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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Neuropsychology of Swedenborg's visions.

In 1744, the 56-yr.-old scientist Emanuel Swedenborg underwent a transformative event that could be characterized as convulsive. He subsequently became a visionary and spent the remaining 28 years of his life exploring the spirit world and describing his experiences in an extensive corpus of writings. Retrospective analysis of his visions and trance states indicates signs and symptoms consistent with a vascular anomaly in the posterior area of the left cerebral hemisphere and associated effects due to partial seizures with complex symptomatology. Swedenborg's writings have formed the basis of a church that remains active to this day. His visionary experiences can be interpreted as an instance of neuropsychological symptomatology, under the shaping influence of a powerful intellect, contributing to the formation of an historically significant religious movement. The term neuropathography is proposed for a new genre of neuropsychological case study in which the emphasis on brain-related symptomatology is balanced by attention to autobiographical and broad cultural factors.

Epilepsies, Partial↗
PubMed1976

Galton and the birth of differential psychology and eugenics: social, political, and economic forces.

The social, political, and economic forces operative in nineteenth-century Britain are briefly described. This permits tracing the birth of both the scientific study of individual differences and the field of eugenics to the infrastructure of society at that time. The distinction is made between the normative doctrine of individualism and the factual study of individual differences. It is argued that democratic--liberal--capitalistic--individualism, in part, conditioned the beginning of differential psychology and eugenics. In this process, Galton's liberal views concerning individual freedom and opportunity for full development became transformed into their dialectic--totalitarian--collectivism--a vision of an ideal state which did not come into being. It is paradoxically concluded that those same social forces which helped bring about the birth of differential psychology and the entailing eugenics ideology prevented the latter from being accepted and implemented.

Economics↗
PubMed1996

Self-similar Neural Networks Based on a Kohonen Learning Rule.

One of the most striking features about the perceptual machinery of mammals is its regularity of structure. This is particularly evident in the mammalian visual system, as the work pioneered by Hubel and Wiesel has demonstrated. The likely source of this regularity is the visual stimulus, which does not change randomly from instant to instant, but is affected primarily by motions of both the animal and objects in the environment. These motions induce structured changes in the visual stimulus, which might well be expected to have a significant effect in shaping the structure of the visual machinery, whether through individual plasticity or longer-term genetic changes.The work reported in this paper is an investigation of the structures that may evolve in a simple artificial neural network driven not by random changes of input pattern, but directly by transformations which are themselves related to transformations of the input signal through an analysis of motion-prediction error. Results are presented which demonstrate that such networks can evolve a remarkable degree of regularity which reflects the underlying symmetry group of the transformations, both in one and two dimensions. An appropriate and visually plausible choice of transformation group can lead to the development of foveal structures in two-dimensional networks. We also present some preliminary results on parametrised function spaces which support the general conclusion that global structure bearing a considerable resemblance to that found in the mammalian visual system can evolve as the result of a simple learning rule in networks driven by transformations similar to those typically encountered in vision. Copyright 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Sorting ourselves out: seeking consensus on trafficking in the beta-cell.

Biogenesis of the regulated secretory pathway in the pancreatic beta-cell involves packaging of products, notably proinsulin, into immature secretory granules derived from the trans-Golgi network. Proinsulin is converted to insulin and C-peptide as granules mature. Secretory proteins not entering granules are conveyed by transport intermediates directly to the plasma membrane for constitutive secretion. One of the co-authors, Peter Arvan, has proposed that in addition, small vesicles bud from granules to traffic to the endosomal system. From there, some proteins are secreted by a (post-granular) constitutive-like pathway. He argues that retention in granules is facilitated by condensation, rendering soluble products (notably C-peptide and proinsulin) more available for constitutive-like secretion. Thus he argues that prohormone conversion is potentially important in secretory granule biogenesis. The other co-author, Philippe Halban, argues that the post-granular secretory pathway is not of physiological relevance in primary beta-cells, and contests the importance of proinsulin conversion for retention in granules. Both, however, agree that trafficking from granules to endosomes is important, purging granules of unwanted newly synthesized proteins and allowing their traffic to other destinations. In this Traffic Interchange, the two co-authors attempt to reconcile their differences, leading to a common vision of proinsulin trafficking in primary and transformed cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center: transforming care for children and families.

