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Results for “stimulus-response compatibility”

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PubMed1987

The effects of videogame playing on the response selection processing of elderly adults.

Within an information processing framework, age-related declines in speeded responding are attributed to one or more stages of processing. It was the purpose of this experiment to demonstrate the potential reversibility of this decline in at least one processing stage, response selection. Two groups of elderly participants (57 to 83 years) were pretested on a two-choice reaction time (RT) task under two levels of spatial stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility, a task demand shown to affect response selection. Following the pretest, one group participated in 7 weeks of videogame play, whereas a second group did not. All participants were posttested on the same two-choice RT task. The results of the analysis of covariance revealed that those elderly individuals who played videogames were faster than the control participants under both levels of S-R compatibility. The effect of videogame play, however, was greater for low compatibility. These results are taken as support for a potential to improve response selection through videogame play.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Changes in spinal excitability during choice reaction time: the H reflex as a probe of information transmission.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the modulations in amplitude of H reflexes elicited in a hand muscle, the flexor pollicis brevis, during the performance of a choice reaction time (RT) task in which this muscle was directly involved. Ten subjects were to choose between a left- or a right-thumb key-press according to the lateral location of a flash of light. The stimulus-response mapping was either compatible or incompatible. Hoffman reflexes were elicited at different times during the RT by stimulation of the median nerve. Twenty-five milliseconds before the voluntary response, the amplitude of the H reflex suddenly increased when the muscle was involved in the response and decreased symmetrically when the muscle was not involved in the response. Mapping compatibility exerted no detectable influence on the changes in spinal excitability. The latter result supports the assumptions that are at the core of Sternberg's additive factor method.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Partial advance information and response preparation: inferences from the lateralized readiness potential.

Response speed to a signal is faster when advance information about the forthcoming movement is provided before signal onset. Although this precuing effect is well established, the location of this saving in reaction time (RT) in the information-processing system is controversial. Some authors have claimed that the precuing effect resides at a motoric level, whereas others have suggested a nonmotoric locus. The present experiments used onset latencies of the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) to locate the precuing effect. The results of 2 experiments with a highly compatible (Experiment 1) and with an incompatible (Experiment 2) stimulus-response mapping indicate that this effect resides, at least partially, in the motoric portion of RT. In addition, the LRP amplitude before signal appearance increased with the amount of advance information, supporting a muscle-specific preparation hypothesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Increase in gap junction conductance by an antiarrhythmic peptide.

Impaired cellular coupling is thought to be a very important factor for the genesis of cardiac arrhythmia. Cellular coupling is mediated by gap junctions. However, there are no therapeutic agents or experimental substances yet that increase cellular coupling. In addition, it has been shown that most antiarrhythmic drugs available now possess serious adverse effects. Thus, there is an urgent need for new antiarrhythmic agents. Previous studies using epicardial mapping in isolated rabbit hearts provided indirect evidence supporting the hypothesis that a newly synthesised antiarrhythmic peptide (Gly-Ala-Gly-4Hyp-Pro-Tyr-CONH2 = AAP10) might act via an increase in cellular, i.e., gap junctional coupling. The aim of the present study was to test this hypothesis. Measurement of the stimulus-response interval in papillary muscle showed a decrease of about 10% after application of 1 microM AAP10. These results are compatible with the hypothesis of AAP10 acting on gap junctions. In order to prove this hypothesis, gap junction conductance was measured directly by performing double-cell voltage-clamp experiments in isolated pairs of guinea-pig myocytes. During a 10 min control period gap junction conductance slowly decreased with a rate of -2.5 +/- 2.0 nS/min. After application of 10 nM AAP10 this behaviour reversed and gap junction conductance now increased with +1.0 +/- 0.7 nS/min. Upon washout of AAP10 gap junction conductance again decreased with a rate similar to that under control conditions. Another important finding was that we could not detect any other actions of AAP10 on cardiac myocytes. All parameters of the transmembrane action potential remained unchanged and, similarly, no changes in the IV relationship of single cardiac myocytes treated with 10 nM AAP10 could be observed. We conclude that AAP10 increases gap junction conductance, i.e., cellular coupling in the heart. This finding might be the first step towards the development of a new class of antiarrhythmic agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Androgyne becomes bisexual in sexological theory: Plato to Freud and neuroscience.

