for Dirofilaria immitis. Significantly more gray foxes were seropositive for CPV in the urban zone than in the rural zone. In addition, radio-tracking of gray foxes in the rural zone indicated that all three of the rural CPV-seropositive foxes had traveled into adjoining small towns, whereas only one of the 11 seronegative animals had done so. Significantly more bobcats were seropositive for FCV in the rural zone than in the urban zone. Individual bobcats with positive FCV antibody titers had patterns of movement that intercepted park inholdings where domestic cats lived. Bobcat samples were seronegative for all five of the other viral feline pathogens, with the exception of a FECV-seropositive bobcat. High seroprevalence was detected for B. henselae and T. gondii in both zones. Variation in the seroprevalence for different pathogens might be related to differences in the exposure of bobcats and foxes to domestic animals: in the urban zone, gray foxes were located in residential areas outside the park, whereas bobcats were not. Although for most of the pathogens examined there was no relationship between urbanization and exposure, our results for CPV in foxes and FCV in bobcats indicated that proximity to urban areas or contact with humans can increase the risk of disease exposure for wild carnivore populations. Combining behavioral information from radio-tracking with data on pathogen exposure or disease incidence can provide valuable insights into the ecology of wildlife disease that might be missed with broad-scale, population-level comparisons alone.

Animal Identification Systems↗
PubMed2006

First evidence of feline herpesvirus, calicivirus, parvovirus, and Ehrlichia exposure in Brazilian free-ranging felids.

Serum samples from 18 pumas (Puma concolor), one ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), and two little spotted cats (Leopardus tigrinus) collected from free-ranging animals in Brazil between 1998 and 2004 were tested by indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) for antibodies to feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV 1), calicivirus (FCV), coronavirus (FCoV), parvo-virus (FPV), Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma pha-gocytophilum, and Bartonella henselae. Serum samples also were tested, by Western blot and ELISA, for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) specific antibodies and antigen, respectively, by Western blot for antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and by indirect ELISA for antibodies to puma lentivirus (PLV). Antibodies to FHV 1, FCV, FCoV, FPV, FeLV, FIV, PLV or related viruses, and to B. henselae were detected. Furthermore, high-titered antibodies to E. canis or a closely related agent were detected in a puma for the first time.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hepatic and splenic micro-abscess in cat scratch disease. Report of a case].

Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is an infection caused by a gram-negative bacillus known as Bartonella Henselae. Hepatosplenic disease occurs in only 0.3-0.7% of patients. In this report we describe a 7-year-old male presented with a 4-week history of fever, after diagnosis of CSD with regional lymphoadenitis. Ultrasonography and tomography identified hepatic and splenic abscesses. Antibiotic treatment for three months was associated with resolution of lesions. In Patients affected by CSD, ultrasonography and tomography permit to identify hepatic and/or splenic lesions, indicating systemic CSD.

Abscess↗
PubMed2000

Infectious exanthems and unusual infections.

Invasive disease due to group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) can be divided into 3 categories of disease: streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (strepTSS), necrotizing fasciitis, and other invasive GABHS disease. Patients with strepTSS may have multiorgan failure within hours of presentation. Clindamycin and penicillin G should be used in combination for treatment of invasive GABHS disease. The mortality rate for menstrual staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome has decreased with early recognition and treatment, and removal of hyperabsorbent tampons from the market. Kawasaki syndrome (KS) is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children in the U. S., and atypical forms have a higher mortality rate than typical KS. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a zoonosis with an 80% mortality rate if the diagnosis is not made on first presentation and patients return to the hospital in shock. Children and adolescents with Lyme disease have an excellent prognosis and respond well to antimicrobial therapy. Cat scratch disease (CSD) is caused by Bartonella henselae and is transmitted by flea-infested kittens. CSD lymphadenopathy typically resolves spontaneously in 2ñ3 months; however, there is a 50% likelihood of resolution in 1 month if patients receive a 5-day treatment course with azithromycin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Update in infectious diseases. Part I: epidemiology].

A number of infectious agents has been newly detected in the last 10 years. Climatic changes and migration have been the most important factors in the emergence of new and old infections. Additionally, new methods for the detection of DNA and RNA have played an important role in the detection of agents difficult to culture. Relevant new bacterial pathogens are Bartonella henselae (cat scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis), Tropheryma whippeli (Whipple's disease) and new Rickettsiae. Newly detected viral pathogens include Sin-nombre virus (pulmonary Hanta virus syndrome), Nipah- and Hendra virus and avian influenza. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy has been transmitted to humans causing the newly described syndrome of variant Creuzfeldt-Jakob disease. The extent of this new epidemic is not yet clear. These trends from the last years clearly indicate, that further new infections and infectious agents will be detected in the future.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed2000

[Familial parinaud oculo-glandular syndrome in cat-scratch disease].