BACKGROUND: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center pursues its vision to be the leader in improving child health through the creation of new knowledge, education of professionals and the community, and transformation of our health care delivery system. OVERALL APPROACH TO QUALITY AND SAFETY: The strategic plan focuses on achieving the best medical and quality of life outcomes, patient and family experience of care, and value through horizontal integration of research and delivery system design, thereby accelerating the transfer of new knowledge to the bedside. CREATING QUALITY FROM THE FAMILY PERSPECTIVE: Family members and patients participate at all levels of the organization, from the organizationwide family advisory council, to unit-based inpatient teams, to serving as family faculty who teach pediatric residents and orient new employees. Family members ensure that children's and parents' voices are heard. DISCUSSION: Key factors contributing to ongoing transformation include senior leaders' drive for change, focus on perfection or near-perfection goals, vertical alignment in measures, accountability, improvement capability, commitment to internal and external transparency, and focus on measurement and constancy of purpose.

Child↗
PubMed1987

Perioral somatosensory but not visual inputs to the flank of the mouse superior colliculus.

An electrophysiological and anatomical study identified the sensory inputs to the "flank" of the mouse's superior colliculus, a large, ventrolateral extension of layer IV (stratum griseum intermediate) that has no overlying visual layers (II and III). Electrophysiological recordings with subsequent histological localization showed that the flank receives predominantly somatosensory projections from the perioral region but not visual input. In its caudal parts, the flank also has limb and trunk somatosensory inputs and auditory inputs. The perioral somatosensory projections to the flank are ordered somatotopically. The flank is considered part of the superior colliculus since the perioral inputs are adjacent to inputs from mystacial vibrissae in the more medial parts of the superior colliculus, hence forming a single continuous map. The finding that no visual responses occur above the flank (due to the absence of superficial layers) or within it is in accord with the concept of an intermodality "spatial register". Since flank neurons have somatosensory receptive fields in non-visible parts of the body and they lack visual responses, the flank may be involved more in tactile-dependent rather than in vision-dependent orienting behaviors. Thus, the superior colliculus may, in parallel, carry out sensorimotor transformations related to (1) shift of gaze and (2) tactile-dependent behaviors not involving vision.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Efficient detection of three-dimensional structural motifs in biological macromolecules by computer vision techniques.

Macromolecules carrying biological information often consist of independent modules containing recurring structural motifs. Detection of a specific structural motif within a protein (or DNA) aids in elucidating the role played by the protein (DNA element) and the mechanism of its operation. The number of crystallographically known structures at high resolution is increasing very rapidly. Yet, comparison of three-dimensional structures is a laborious time-consuming procedure that typically requires a manual phase. To date, there is no fast automated procedure for structural comparisons. We present an efficient O(n3) worst case time complexity algorithm for achieving such a goal (where n is the number of atoms in the examined structure). The method is truly three-dimensional, sequence-order-independent, and thus insensitive to gaps, insertions, or deletions. This algorithm is based on the geometric hashing paradigm, which was originally developed for object recognition problems in computer vision. It introduces an indexing approach based on transformation invariant representations and is especially geared toward efficient recognition of partial structures in rigid objects belonging to large data bases. This algorithm is suitable for quick scanning of structural data bases and will detect a recurring structural motif that is a priori unknown. The algorithm uses protein (or DNA) structures, atomic labels, and their three-dimensional coordinates. Additional information pertaining to the structure speeds the comparisons. The algorithm is straightforwardly parallelizable, and several versions of it for computer vision applications have been implemented on the massively parallel connection machine. A prototype version of the algorithm has been implemented and applied to the detection of substructures in proteins.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