Plato conceptualized primordial humans as androgynes, the children of the moon. The primordial hermaphroditism of the mammalian embryo became known 2 1/2 millennia later in the mid-19th century. By 1864 Ulrichs had transposed the new knowledge from embryology to sexology to explain those to whom he gave the name Urnings (after Uranus who gave womanless birth to Venus from sea spume) as having "a woman's mind trapped in a man's body" (anima muliebris corpore virili inclusa). Urning became displaced by sexual inversion, and eventually by homosexual, a term coined together with heterosexual by Kertbeny as recently as 1869. The embryological principle of primordial hermaphroditism became linked to evolutionary Darwinism by way of Haeckel's principle of recapitulation, epitomized as "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny." The recapitulation principle became linked, in turn, to the principle of intrapsychic primordial bisexuality, which became a cornerstone of Freud's psychoanalytic theory. Genetics influences the outcome of bipotentiality not directly but by way of hormonal programming of the brain, prenatally or neonatally, rather than pubertally and in maturity. Bipotentiality within the brain has been investigated chiefly in the hypothalamus where male/female dimorphism has been recognized, but its determinants and stages of differentiation, both prenatal and postnatal, remain to be fully ascertained. Neuroanatomical research on the outcome of male/female bipotentiality as gay, straight, or in between is politically and morally opposed by those who postulate a bipotential preference or voluntary choice. In stimulus-response associationism, to which behavior-modification theory belongs, bisexuality is equipotential, and either alternative may be evoked, ostensibly, dependent on the stimulus situation. In ethological theory, the effectiveness of stimulus-response bonding is confined chronologically to a critical period of development and is restricted phylogenetically by an innate recognition mechanism and an innate releasing mechanism. These limits are compatible, however, with some degree of both individual and ethnic variation.

Bisexuality↗
PubMed1996

Cognitive performance after strenuous physical exercise.

Stimulating as well as detrimental effects of exercise on cognitive functioning have been reported. In the present study, 15 endurance-trained athletes (aged 18 to 42 years) performed a bicycle ergometer endurance test at 75% of their maximal work capacity (Wmax). Psychomotor and cognitive tests were administered before and immediately after exercise. These consisted of simple reaction time (RT), 3-choice RT and Stimulus-Response (S-R) incompatible RT tasks, a finger-tapping task, and the Stroop test. Simple RT tasks, but also the more complex S-R in compatible RT, and Color Word Interference in the Stroop test showed an increase in speed of performance after exercise relative to baseline. An enhanced activation was probably responsible for this better performance on psychomotor and cognitive tests. Since performance on the most complex task, the Interference subtest of the Stroop, was especially improved after exercise, the expectancy of the subjects of a potential positive effect of exercise was thought to have been responsible.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Simon effect and its reversal studied with event-related potentials.

The Simon effect (slower RT when stimulus and response locations do not match, stimulus location being irrelevant) and its reversal, were investigated using P300 latency and motor-related potentials. Stimuli were one of two colors, and response keys were two buttons with color labels that changed randomly in every trial. Depending on the stimulus-response (S-R) mapping instructions, subjects pressed the same-color key or the alternate-color key. Behavioral measures showed a Simon effect in same- and a reverse Simon effect in alternate-color mapping contradicting the display-control arrangement correspondence and the S-S compatibility, as explanations for the reverse Simon effect. P300 latencies followed the same pattern as RT, i.e. they were influenced by the S-R mapping, suggesting that this measure does not index the duration of the stimulus evaluation, but response selection processes. The motor-related potentials demonstrated response activation based on stimulus location, also supporting response- interference interpretations of the Simon effect.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1998

Effects of a negative visual hypnotic hallucination on ERPs and reaction times.

