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PubMed2001

Effects of wheat maturation stage and cooking method on dietary fiber and phytic acid contents of firik, a wheat-based local food.

Samples of two durum wheat cultivars (cvs. Duraking and Ege 88) at different maturation stages (13, 16, 19, 22, 25 days post anthesis) were processed into firik (a wheat-based specialty food) using two different cooking methods: roasting (scorching) on flames and boiling at atmospheric pressure. Both the acid detergent and neutral detergent fiber contents of the firiks produced from two durum wheat samples decreased significantly (p < 0.01) with maturation. Total P contents of the firiks of both cultivars produced by both methods showed a significant downward trend within the period of maturation while their phytic acid contents showed a significant upward trend (p < 0.01). It was possible to obtain a reduced phytic acid, high fiber product from the wheats harvested at early stages of maturation (13 and 16 days after anthesis).

Cooking↗

PubMed1989

Isolation and properties of lipolysis inhibitory proteins from wheat germ and wheat bran.

Proteins inhibiting pancreatic lipase in vitro have been isolated from wheat germ and wheat bran, with relative molecular mass ranging from 24,400 to 27,500. Inhibition of pancreatic lipase by the wheat germ proteins is related to their ability to interact with the emulsified substrate and to hinder the adsorption of the enzyme on the interface. The extent of inhibition depends on the amount of substrate and is independent of the enzyme concentration. Bile salts forming micelles in the concentration range used are able to partially reverse the inhibition of pancreatic lipase by the wheat germ proteins. The nutritional significance of the data obtained is discussed.

Dietary Fiber↗

PubMed1989

An unusual wheat insertion sequence (WIS1) lies upstream of an alpha-amylase gene in hexaploid wheat, and carries a "minisatellite" array.

Comparison of the 5' flanking regions of three alpha-amylase genes from chromosome 6B of hexaploid wheat by heteroduplex and sequence analysis revealed the presence of a 1.6 kb stem-loop insertion sequence (WIS1) in one of them. Polymorphism among hexaploid wheat varieties suggests the relatively recent insertion/excision of this sequence from its present position. The complete sequence of the stem-loop insertion shows that it has many of the features found in transposable elements, including target site duplication and terminal inverted repeats. One unusual feature is a tandem array of direct repeats comprising a wheat "minisatellite" sequence. Both the insertion sequence and the minisatellite are found at multiple locations in the wheat genome, but the functional significance of their association in WIS1 is unknown. The minisatellite arrays share a common core structure, and long arrays are polymorphic between different hexaploid varieties.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2004

Advanced backcross QTL analysis in progenies derived from a cross between a German elite winter wheat variety and a synthetic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

We report here the second advanced backcross quantitative trait locus (AB-QTL) analysis carried out in winter wheat. Seven agronomic traits were studied in a BC2F1 population derived from a cross between the German winter wheat variety Flair and the synthetic wheat line XX86 developed in Japan. We selected 111 BC2F1 lines and genotyped these with 197 microsatellite markers. Field data for seven agronomic traits were collected from corresponding BC2F3 families that were grown at up to six locations in Germany. QTL analyses for yield and yield components were performed using single-marker regression and interval mapping. A total of 57 putative QTLs derived from XX86 were detected, of which 24 (42.1%) were found to have a positive effect from the synthetic wheat XX86. These favourable QQTLs were mainly associated with thousand-grain weight and grain weight per ear. Many QTLs for correlated traits were mapped in similar chromosomal regions. The AB-QTL data obtained in the present study are discussed and compared with results from previous QTL analyses.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2026

Boosting β-carotene in rice and wheat grains through seed-specific expression of a modified wheat or gene.