The evolving meaning of cancer for long-term survivors of breast cancer.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To discover the different meanings of cancer for older women who are long-term survivors of breast cancer. DESIGN: Qualitative study using a heuristic approach. SETTING: Large metropolitan area in the Midwestern United States. SAMPLE: A sample of eight women was obtained using network sampling. The women ranged in age from 65-77 years. Length of survival ranged from 5.5-29 years. Five of the women had been treated with a lumpectomy (four with radiation and chemotherapy and one with radiation only). The three other women had been treated with a simple mastectomy, one of whom also was treated with chemotherapy. METHODS: Interviews were conducted in the women's homes. Audiotaped interviews were transcribed and manually coded for patterns and themes. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Meaning of cancer. FINDINGS: Three meanings of cancer emerged from the data: (a) cancer as sickness and death, (b) cancer as an obstacle, and (c) cancer as transforming. CONCLUSIONS: As the women worked through their cancer experience, their perspectives changed. The meaning of cancer after surviving the disease and its treatment centered around positive, insightful experiences and expansive, renewing interactions with their environment. Further research examining the meaning of cancer is needed to broaden the transferability of the findings to other groups. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Understanding the meaning of cancer for older women who are long-term breast cancer survivors may enhance nurses' sensitivity to survivors' perspectives. Knowledge of survivors' different meanings of cancer may help to paint a new vision of cancer survivorship comprised of potentially positive, transforming experiences.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Exacerbation of Avellino corneal dystrophy after laser in situ keratomileusis.

PURPOSE: To report a case of Avellino corneal dystrophy that increased in severity 1 year after uncomplicated laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for myopia. METHODS: Avellino dystrophy was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction sequencing of DNA from the patient and her parents. RESULTS: Best spectacle-corrected visual acuity decreased from 20/20 to 20/30 12 to 20 months after LASIK owing to opacities that appeared centrally in the corneal stroma and the LASIK flap and remaining posterior stroma interface. CONCLUSIONS: LASIK is contraindicated in patients with Avellino corneal dystrophy because vision may be reduced by corneal opacities that appear in the interface of the flap and remaining posterior stroma postoperatively.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Metamorphosis and fish vision.

Many species of fish exhibit metamorphosis in which dramatic external transformations occur as a consequence of coordinated changes in gene expression within an organism. Because postembryonic development and change appears to be the rule rather than the exception in teleost fish species, we view metamorphosis as one of many developmental strategies in fish which have continued plasticity as a common theme. Metamorphic changes are manifested in the visual system by modification of photoreceptor peak sensitivity, rod photoreceptor cell addition, and retinal reorganization. These changes correspond to significant changes in the natural habitat of the animal and in its visual capabilities as demonstrated behaviorally. Thyroxine is the main metamorphic hormone as has also been found in amphibia. The sequence of metamorphic events occur in all teleosts, but they are compressed in time in direct developing animals suggesting that such animals might prove useful for understanding the evolution of metamorphosis in fish. It seems likely that rod photoreceptors may have evolved in conjunction with the change from larval to juvenile stage through metamorphosis in indirect developing fishes. During evolution, the contraction and/or loss of the larval stage has resulted in earlier appearance of rod photoreceptors during development although they always arise later than cone photoreceptors. This ontogenetic developmental sequence supports Walls's (1942) proposal that cones are phylogenetically older than rods and suggests that rods may have evolved several times.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Cortical anatomy, size invariance, and spatial frequency analysis.

In a recent application of an algorithm developed in computer and optical pattern recognition, Cavanagh has suggested that a composite of spatial frequency mapping and complex logarithmic mapping would provide translationally, rotationally, and size-invariant mechanism for human vision. In this work, Cavanagh has not made explicit the fact that this transformation is composite, that is, that the first step (global Fourier analysis) perceptually, anatomically, and physiologically inconsistent with primate vision, but that the second step (complex logarithmic mapping) is actually embodied in the anatomy of the primate retinostriate projection. Moreover, it is the complex logarithmic remapping step which is entirely responsible for the computational simplification of the symmetries of size and rotation invariance. These facts, which have been extensively discussed in a recent series of papers, are briefly reviewed and illustrated. Furthermore, it is shown that the architecture of the retinostriate map may provide an example of computational anatomy in vision, such that the spatial representation of a stimulus in the brain may be of direct functional significance to perception, and to the nature of certain visual illusions.

