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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

The scientific basis for dental implant therapy.

Dental and oral implantology have rapidly moved into the mainstream of dentistry in the last ten years with a phenomenal growth based on rapidly expanding technology, increasing public interest, and the reporting of sound scientific data. This paper reviews current knowledge about implant tissue reactions and identifies areas where additional scientific inquiry is needed. Bone- and soft-tissue healing around dental implants varies greatly depending upon the form of the implant, biomaterial used, and surgical approach. Controversy exists as to whether a direct bony-biomaterial interface is preferable over a bone-connective tissue-biomaterial interface. Scientific data are required to document whether intervening molecular layers of glycoproteins exist between implant and bone, and what role is played by these structures relative to the implant-bone interface. The adaptation of regenerated gingival epithelium to an implant is critical for the development of a perimucosal seal. Many scientific questions remain unanswered about this seal and its role in maintenance of implant longevity. Controlled clinical trials must be carried out to determine clinical serviceability standards for patients. Resolving these areas of concern and understanding the biological reactions involved will require in-depth scientific inquiry by clinician and scientist alike to make dental implantology a highly acceptable and predictable treatment modality. Even with these controversies and lack of comprehensive comparison studies, dental implantology is an exciting treatment concept that makes considerable demands upon the surgical, prosthetic, periodontal, and restorative skills of today's practitioners, and on their scientific understanding as well.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed1998

MHCWeb: converting a WWW database into a knowledge-based collaborative environment.

The World Wide Web (WWW) is useful for distributing scientific data. Most existing web data resources organize their information either in structured flat files or relational databases with basic retrieval capabilities. For databases with one or a few simple relations, these approaches are successful, but they can be cumbersome when there is a data model involving multiple relations between complex data. We believe that knowledge-based resources offer a solution in these cases. Knowledge bases have explicit declarations of the concepts in the domain, along with the relations between them. They are usually organized hierarchically, and provide a global data model with a controlled vocabulary. We have created the OWEB architecture for building online scientific data resources using knowledge bases. OWEB provides a shell for structuring data, providing secure and shared access, and creating computational modules for processing and displaying data. In this paper, we describe the translation of the online immunological database MHCPEP into an OWEB system called MHCWeb. This effort involved building a conceptual model for the data, creating a controlled terminology for the legal values for different types of data, and then translating the original data into the new structure. The OWEB environment allows for flexible access to the data by both users and computer programs.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1985

Transfer data. A proposed international standard for interlaboratory information exchange.

Clinical laboratory information is composed of descriptive terms and corresponding codes that define patients, specimens, and tests. These basic units of information, or data elements, assume literal character content and sequences in clinical laboratory computer files and messages. The growing international use of computers for scientific data transfer highlights the need for standardized coding conventions that eliminate the ambiguities of language and scientific terminology. An international symposium of the Commission on World Standards of the World Association of Societies of Pathology recommends that international consensus standards be developed to insure the accurate transfer of scientific data between clinical laboratory computers while maintaining strict subject confidentiality. It is anticipated that such standards would be widely applicable to the storage and retrieval of medical information in computers throughout the world.

Computers↗
PubMed2001

Use of internet technologies for data acquisition in large clinical trials.

Data acquisition for automated processing is a central aspect of clinical trials with large numbers of cases because of their extensive demand for manpower. Scientific data can be collected using data forms, which are created in Hypertext Markup Language and published on the Internet. The completed data form can be returned via E-mail or Common Gateway Interface-Script and forwarded into a study database. For the Internet-based data acquisition of a prospective multicenter trial (e.g., on endophthalmitis incidence after cataract extraction), we developed two special HTML forms that can be opened in the ophthalmology department's homepage. A large number of acquired anonymous data has been collected via Internet and automatically transferred into the trial database. The Internet provides a fast and easy avenue for the acquisition of scientific data. This method of data acquisition and data processing will become more common place in multicenter clinical trials.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2005

The genesis and evolution of acrylic bone cement.

In 1957 John Chamley and I began to discuss the question of cement fixation of femoral prostheses. This was an independent development, because we had no knowledge of any other work in this area. Our conclusion was to grout in the prosthesis with a suitable cement. I selected a cold-curing acrylic denture repair material called Nu-Life as most appropriate. This material proved satisfactory in laboratory and clinical trials, and in 1958 Chamley undertook hip replacement using a cemented femoral prosthesis in six patients. This clinical success aroused great interest and some skepticism, because it was not always appreciated that Charnley and I had a substantial body of scientific data that justified this new approach to arthroplasty. Not surprisingly,the clinical aspects received most emphasis in the next decade. The scientific data were published mostly in the dental literature and were forgotten by the time cementation arthroplasty was generally accepted and so were rediscovered in subsequent years.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1998

What should we do about Eduard Pernkopf's atlas?