Vitamin A deficiency is a major public health problem affecting up to 50% of the world's population, as staple food crops like wheat and rice, which are often poor in many essential micronutrients such as vitamin A, are major staple food crops. Biofortification of cereal crops with β-carotene (provitamin A) through genetic engineering is a potential solution to overcome vitamin A deficiency. The Orange (Or) protein is involved in the regulation of carotenoid accumulation and previous studies demonstrated high carotenoid accumulation due to a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the CDS leading to substitution of Arg to His in the OR protein results in carotenoid accumulation. In the present study, we showed that this substitution of a single amino acid at position 110 (Arg to His) of wild-type wheat TaOr (referred to as TaOrHis110) increased β-carotene accumulation in transgenic wheat and rice plants overexpressing TaOrHis110 under the control of the seed-specific promoter Glu1D1. HPLC analysis revealed increase in β-carotene content in rice grain up to eightfold in case of TP309 (japonica) cultivar, 13-fold in case of IET10364 (indica) cultivar and sevenfold in wheat cv. CPAN1676. Additionally, most of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway genes were found to be upregulated in TaOrHis110 overexpressing seeds of TP309 and IET10364, which positively correlates with maximum increase in β-carotene content.

Oryza↗

PubMed2006

On the effects of Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat and wheat chaff on nutrient utilisation and turnover of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in vitro (Rusitec).

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat and wheat chaff (mycotoxin diet) on nutrient degradability and the metabolism of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) using the rumen simulations technique (Rusitec). A 6 day application period with control wheat and wheat chaff (control diet) was followed by an 8 day sampling phase. During this time three fermenters received the mycotoxin diet (64.9 mg DON/kg dry matter (DM) and 500 microg ZON/kg DM) and the remaining fermenters served as the controls (1.0mg DON/kg DM and 6 microg ZON/kg DM). Feed residues of the bags and samples of the effluent liquids were pooled per fermenter during the last 8 days of the experiment. Additionally, effluents of the mycotoxin fermenters were taken 6, 12 and 24h after the morning feeding on the first day of the sampling phase. The degradation of organic matter (OM; P<0.05), neutral detergent fibre (NDF; P<0.01) and protein (P<0.001) were increased by administration the Fusarium contaminated diet which was accompanied by an increased ammonia concentration (P<0.01) and increased butyrate (P<0.01), isobutyrate (P<0.01) and isovalerate (P<0.05) values of the mycotoxin effluents in relation to the controls. High proportions of ingested DON of 90% (85-93%) and ingested ZON of 93% (80-104%) were recovered at the pooled feed residues and effluents in form of DON and de-epoxy DON, and ZON and alpha-ZOL after administering the Fusarium toxin contaminated feed. While adsorption of DON as DON and de-epoxy DON in the feed particles was only minor (5%), a higher amount of 38% of ingested ZON was recovered as ZON and alpha-ZOL at the feed residues. The total recovery of DON plus de-epoxy DON in effluents as a percentage of DON intake reached 8%, 9% and 22% of ingested DON at 6, 12 and 24h after application of the contaminated diet the first time, whereby the recovery of de-epoxy DON as percentage of DON intake was only 5% at 24h. Concentrations of ZON and metabolites were lower than detection limits in the time dependent effluent samples.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2001

Cloning and expression analyses of cDNA encoding an ADP-ribosylation factor from wheat: tissue-specific expression of wheat ARF.

We isolated and characterized a cDNA clone encoding a small GTP-binding protein, which has a high similarity to mammalian ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF), from a cDNA library prepared from immature spikes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The cDNA contained an open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 181 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 20.7 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence showed a quite high homology to known ARFs from other organisms. In particular, the wheat ARF was completely identical to the rice ARF1. Genomic Southern hybridization suggested that wheat ARF is encoded by at least two or three copies of ARF genes. Northern analyses showed that the accumulation of the ARF transcripts was nearly constant throughout various environmental stresses in both shoots and roots. However the RNA transcript was preferentially expressed in roots rather than in shoots. A similar expression pattern was also observed at the protein level by Western analysis. The relative abundance of the ARF proteins in root and flower tissues may indicate a high level of vesicular transporting activity in the roots and flowers of wheat plants.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Potassium/sodium selectivity in wheat and the amphiploid cross wheat X Lophopyrum elongatum.