Cat-scratch disease is manifested by subacute, regional lymphadenitis and occurs mainly in children. The causative agent is a pleomorphic, gram-negative bacillus, Bartonella henselae carried by asymptomatic cats. Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome is the most common ocular manifestation of this disease. It is characterized by unilateral conjunctivitis with polypoid granuloma, usually of the palpebral conjunctiva, and preauricular lymphadenopathy. The diagnosis is supported by a history of exposure to cats and is confirmed by positive serologic tests or positive PCR assay. The occurrence of more than 1 case of Parinaud syndrome in a family is rare. We describe 2 sisters with Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome, proven by serologic tests. They reported that they used to cuddle with their cats, among them a kitten. Because of the refractory conjunctivitis and signs of imminent periorbital cellulitis, they were treated with oral tetracycline with apparently good responses. We recommend asking about contacts with cats in any atypical conjunctivitis accompanied by regional lymphadenopathy, especially in young patients. Systemic antibiotics should be given when there is any suspicion of significant ocular involvement, if the patient is immunosuppressed, or if there are systemic manifestations of cat-scratch disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[The niches and pathways of animal pathogens].

Infectious diseases are not a relict of the past but a topical phenomenon determined by complex evolution of the currently existing and constantly changing microbial agents and their hosts. With regard to abundance of species within the microbial kingdom and rate of its changes and development, it is difficult to predict the role of the microbial factor in mortality of humans and animals. The study and generalization of sequential similarities of microbial virulence factors after the completion of genome sequencing of principal pathogens can play a positive role in this direction. At present, molecular-genetic methods allow us to study the phylogenetic relationships of microbes and categorize them according to new criteria. The efficient control of diseases caused by microbes requires knowledge on their physiological and ecological niche from which they penetrate, in various ways, into the host organisms and, under suitable conditions, induce mass diseases. This process has several stages and, in the recent period, it is increasingly affected by human activities. The knowledge on all participants in this process, i.e. the microbe and its niche, factors of virulence and pathways of their dissemination, requires a scientifically based surveillance. Abundance and variability is characteristic for both microbial kingdom and microbial niche. Some identification of pathogenic properties of microorganisms and factors affecting their movement from their niche to the recipients results in activation of old classical diseases (e.g. plague, cholera, tuberculosis etc.) or emerging of new, so far unknown infections diseases ("emerging inf. disease"--EID), caused for example by lentiviruses, oncoviruses, filiviruses, bartonella, borrelia etc. This has provided the basis for establishment of new medical trends and approaches, such as "Emergency medicine" or "Travel medicine", expressing their purpose by their names. The control of existing or proposed infectious diseases in the 21st century (in which majority of factors such as urbanization, environmental factors, evolution of the microbial kingdom, will contribute to the persistence or "emergence" of new diseases) will be affected by the input of new knowledge in the field of molecular biology, such as introduction of biosensors, genetic tests, microchips, new generation of DNA vaccines, enteric vaccines and antibodies produced by transgenic animal bioreactors or plants, "customized" vaccines assessed for individual genetic profiles, etc. (Tab. 5, Ref. 21.)

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Baccilary Angiomatosis: Negative Results Using Normal Balb/c and Balb/c Nude Mice.

Baccilary angiomatosis has recently been described as a disease that can spread systematically and that is potentially fatal. It is caused by Bartonella henselae and B. quintana, and presents as especially pronounced signs and symptoms in patients suffering from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). To clarify the pathogenesis of the disease and to try to define the relationships among baccilary angiomatosis, cat scratch disease and Carrión's bartonellosis, the authors of this study have attempted to develop an experimental model using mice that were immunocompetent as well as those that had their cellular immunity genetically compromised. A known concentration of B. henselae was inoculated intradermally in Balb/c an isogenic mice or an athymic group of the same lineage. Blood samples were taken on days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 28, and 60 after inoculation for indirect immunofluorescence antibody testing. On the 21st and 60th day, one animal from each group was sacrificed and a post mortem carried out including histological evaluation of the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, skin and other organs. Hemocultures of the sacrificed animals were collected. All results of serologic response, cultures and histologic examination were negative. The authors discuss the methodology, especially the use of isogenic animals of the same lineage in B. henselae infection, with and without immunodeficiency, and the resources for the negative results of histopathology, serology and cultures.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Cervical lymphadenitis and cat scratch disease (CSD): an overlooked disease?