Eduard Pernkopf created a classic anatomy atlas during World War II. He was also an ardent Nazi. Questions have been raised recently about the propriety of using an atlas created by a Nazi and illustrated by dissections of cadavers whose identities are unknown, but who could have been victims of Nazi political terror. To examine the ethical issues involved, the author first reviews recently published work regarding Pernkopf and his atlas, with the caution that facts are few in a debate where emotions run high and opinions abound. He then considers what has been written by bioethicists on the use of scientific data from the Nazi era and how those arguments might apply to Pernkopf and his atlas. Important questions remain, however. For example, are scientific data tainted by their associations with Nazism, or should such data (including the atlas) be assessed on their own merits, separate from the persons and ideologies involved in their creation? Finally, the author offers his own perspective as a young gross anatomist and physician. He argues that rejecting the hateful beliefs of Pernkopf and his fellow Nazis does not necessitate rejecting the elegant anatomic images they produced. The author further suggests that use of the atlas is itself the most fitting tribute to those who died for it, whether they were victims of Nazi repression or not. Those cadavers not only teach anatomy, they "can remind us of suffering not only in the past but in the present, that we may be more compassionate physicians, more compassionate citizens of the world."

Anatomy, Artistic↗
PubMed2003

Principles of forensic mental health assessment: implications for neuropsychological assessment in forensic contexts.

Forensic mental health assessment (FMHA) is a form of evaluation performed by a mental health professional to provide relevant clinical and scientific data to a legal decision maker or the litigants involved in civil or criminal proceedings. Such FMHA evaluations can be further specialized when the clinical and scientific data are primarily neuropsychological. This paper provides an adaptation of 29 recently derived principles of FMHA (Heilbrun, 2001) that have been described in two forms: general guidelines for application in FMHA, and guidelines for application to neuropsychological assessment in forensic contexts. Each principle is described, and the general guideline is compared with the highly specialized neuropsychological guideline. In this way, the applicability of such FMHA principles to forensic neuropsychological assessment is described.

Decision Making↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Consensus conference: methodology and contribution].

A consensus conference is a method used to evaluate a medical process and to elaborate practice guidelines. The goal of consensus conference is to obtain the best possible outcomes for patients. The guidelines are written by a multidisplinary jury which analyses scientific datas and clinical practices. Consensus conference don't resolve all medical problems. It's a good evaluation method for the topics where there are non medical sides, inappropriate medical options or different clinical practices in spite of sufficient scientific datas. Consensus conference use three distinct groups: organization committee, jury and experts. The lectures of the experts and the guidelines must distinguish and clarify which is scientifically proved. Use of biomedical databases and critical analysis of biomedical articles are useful. Practice guidelines must be clear, precise, explicit and useful for clinical practices. Measurement of the real usefulness of consensus conference is difficult: it's the problem of the impact of guidelines on care. Usually it could be realized by survey of clinical practices or drugs consuming. The impact will be better with a large use of media, dissemination of the guidelines in the medical faculties and during professional workshops.

Consensus Statements as Topic↗
PubMed1998

The bio-objects project. Part I: the object data model core elements.

MOTIVATION: Scientific data reside in a number of different data sources, both public and commercial, and are accessible through various software applications. Data and software interoperability is becoming a critical issue in the research community. In our opinion, the need to develop a unified object model for biotechnology must be recognized. Herein, we present a prototype and core elements for the Object Data Model, a central part of our future commercial product development. RESULTS: We have designed a first layer of the Object Data Model that will be used for further commercial application development. The CBioBase object was designed as a citable, stable and core data element for the Object Data Model. General relationships between objects and application components were established. AVAILABILITY: Software tools will be provided with a future DNASIS product to access various elements of the Object Model. We are planning to assemble C++ libraries and Java binary files into BioObjects SDK (software development kit) for those interested in software implementation using the described object model. CONTACT: smaltch@msn.com or smaltch@hitachi-soft.com

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2000

GABAagent: a system for integrating data on GABA receptors.