The early response of K(+) and Na(+) net fluxes to different external NaCl and KCl levels has been studied in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and the amphiploid cross wheat X Lophopyrum elongatum (Host) Löve in culture solution experiments. We found that during the first 24 h of exposure to 100 or 200 mM NaCl, at low K(+) levels, the amphiploid absorbed, translocated and allocated to the youngest leaf less Na(+) than the wheat parental line. During that period, the amphiploid retained more K(+) than wheat. Short-term uptake studies with 86Rb and 22Na showed that K(+)(86Rb) and Na(+) influxes were not involved in genotypic differences in K(+)(86Rb) and Na(+) net uptake observed after 6 h of exposure to salt stress. Differences in K(+)(86Rb) net uptake could be attributed to differences in K(+)(86Rb) efflux and/or to K(+)(86Rb) accumulation by root vacuoles. The possibility that differential shrinkage of protoplast volume plays a role in the genotypic difference in K(+) retention cannot be ruled out. On the other hand, Na(+) efflux did not contribute significantly to differences in Na(+) net uptake between these genotypes. Hence, differences in Na(+) net uptake were attributed to differences in the transport of Na(+) to the shoot. The presence in the amphiploid of fast acting mechanisms able to enhance Na(+)/K(+) selectivity at different plant levels minimizes the early build-up of Na(+) concentration, and K(+) substitution by Na(+), in the growing tissue of the leaf.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

CM3, one of the wheat alpha-amylase inhibitor subunits, and binding of IgE in sera from Japanese with atopic dermatitis related to wheat.

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether wheat alpha-amylase inhibitor subunits bind IgE sera from Japanese with atopic dermatitis (AD) related to wheat. IgE in sera from eight out of the 11 patients with RAST value of 3 or 4 against wheat-bound salt-soluble proteins of wheat and the alpha-amylase inhibitor proteins separated by gel filtration chromatography. The subunits of tetrameric alpha-amylase inhibitor, CM2, CM3 and CM16 (molecular weight approximately 14 kd), known to be major allergens for baker's asthma, were purified. Then the binding activity to IgE sera from the AD patients was examined by immunoblotting. The IgE sera bound only to CM3, not to CM2 and CM16. These results suggest that CM3 may be involved in both atopic dermatitis and baker's asthma.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Decrease in antigenic and allergenic potentials of ovomucoid by heating in the presence of wheat flour: dependence on wheat variety and intermolecular disulfide bridges.

The antigenic and allergenic activities of ovomucoid (OM) remaining in soluble fractions of pasta-like model samples of wheat flour mixed with egg white were investigated by ELISA competitive inhibition and immunoblotting analyses using a rabbit anti-OM IgG and the serum IgE specific for OM in patients allergic to egg white. The mixture of egg white and wheat flour of soft, hard, and durum varieties was kneaded for 10-50 min and benched for 1 h at RT, and then small pieces of the dough were heated in boiling 1% NaCl solution for 15 min. Even before heating, only after the kneading for 30 min or more, but not after kneading for only 20 min, followed by the benching, the antigenic activity of OM which remained in the phosphate-buffered saline extract from the dough markedly decreased. Almost no antigenic activity of OM was detected in the extracts of heated samples. Furthermore, in the extracts of heated durum samples, only a trace of or almost no IgE-reactive OM was detected against the five patients' sera. These reductive effects of wheat on the OM antigenicity and allergenicity were more remarkable in the durum variety than in the others. No detectable proteins were extracted with 1% SDS from the heated samples, whereas OM was extracted with 1% SDS containing 10% 2-mercaptoethanol, suggesting heat-induced polymerization through intermolecular disulfide bonds among OM and wheat.

Allergens↗

PubMed1997

The wheat protein kinase gene, TaPK3, of the PKABA1 subfamily is differentially regulated in greening wheat seedlings.