Cat Scratch Disease (CSD) is a benign disease characterized by regional lymphadenopathy affecting most frequently the head and neck region in children and young adults. In the present paper, the authors describe four cases of CSD focusing on clinical history, diagnostic management and therapy. The main germ responsible for this lymph node disease is Bartonella henselae. Diagnosis is based on history, serology and histological findings. Clinical evolution is generally favorable despite the fact that complications occur in about 5% to 13% of patients including encephalitis, hepatitis and Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome. Antibiotic treatment is only considered for highly symptomatic patients. Surgical excision of the lymphadenopathy is useful to establish the diagnosis when serology is not available and/or when the adenopathy become fluctuating. The authors emphasize the increasing incidence of patients with CSD in the ENT population and the algorithm for CSD disease affecting the cervical lymph nodes.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A serological survey of rural dogs and cats on the southwestern Canadian prairie for zoonotic pathogens.

A survey for antibodies against agents of plague, tularemia, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), and against Sin Nombre hantavirus (SNV), Bartonella henselae and B. clarridgeiae was conducted in the summer of 1995 using serum from rural dogs and cats living in the vicinity of four public parks in southeastern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan. Antibodies to all pathogens were detected in all survey areas. Overall prevalence rates were 0.075 for Yersinia pestis, 0.089 for Francisella tularensis, 0.025 for Rickettsia rickettsii (dogs only), and 0.029, 0.178 and 0.186 for SNV, B. henselae and B. clarridgeiae, respectively (cats only). This serological survey of rural dogs and cats was more sensitive and efficient than previous surveys based on collection and culture of rodents and ectoparasites. All six pathogens appear endemic to the region. Surveillance for plague, tularemia, RMSF and SNV, and management of associated public risks should be done in endemic regions.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[The worldwide challenges of "new" or reemerging communicable diseases at the dawn of the 21st century].

In spite of the very significant advances made during the 20 th century in the prevention and the treatment of communicable diseases, infections are still today, even in developed countries, a major cause of morbidity and mortality. New infectious diseases have emerged (AIDS, legionellosis, exterotoxigenic E. coli, Ebola fever), others have significantly reemerged (tuberculosis, diphtheria, Bartonella infections) or have seen their geographic distribution widen considerably (dengue, Hantavirus, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease). New and widespread hepatotropic viruses (mainly hepatitis C) have been identified, while the bacterial cause (Helicobacter pylori) of gastric ulcer was demonstrated. The second part of this review will deal with other examples of emerging or reemerging infections and with the problem of the increasing resistance of pathogens to antimicrobial agents. It will analyse the multiple causes of these various phenomena and describe the diverse strategies which should become available for the prevention and/or treatment of these numerous infectious diseases.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Taxonomy and classification of Rickettsiae].

During the recent 20 years the improvement of the methodological research basis including the molecular and genetic analysis of microorganisms parasites of eukaryotic cells, led to considerable changes in the taxonomy and classification of rickettsiae. This problem was not discussed in the Russian literature. At present the term "rickettsiae" conventionally embraces the group of microorganisms of the class Proteobacteria, nominated as species belonging to the genera Rickettsia, Orientia, Ehrlichia, Coxiella and Bartonella. An original scheme of the modern taxonomy of rickettsiae, pathogenic for man, is presented. The scheme is made with due regard to their phenotypic, clinico-epidemiological and genetic features.

Genotype↗
PubMed2001

[Hepatosplenic cat-scratch disease in the immunocompetent adult].

Atypical manifestations of cat-scratch disease have been described in children and immunosuppressed adults. We report the first case of hepatosplenic cat-scratch disease in an immunocompetent subject, demonstration of diversity of this infection. A 33-year-old man presented with prolonged fever, lymphadenopathy and multiple hypodense lesions of liver and spleen in ultrasonographic imaging. The hepatic biopsy showed non-specific inflammatory reactions including granulomata and stellate necrosis. Anti-Bartonella antibodies have been found. The therapy with clarithromycin and doxycycline for many weeks was effective for hepatic lesions. A month ago a history of a cat contact with the presence of a skin lesion has been reported.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Treatment of bite wounds and cat-scratch disease].

Although rabies is the most serious consequence of animal bite injuries, in urban rabies-free countries the risk of rabies is far lower than the risk of bacterial infections of the wound. The most frequent etiologic cause of the wound infections after dog bites is Pasteurella multocida, as well as in the case of bites by cats, after which cat-scratch disease may also develop, its main cause being Bartonella henselae. All bite injuries must be carefully cleaned and disinfected; it is necessary to estimate the need of antirabies and antitetanus protection, and to introduce antibiotic treatment for prevention, particularly in the case of deep sting wounds caused mostly by cats.

Animals↗