The study of changes in ERPs provoked by negative hypnotic hallucinations has thus far yielded contradictory results. Most previous studies have failed to separate specific changes in the processing of the hallucinated stimuli from non-specific changes in arousal due to hypnosis. The present study addresses this issue with the combination of two experimental effects in the task designed to test the hallucination: the noise-compatibility effect and the Simon effect. A choice reaction task was used in which targets appearing at either side of a screen were defined by color and were accompanied by irrelevant noise, and a negative hallucination suggestion was given for noise stimuli. Four highly hypnotizable subjects performed the task on two separate occasions, with and without the suggestion. Increases in reaction times and P300 latencies were found as a function of noise and spatial stimulus-response (SR) incompatibility (Simon effect). Suggestion decreased the response times for all types of trials non-significantly, and it decreased significantly those of left-hand responses. On the other hand, suggestion reduced the increase in P300 latencies in noise-incompatible trials, but did not influence the Simon effect. This result indicates a specific effect of suggestion in the processing of hallucinated stimuli, which is consistent with the hallucinatory experience reported by the subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Parabrachial area: electrophysiological evidence for an involvement in cold nociception.

1. Thirty-five percent of 120 neurons recorded extracellularly in the parabrachial (PB) area of anesthetized rats responded to a peripheral cold stimulus (0 degrees C). The cold-sensitive neurons were located in the lateral PB area, and most of those exhibiting a strong response to cold stimuli were inside or in close vicinity to the area receiving a high density of projections from superficial neurons of the dorsal horn. 2. The receptive fields for cold stimulation often were restricted to one or two parts of the body with a contralateral predominance for the limbs. No side predominance was observed for the face. 3. From a low spontaneous activity (10th percentile < median < 90th percentile: 0.1 < 1.5 < 5 Hz), the PB neurons responded to cold noxious stimuli (0 degree C water bath or waterjet, 20 s), without observable delay, with a sustained discharge. The mean maximal response to the stimulus was 16.1 +/- 1.2 Hz (mean +/- SE; n = 42). 4. About one-half (45%) of these cold-sensitive neurons were activated specifically by cold stimulation and did not respond or were inhibited by noxious heat and/or pinch. The remaining (55%) cold-sensitive neurons were also driven by heat and/or pinch. 5. The cold-sensitive neurons exhibited a clear capacity to encode cold stimuli in the noxious range: the stimulus-response function was always positive and monotonic from 30 to 0 degrees C; the mean curve was linear between 20 and 0 degrees C before plateauing between 0 to -10 degrees C; the mean threshold to cold stimulation was 17.1 +/- 1 degrees C (n = 21) and the mean t50 was 10.7 +/- 1.1 degrees C (n = 13). 6. The cold-sensitive neurons responded to intense transcutaneous electrical stimulation with an early and/or a late peak of activation, the latencies of which were in the 15-50 ms and 80-170 ms ranges (n = 8), respectively, i.e., compatible with the activation of A delta and C fibers. Interestingly, the cold-specific neurons predominantly responded with a late peak, suggesting these neurons were primarily driven by peripheral C fibers. 7. The intravenous injection of morphine depressed the responses of PB neurons to cold noxious stimuli in a dose-related (1, 3, and 9 mg/kg) and naloxone reversible fashion. The ED50 value was estimated approximately 2 mg/kg. Furthermore, two populations of neurons could be separated according to their morphine sensitivity. 8. It is concluded that PB cold-nonspecific neurons could be involved in affective-emotional, autonomic and neuroendocrine reactions in response to noxious cold events. The PB cold-specific neurons could be, in addition, involved in some thermoregulatory processes.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1988

Transmembrane calcium movements mediated by ionomycin and phosphatidate in liposomes with Fura 2 entrapped.