MOTIVATION: Scientific data pertaining to GABA receptors, which are of medical importance, are widely scattered throughout numerous heterogeneous Internet resources. This situation has made the integrated acquisition of such data difficult and substantially time consuming even for researchers who are Internet aficionados. Thus, there exists a genuine need for the development of Internet applications, such as GABAagent, which provide efficient and timely access to concise and integrated information. RESULTS: We report here the establishment of a novel server (GABAagent) which has been written in Perl script, and which is freely accessible through the Internet. GABAagent is designed to assist researchers in retrieving focused and integrated information related to GABA receptors from various public domain databases. GABAagent relies on server-side flat-file databases that have been created through data mining from Internet sources such as the PubMed, DDBJ, SWISS-PROT and TrEMBL, in addition to the many World Wide Web (Web) sites which are accessible through Excite (E-Web). These warehouse databases are regularly updated and contain among other things, information concerning: (i) GABA receptor publications, (ii) DNA and protein sequences and (iii) the contents of related E-Web sites along with their addresses. Our system also provides hard links to the above-mentioned Web sites and E-Web sites; the feature which adds to it the character of virtual federation type of database. The current version of GABAagent provides two user-friendly services. The first is a search engine possessing intelligent query reformulation support (GABAengine), the second an elaborate email alert service was designed into the system (GABAalert). The GABAengine allows the user to search server-side databases exclusively for GABA receptor-related queries. Whereas, GABAalert allows the user, by means of subscription, to receive immediate and/or monthly updates automatically. AVAILABILITY: GABAagent is freely accessible at the following Web address http://www.ust.hk/gaba.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed2003

Vaccinations against infectious diseases in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.

Blood and marrow transplantation, a curative treatment for a variety of serious diseases, induces a period of sustained immunosuppression predisposing recipients to opportunistic infections. Both for the protection of the individual transplant recipient and as a matter of public health policy, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed guidelines for the use of vaccination in the prevention of infectious disease following transplantation. This review examines the primary clinical research supporting vaccination policies in this target population. Widely accepted recommendations for transplant recipients based on scientific data are sparse, as few large studies have been conducted in this population. Anecdotal reports, expert advice, summaries, and limited series involving less than 50 patients using surrogate end points form the basis of the scientific literature, with the result being a wide variation in practice. Although based largely on inadequate scientific data, the CDC recommendations offer a pragmatic approach to the prevention of opportunistic disease in hematopoietic transplant recipients and serve as a useful starting point for standardization of practice while defining the direction of future studies in transplant recipients and other immunocompromised hosts.

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation↗
PubMed2004

Role of the undergraduate student research assistant in the new millennium.

In this study, we analyze the contribution of the undergraduate student who participates in the process of generating scientific data and developing a research project using Brazilian research as an example. Historically, undergraduate students have performed the critical role of research assistants in developing countries. This aspect has been underappreciated as a means of generating scientific data in Brazilian research facilities. Brazilian educational institutions are facing major age-related generational changes among the science faculty within the next 5-10 yr. A lack of adequate support for graduate students leads to a concern that undergraduates will not be interested in choosing research assistant programs and, subsequently, academic research careers. To remedy this situation it is important to focus on ways to encourage new research careers and enhance university-industry collaborations.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The mad cow problem in the UK: risk perceptions, risk management, and health policy development.

Mad cow disease or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurological disease of cattle first recognized in the United Kingdom (UK) in 1986. Until recently, the UK government considered the chance of a human becoming infected with the BSE agent to be extremely remote. As a result of new developments, alarmist media attention, bureaucratic mishandling of the issues, scientific uncertainty, bickering among technical experts, and a dearth of easily assimilated and balanced information on the problem, widespread fears that affected cattle could enter the human food supply and transmit the disease to humans have periodically erupted, causing social, economic, and political consequences of tremendous magnitude. Better management of the mad cow problem could have minimized the magnitude of the epidemic among cattle, the risk to humans, and the public outrage. Trust in the British government was seriously eroded, an entire industry crippled, and international relations severely tried. Although the scientific data concerning BSE and its transmissibility to humans are still not conclusive, a growing body of (still largely circumstantial) evidence suggests that BSE may be transmissible to humans. Unfortunately, policy decisions cannot wait for a final scientific answer. Therefore, high-stakes decisions must be made in the face of this uncertainty. Such decisions should be made with the primary purpose of protecting the public, and not preferentially the economics of an industry, political alliances, or other considerations. Given that the risk to humans from BSE was (and still is) unknown and may be high, and that the perceived risk among the British public was (and still is) extraordinarily high, policies should support more aggressive interventions. Of necessity, such interventions will be preventive, as there is presently no available treatment. Such policies should be modified as necessary as the developing scientific data warrants.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Fragility of scientifically acquired data. The example of fluoride salts in osteoporosis].