We have identified a new wheat PKABA1-like protein kinase gene, TaPK3, that is expressed in greening wheat seedlings. TaPK3 has high sequence homology (97% similarity with some sequence diversity at the 3' end) to the wheat PKABA1 protein kinase mRNA, which is upregulated by cold-temperature treatment, dehydration and abscisic acid (ABA). Use of a TaPK3 gene-specific probe has revealed that TaPK3 is differentially expressed with respect to PKABA1. TaPK3 mRNA accumulates in greening shoot tissue of wheat, but is not affected by dehydration, cold-temperature treatment or ABA. Based on sequence and expression differences, we conclude that expression of the PKABA1-like protein kinases is not limited to stress responses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1976

[The replacement of skim milk in the diet of young pigs with an extremely short suckling period. 2. Report. Replacement of skim milk by fish meal and wheat in various ways and use of wheat in crude or boiled form in a liquid feed].

15 trials were carried out with 600 young pigs receiving a type of liquid skim milk diet from the 12th to the 28th day of age. 0% to 75% of the proportion of dietary milk were replaced by wheat and fish meal. The experimental rations used in the trial exhibited a high digestibility of crude nutrients. No transitional feeding period was necessary between the feeding of the milk diet and that of the substituted ration. Whole meal from crude wheat was found to be equivalent in quality to whole meal made from cooked wheat. A liquid feed in which about 50% of the dietary milk is replaced by wheat and fish meal is well suited for being fed to young pigs when these are between 13 and 28 days of age.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2003

Categories of resistance at four growth stages in three wheats resistant to the Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae).

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine categories of resistance to Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), in three wheats, Triticum aestivum L, (PI 372129, PI 243781, and PI 222668) at Zadoks growth stages 10, 20, 30, and 40. 'TAM 107' was used as the susceptible standard. Antixenosis was observed in PI 222668 and PI 372129. Antibiosis was expressed as reduced nymphipositional period, daily nymph production, and fecundity at the jointing (Zadoks 30) and boot (Zadoks 40) stages in PI 243781 and at tillering (Zadoks 20) in TAM 107. Antibiosis, expressed as reduced intrinsic rate of increase, was observed in PI 222668 at tillering (Zadoks 20). Tolerance to chlorosis and leaf rolling was expressed in the three resistant wheats at all growth stages tested. Tiller production, floret formation, spike length and wet weight were affected by Russian wheat aphid feeding after Zadoks 10. Reduction in spike length did not occur in PI 372129 and PI 243781.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Differences in the methyl ester distribution of homogalacturonans from near-isogenic wheat lines resistant and susceptible to the wheat stem rust fungus.

Plants possess an efficient nonself surveillance system triggering induced disease resistance mechanisms upon molecular recognition of microbial invaders. Successful pathogens have evolved strategies to evade or counteract these mechanisms, e.g., by the generation of suppressors. Pectic fragments produced during host cell wall degradation can act as endogenous suppressors of the hypersensitive response in wheat leaves. We have isolated and characterized homogalacturonans from cell walls of two wheat cultivars susceptible to the stem rust fungus, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, namely cvs. Prelude and Marquis, and from near-isogenic lines of both cultivars containing the Sr5-gene for hypersensitive rust resistance. Two independent approaches were used to compare their methyl esterification: i) immunochemistry using the monoclonal antibodies JIM5, JIM7, PAM1, and LM7 and ii) chromatography of oligogalacturonides representing stretches of contiguous nonmethyl-esterified GalA residues. The results clearly indicate a significant difference in the homogalacturonans from susceptible and resistant wheat lines. The difference can best be explained by assuming a nonrandom and more blockwise distribution of the methyl esters in the homogalacturonans of susceptible wheat cultivars as compared with a presumably more random distribution in the near-isogenic resistant lines. Possible consequences of this difference for the enzymatic generation of endogenous suppressors are discussed.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed2004

Soilborne wheat mosaic virus movement protein and RNA and wheat spindle streak mosaic virus coat protein accumulate inside resting spores of their vector, Polymyxa graminis.