A novel liposomal method permits studies of Ca movements across the bilayers of multilamellar vesicles (MLV) which had entrapped the Ca-dependent, fluorescent indicator dye Fura 2. Ionomycin-mediated Ca translocation across MLV of phosphatidylcholine (PC)/dicetyl phosphate (DCP), 9:1, obeyed simple first-order kinetics since log-log plots of initial rates versus ionomycin or Ca concentration yielded slopes of approximately 1. Since Ca is translocated in a Ca-dependent fashion in the course of stimulus-response coupling of cells which form diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidate (PA) from polyphosphoinositides, we compared effects of PA with those of DAG. PA and DAG were preincorporated in PC/DCP vesicles, in which trace amounts of ionomycin provided transmembrane potential (due to Ca2+/H+ exchange). Significant increases in Ca movements were observed in the presence of egg lecithin PA, dioleoyl-PA, and dipalmitoyl-PA when compared with DCP- or DAG-containing MLV. DAGs such as 1-oleoyl-2-acetoylglycerol or 1,2-dioleoylglycerol in liposomes decreased rates of Ca translocation. Ca influx into PA-containing MLV was dependent on the mole percent of the PA in bilayers; the complex kinetics of Ca influx were compatible with the formation of nonbilayer states. Incorporation of cholesterol into the liposomes inhibited initial rates of Ca uptake by MLV presumably by condensing the bilayers. Ca influx increased with increasing pH of the external medium from 6.9 to 7.9 in liposomes with an internal pH of 7.4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Benzofurans↗
PubMed1998

Automatic stimulus-response translation in dual-task performance.

In bottleneck models of overlapping-task performance, stimulus-response translation for secondary tasks is postponed until the primary response is selected. If this is so, then compatibility between the secondary and primary responses, or between the secondary response and the primary stimulus, should not affect primary-task performance. Yet such effects were demonstrated in 5 dual-task experiments combining primary manual and secondary vocal tasks: Pronounced effects of compatibility between the secondary and primary response and between the secondary response and primary stimulus were found on primary-task performance. The latter effect was also found with the lowest level of an extensive stimulus onset asynchrony variation, when the secondary task was not speeded, and even when the 2 tasks were performed on different trials. Findings suggest that secondary responses were activated before primary response selection was completed and thus support an automatic-translation hypothesis holding that, although eventual response selection may be serial, stimulus-response translation is performed in parallel.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Dynamics of single neuron activity in monkey primary motor cortex related to sensorimotor transformation.

We investigated the dynamics of neuronal activity related to sensorimotor transformation during single experimental trials of a given stimulus-response (S-R) association task. A monkey was trained to perform wrist extension/flexion movements in the horizontal plane to align a pointer with a visual target while single unit activity in the primary motor cortex (MI) was being recorded. The stimulus was a colored light-emitting diode (LED) presented to either the left or right of a central reference point. The monkey had to point directly at the target ("compatible" S-R mapping) or point to the opposite side of the target position ("incompatible" S-R mapping), with the mapping rule specified by the color of the LED. Single neuron activities on the four correct trials (left/right stimulus x compatible/incompatible S-R mapping) were compared to determine whether such activities were more related to stimulus encoding and representation, to response preparation and execution, or to the "decision" processes translating the stimulus representation into a response representation. A novel mathematical technique, called LOCUS ANALYSIS, has been developed to quantitatively analyze and visualize the contribution of neuronal activity toward the sensory, motor, or sensorimotor (i.e., decisional) aspects of the task. Our data show that as a trial evolves, neuronal activity in MI, at a population level, is first correlated with the representation of the specific stimulus (the side of LED), then with the representation of the S-R mapping rule (the color of LED) as well as trial-specific S-R association (the conjunction of stimulus side and stimulus color), and finally with the representation of the behavioral response (extension or flexion wrist movement). Immediately after the issuance of the movement command, the populational activity in MI remains correlated with the trial-specific stimulus-response conjunctions, i.e., the context of the motor decision that the monkey has just made. Cells recorded successively in a single penetration tend to resemble each other in their pattern of firing on the four correct trials, suggesting a modular organization of neurons based on their functional role in the processing of the S-R association task. Our results indicate that MI belongs to a distributed network such that its neuronal activity reflects the underlying network dynamics that translate a stimulus representation into a response representation via the activation and application of appropriate S-R mapping rule.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Dopamine dependent reaction time deficits in patients with Parkinson's disease are task specific.