Although there is a pathophysiological rationale for the use of sodium fluoride for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and a long history of clinical trials, there is no evidence today of its clinical efficacy. The use of sodium fluoride was a long-standing practice for many years which became official policy when strong scientific arguments suggested its efficacy. The lack of methodologically solid evidence however raised some doubts, echoed by the regulatory authorities, and led to a re-evaluation. The unacceptable risk/benefit ratio demonstrated by the new results was a major scientific event giving the scientific community a concrete example of why evidence provided by clinical research must be regularly revisited.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2006

Plants popularly used for loosing weight purposes in Porto Alegre, South Brazil.

In this study, 14 herbalists (herb sellers) were interviewed about popular use of plants with weight loss purpose in Porto Alegre, a South Brazil city. For all identified species, scientific data were reviewed aiming to establish a correlation between popular use and biological properties. Seventy-eight samples were reported as having weigh loss properties. These samples come from 23 species and Asteraceae encompasses the greatest number of representatives. The greatest number of herbalist's citations was Baccharis articulata. The majority of plants have traditional use in Brazil but none is explicitly cited for loosing weight purposes. The pharmacological data are mainly from animal and in vitro studies and do not straight related to obesity. Only Ilex paraguariensis presents clinical data of efficacy in the treatment of obesity. Seven species present pre-clinical data that indicate a potential role in the control of certain conditions which are associated with obesity, such as hyperlipidemia (Campomanesia xanthocarpa, Cuphea carthagenensis, Cynara scolymus, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Ilex paraguariensis) and high levels of blood glucose (Achyrocline satureioides, Baccharis trimera, Campomanesia xanthocarpa). In conclusion, scientific data found are insufficient to guarantee the efficacy and safety of these plants for treating obesity. However, some of them present activities which could be useful to treat certain obesity comorbidities and deserve further studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Nursing research: on what basis?

In the past 150 years nursing science has developed into a discipline of its own which has integrated features of various stages of theory development. So far most nursing theories, originally borrowed from other disciplines, have been adapted and moulded to suit the nursing context. The theories developed after Nightingale, such as developmental, need-oriented, interaction, system-oriented and simultaneity theories have come about this way. They have depicted the areas of interest in nursing which has thus been defined as the domain of main concepts and their interconnections. The methodological characteristics of research in science are derived on the basis of ontological and epistemological principles. The domain of nursing science is assumed to be an integral whole which is not divided into parts even for the purpose of research. Scientific data are obtained from this undivided world by means of man's human signification. In research, this undivided world is approached from the phenomenological tradition of science: particular topics are thematized as something, while the other aspects of the phenomenon are excluded. The accumulating scientific data are integrated to form a holistic body of knowledge which helps in understanding the phenomena in greater depth and from different perspectives. The historical development of nursing science reveals problems and conflicts which are derived from the tradition of empirical science of the last few decades. Research solutions following the empiricist tradition offer only limited opportunities to focus on the central research objects of nursing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed1988

Rehabilitation of the anterior cruciate ligament in the athlete.

Recent medical advances in diagnosis, surgical technique, bracing and postoperative rehabilitation have greatly improved subjective and objective results following anterior cruciate ligament surgery. A team approach involving patient, therapist, athletic trainer, and surgeon is vital to a successful outcome. Surgical rationale and postoperative rehabilitation should be based on sound scientific data, recognising the need for static and dynamic knee stability. The rehabilitation programme should incorporate principles which enhances the well-being of the musculoskeletal system, avoiding potential problems such as periarticular contractures, disuse atrophy, negative cartilage changes, and cardiopulmonary deconditioning. This article is an attempt to summarise the scientific data and principles, and describe a rehabilitation programme which adheres to the data and principles outlined.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2006

[Appropriate cytotoxic drug usages in solid tumors: conformity to official labelling and level of scientific evidence].

The definition of appropriate use of drugs is questioned in oncology. Daily therapeutic practices were compared to official labelling and to published scientific data in this retrospective study. It was carried out in two respective specialised centers, from January to September 2004. All chemotherapies administered for adult solid tumours and including one of the eleven studied drugs were evaluated. The analysis of use was performed by drug : conformity to the validated labelling and level of scientific evidence (at the period study). The study included 1,561 drug uses in 1,211 patients. The overall rate of conformity to official labelling was 81.7 % (67.1 % of strict conformity). In 73.8 % of cases, the indications were supported by at least one randomized phase III trial. The results appeared to be significantly different in rare tumours. The potential economic stake of the "contrat de bon usage" was estimated as less than 5 % in our study. This analysis showed an appropriate and controlled use of onerous drugs in solid tumours. The official labelling of drugs are unable to answer to all clinical situations. The definition of a sufficient level of evidence is mandatory for the use of scientific data in clinical practice. This process has to be adapted for rare tumours.

Adolescent↗