To study virus-vector interactions between Soilborne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) or Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (WSSMV) and Polymyxa graminis Ledingham, P. graminis was propagated in plants grown hydroponically. P. graminis accumulated to high levels in several barley cultivars tested. Multiple developmental stages of P. graminis could be identified in infected barley roots. Accumulation of SBWMV and WSSMV inside P. graminis sporosori in the roots of soil-grown winter wheat and hydroponically grown barley was compared to determine if data obtained from plants naturally infected plants and plants infected by manual inoculation were similar. WSSMV coat protein (CP), SBWMV RNAs, SBWMV movement protein but not SBWMV CP were detected in both soil-grown winter wheat and hydroponically grown barley roots. These data are the first direct evidence that SBWMV and WSSMV are internalized by P. graminis.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Chromosomal location of three wheat sequences with homology to pollen allergen encoding, DNA replication regulating, and DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase genes in wheat and rye.

Three wheat sequences, shown to be homologous to pollen allergen encoding, DNA replication regulating, and DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase genes were localized on chromosomes using nullisomic-tetrasomic wheat ('Chinese Spring') and wheat-rye ('Chinese Spring'/'Imperial') addition lines. Whereas the loci for the pollen allergen encoding sequence (Tri a III) were shown to be located on homoeologous group 4, the DNA replication regulating (Rep) and DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase (Mtase) genes were located to homoeologous groups 1 and 7, respectively, of Triticeae. Chromosomal rearrangements in wheat and rye relative to each other are discussed.

Allergens↗

PubMed1977

Wheat embryo ribonucleates. VII. Rapid, efficient and selective formation of 5S-18S and 5.8S-26S hybrids in an aqueous solution of the four ribosomal polynucleotides, and the results of a search for the corresponding hybrids in wheat embryo ribosomes.

(1) If wheat embryo 5S and 5.8S rRNA are differentially labelled, it can be shown that there is highly selective association of 5S [14C]RNA with 18S rRNA, and of 5.8S [3H]RNA with 26S rRNA when a solution (0.3 M NaCl) that contains approximately equimolar amounts of the four ribosomal polynucleotides is heated briefly (3 min) at 60 degrees C. (2) Comparison of Tm values and melting profiles for laboratory-prepared and natural 5.8S-26S rRNA hybrids suggests that restoration of the natural union between 5.8S and 26 rRNA can be achieved with facility and fidelity in the laboratory. (3) Union between 5.8S rRNA remains intact when wheat embryo ribosomes are disintegrated either by digestion with pronase or by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulphate, but the same treatments release 5S and 18S rRNA as freely migrating electrophoretic components. (4) Intact 18S and 26S rRNA can be prepared from small and large subunits, respectively, when wheat embryo ribosomes are dissociated by treatment with 0.5 M KCl. (5) Incidental to the principal investigation, it has been shown that, even after storage for more than 6 years at -70 degrees C, commercial supplies of roller-milled wheat germ yield S23 extracts that are very active in the cell-free translation of globin mRNA. (6) The physicochemical and possible biochemical significance of various types of intermolecular complexing between pairs of ribosomal polynucleotides is a subject of discussion.

Molecular Weight↗

PubMed1978

Wheat embryo ribonucleates. XII. Formal characterization of terminal and penultimate nucleoside residues at the 5'-ends of "capped" RNA from imbibing wheat embryos.

(1) N2,N2,7-Trimethylguanosine, not previously detected as a component of plant RNA, is shown to be present in the RNA which is isotopically labelled when dry wheat embryos imbibe water in a medium that contains[methyl-3H]methionine. (2) N2,N2,7-Trimethylguanosine and 7-methylguanosine are released as part of "capped" oligonucleotides when the isotopically labelled RNA from imbibing wheat embryos is subjected to hydrolysis by RNase T2. (3) By way of contrast with the "capped" RNA of animal cells, 5'-terminal "cap" structures (m7Gppp- and m32,2,7 Gppp-) in the "capped" RNA from the higher plant organism are not bonded to pneultimate O2'-methylnucleoside constituents. (4) In an allied study, it has been found that recovery of poly (A)-rich RNA from dry wheat embryos depends on the inclusion of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in phosphate-buffered (pH 6.8) phenolic emulsions. By way of contrast, recovery of poly (A)-rich RNA from dry wheat embryos does not depend on the inclusion of SDS in Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane buffered (pH 9.0) phenolic emulsions.

Chemical Phenomena↗