This study tested the hypothesis that patients with Parkinson's disease are impaired when they must rely on internal information to generate a response. Choice reaction times of control subjects and patients with Parkinson's disease, on and off their medication, were measured in tasks in which the motor demands were constant but which varied in the degree to which the stimuli held intrinsic information about the required response. A dopaminergic deficit was observed only in the tasks which employed stimuli compatible with the response and not in a task employing stimuli arbitrarily associated with the response. The data do not support the hypothesis that patients are differentially impaired in using internalized stimulus-response relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Response channel activation and the lateral prefrontal cortex.

The role of lateral prefrontal cortex in transducing perception into action was studied in 10 patients with chronic, unilateral lesions. They identified colors in the center of a visual display, while a flanking, distractor color was presented simultaneously in either the ipsilesional or contralesional field. The flanker could be either the same color as the target, or incompatible with the correct response. The effects of compatible and incompatible flankers on reaction time (RT) served as a measure of response channel activation by the flanker. Flankers in the contralesional field influenced RT less than did those in the ipsilesional field. These results suggest that the lateral prefrontal cortex is involved in maintaining stimulus-response channels.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Evaluation of compatibility effects in the precuing of arm and direction parameters.

The present study evaluated the role of compatibility effects in the precuing of arm and direction parameters. In the first two experiments different stimulus and response arrangements were examined. For all three experiments the spatial precue and imperative stimuli were compatibly assigned to responses (i.e., a direct correspondence existed between the stimulus and response locations). Experiments 1 and 2 indirectly tested the effect of decision processes required by the stimulus-response set. Experiment 1 replicated previous research that has found longer reaction times for the direction uncertain parameter as compared to arm uncertain. Experiment 2 examined the precuing of arm and direction parameters with stimuli that maintained right-left arrangements for both parameters. Unlike Experiment 1, reaction times did not differ for precuing the two movement parameters. Experiment 3 directly examined the effect of differential decision requirements from up-down spatial stimuli and right-left spatial stimuli for a single parameter. In support of results from the first two experiments, results indicated longer reaction times for decisions from up-down stimuli as compared to right-left stimuli. Because reaction times for precued movement parameters are a function of the stimulus and response arrangements used, differences in reaction times are most likely due to compatibility effects arising from differences in the spatial arrangements of the precued stimulus and response set.

Arm↗
PubMed1995

The Simon effect and attention deficits in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and Huntington's disease.

Tourette's syndrome and Huntington's disease have long been clinically associated with attentional deficits. In this study, we aimed to determine the nature and quantify the extent of such deficits. A technique was devised to ascertain the efficiency with which Tourette's syndrome and Huntington's disease patients could shift and direct attention away from naturally expected stimulus-response (S-R) linkages. This was done by varying the relationships formed between stimulus and response location. Attentional efficiency was indicated by relative speed of responding to relevant (congruent) and irrelevant (incongruent) stimuli, in a paradigm developed from the Simon effect. There were five conditions progressively increasing in complexity. The stimuli consisted of left and right pointing arrows and, in some cases, various conditionality manipulations were also employed, such that in the presence of a certain symbol (i.e. 'x') the nature of the response had to be reversed, whereas in the presence of an alternative symbol (i.e. '='), the response was compatible with the direction of the arrow. As predicted, Tourette's syndrome and Huntington's disease patients, regardless of medication or depression status and unlike controls, were particularly disadvantaged in responding to various conflicting S-R configurations. Tourette's syndrome and Huntington's disease patients may experience difficulties in making attentional shifts, or in inhibiting inappropriate responses; they may also be more susceptible (than controls) to the conflict that can arise when the spatial code formed for the stimulus is irrelevant for selecting the appropriate response. We conclude that our findings support the notion that cognitive deficits in Tourette's syndrome and Huntington's disease may stem from abnormalities of the major pathways interconnecting the basal ganglia and the frontal lobes.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The effects of lower body negative pressure on baroreceptor responses in humans.