Afterimage↗
PubMed1994

Pattern formation in the visual centers of the Drosophila brain: wingless acts via decapentaplegic to specify the dorsoventral axis.

A stepwise morphogenetic program of cell division and cell fate determination generates the precise neuronal architecture of the visual centers of the Drosophila brain. Here, we show that the assembly of the target structure for ingrowing retinal axons involves cell-cell interactions mediated by the secreted product of the wingless (wg) gene. wg, expressed in two symmetrical domains of the developing brain, is required to induce and maintain the expression of the secreted decapentaplegic (dpp) gene product in adjacent domains. wg and dpp function are required for target field neurons to adopt their proper fates and to send axons into the developing target structure. These observations implicate a cascade of diffusible signaling molecules in patterning the visual centers of the Drosophila brain.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Arg124Cys mutation of the betaig-h3 bene in a Japanese family with lattice corneal dystrophy type I.

To characterize severe lattice corneal dystrophy, we analyzed the betaig-h3 gene, clinical features, histological findings, and genotype-phenotype correlation in an affected Japanese family. Deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from leukocytes in 16 members (12 affected and 4 unaffected) of a Japanese family with lattice corneal dystrophy type I. Exon 4 of the betaig-h3 gene was amplified and analyzed using molecular biological methods. Clinical and pathological data were also collected. We found a heterozygous point mutation that causes the disease phenotype. It was a single base-pair transition leading to an amino acid substitution (CGC-->TGC, Arg124Cys). The phenotypic variation within families was not recognized. The affected members in the pedigree demonstrated severe visual disturbance in the third decade and required keratoplasty. Histopathological examination revealed amyloid deposits consisting of short and thin amyloid fibers and lattice corneal dystrophy type I. The heterozygous Arg124Cys mutation reported in Caucasian lattice corneal dystrophy caused severe lattice corneal dystrophy consisting of short and thin amyloid fibers in a Japanese family. Based on our study of many members of the family, we are able to construct the natural course of this disorder from its earliest clinical findings through its late manifestations.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Leadership behaviors of deans of top-ranked schools of nursing.

Deans of the top-ranked schools of nursing in the United States were surveyed and asked to describe leadership behaviors. Mean scores indicated that values was reported as the most important transformative leadership theme followed by the themes of vision, people, motivation, and influence. The most important leadership attribute reported was a commitment to a higher code of ethical behavior. This study adds to the research literature on the nursing deanship and has important implications for the identification, selection, and training of exemplary leaders in nursing.

Ethics, Nursing↗
PubMed1987

Operationalizing a nursing philosophy.

A traditional philosophy statement can be transformed into a positioning statement that articulates a "vision" for a department of nursing and provides a framework when planning to thrive rather than merely survive in today's changing and competitive health care environment. Internal and external forces appropriately assessed enable nurse executives to empower staff to respond proactively to change and prepare for the future.

Hospital Bed Capacity, 100 to 299↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Visioning: an important management tool.

Visioning is a powerful process that assists us in creating a picture of an ideal future. A vision is a dream, personally created, of how we would like our world to be. In sharing our visions we find common ground and a sense of connection. Today, in an unprecedented way, nurses at all levels are expected to exhibit leadership in setting direction for nursing practice. Assisting nurses to create and share their vision of the future is a mark of transformational leadership. It is an act of empowerment and an expression of caring.

Forecasting↗
PubMed1998

The objects of action and perception.

Two major functions of the visual system are discussed and contrasted. One function of vision is the creation of an internal model or percept of the external world. Most research in object perception has concentrated on this aspect of vision. Vision also guides the control of object-directed action. In the latter case, vision directs our actions with respect to the world by transforming visual inputs into appropriate motor outputs. We argue that separate, but interactive, visual systems have evolved for the perception of objects on the one hand and the control of actions directed at those objects on the other. This 'duplex' approach to high-level vision suggests that Marrian or 'reconstructive' approaches and Gibsonian or 'purposive-animate-behaviorist' approaches need not be seen as mutually exclusive, but rather as complementary in their emphases on different aspects of visual function.

Animals↗