In healthy human subjects the immediate responses of pulse interval and the steady-state responses of arterial blood pressure and cardiac output to changes in carotid sinus transmural pressure were determined before and during the application of a subatmospheric pressure to the lower part of the body. Increases in carotid sinus transmural pressure, effected by applications of subatmospheric pressure to the neck (neck suction) resulted in prolongation of pulse interval and decrease in blood pressure; opposite responses were obtained to application of a positive pressure (neck pressure). Application of lower body negative pressure resulted in a decrease in pulse interval (heart rate increase) but little change in blood pressure. During lower body negative pressure, the responses of pulse interval to neck pressure were reduced but those to neck suction were unaffected; the responses of blood pressure to neck suction were enhanced but those to neck pressure were unaffected. From experiments in which cardiac output was also determined, it was seen that lower body negative pressure reduced cardiac output, increased calculated total body vascular resistance and augmented the resistance response to neck suction although not to neck pressure. These results are compatible with the view that application of lower body negative pressure does not change the sensitivity of the baroreceptor reflex and that the changes in the responses are due to non-linearities of the stimulus-response curves.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Coding of information about tactile stimuli by neurones of the cuneate nucleus.

1. The responses of cuneate neurones to controlled tactile stimulation of the foot pads were examined in unanaesthetized, decerebrate cats. The neurones were divided into three functional classes; one sensitive to steady tactile stimuli, and two dynamically sensitive classes which could be readily differentiated by their responsiveness to cutaneous vibration. Each class appeared to receive an exclusive input from only one of the three known groups of tactile receptors associated with the foot pads, namely the Pacinian corpuscles, the Merkel endings and the intradermal, encapsulated endings known as Krause or Meissner corpuscles. 2. Cuneate neurones responsive to steady indentation of the skin displayed approximately linear or sigmoidal stimulus-response relations over indentation ranges up to approximately 1.5--2 mm. Response variability at a fixed stimulus intensity was relatively low and showed little systematic change over the full range of the stimulus-response curves. 3. One class of dynamically sensitive cuneate neurones responded to cutaneous vibration over a range of approximately 5-80 Hz with maximal responsiveness around 30 Hz. The other class, the Pacinian neurones, responded over a range of approximately 80- greater than 600 Hz with maximal responsiveness at 200-400 Hz. The thresholds and combined band width of vibratory sensitivity of these populations were comparable with known subjective thresholds and range of cutaneous vibratory sensibility. 4. Responses of cuneate neurones were phase-locked to the vibratory stimulus suggesting that information about vibration frequency could be coded by the patterns of impulse activity. Quantitative measures indicated that maximal phase-locking occurred in responses to vibration frequencies of 10-50 Hz with a progressive decline at higher frequencies. Above 400 Hz, impulse activity occurred almost randomly throughout the vibratory stimulus cycle and therefore carried little further signal of vibratory frequency. The decline, with increasing frequency, in the ability of cuneate neurones to signal information about vibratory frequency parallels the known subjective capacities for frequency discrimination. 5. A switch-over occurred at approximately 80 Hz in the population of cuneate neurones able to provide the more reliable signal of vibratory frequency; above 80 Hz, the Pacinian neurones; below 80 Hz, the neurones receiving intradermal, rapidly adapting receptor input from the pads. 6. The observed properties of cuneate neurones are compatible with a role in signalling information which could contribute to subjective tactile abilities.

Action Potentials↗