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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Pharmaceutical properties of fluticasone propionate nasal drops: a new formulation.

A variety of corticosteroid delivery systems have been considered for the treatment of nasal polyposis. Safety considerations favour local delivery of the drug to the nasal cavity. No topical delivery system is entirely without problems, however, and formulations must address issues of microbiological quality, drug stability, reproducible drug delivery and adequate drug distribution at site, while also offering environmental and patient acceptability. Fluticasone propionate has been formulated in a new nasal drop preparation. As a highly water-insoluble compound, the active fluticasone propionate requires micronization to an optimal particle size and subsequent dispersion with a surface-active wetting agent. The product is presented in a unit dose low-density polyethylene container, manufactured by a blow-fill-seal process and stored in an aluminium foil overwrap. Micronized active has been used to promote optimal local drug delivery, and excipients have been selected for low irritancy potential and high formulation stability. There is no microbiological risk with fluticasone propionate unit dose nasal drops 400 microg and therefore no need to include a preservative in the preparation. They provide a convenient and effective treatment option for patients with nasal polyposis.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

From death and disability to patient empowerment: an interprofessional partnership to achieve cardiovascular health in Canada.

This paper proposes a paradigm shift in health care from a focus on death and disability to one on health empowerment resulting in improved cardiovascular lifestyles for all Canadians. It describes a national interprofessional initiative to achieve this new vision in the area of cardiovascular health promotion. Achieving Cardiovascular Health in Canada (ACHIC) is a partnership of health professional associations and other health advocate groups whose vision is to promote optimal cardiovascular health (including cerebrovascular health) for all Canadians through interprofessional partnership initiatives and support systems. ACHIC's objectives are to: 1) identify system barriers and supports to cardiovascular health; 2) develop strategies that will have a positive impact on the practices of health professionals/educators in the promotion of cardiovascular health; 3) develop an interprofessional national approach to support strategies to achieve cardiovascular health in Canada; and 4) support the development and delivery of consistent, evidence-based messages by health professionals/educators for promotion of cardiovascular health.

Canada↗
PubMed2003

Developmental transition from gavage to oral feeding in the preterm infant.

The development of early oral feeding skills in the preterm infant is an active and complex area of nursing research. This integrative review summarizes the accumulated nursing research since 1990 that describes feeding the preterm infant during the transition from gavage to full oral feeding. Literature was identified through searches of databases covering the fields of nursing and medicine and of journals and nurse researchers who publish in this area of study. Four main areas of research were identified: development of infant feeding skills, descriptive studies on the transition period, studies that focus on identifying infant readiness to begin oral feeding, and studies that explore optimal ways to advance oral feeding as the infant moves toward full oral feeding. Research studies were critiqued from a developmental science perspective, which conceptualizes feeding skill as an emergent property of multiple systems, both within and outside the infant, that are interacting and working together to promote optimal functioning. Through this analysis, areas for future research are identified.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1991

Managing dysphagia in mentally retarded adults.

Mentally retarded adults with dysphagia are a chronically disabled population with high incidence of co-occurring gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. Their ability to achieve and maintain optimal functional adequacy of swallow is dependent on medical and nutritional management of the disorder, as well as on improving the swallow itself. This paper presents a dysphagia management protocol for this population, which includes screening to identify at risk individuals, diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia, daily management to promote optimal mealtime function, and dysphagia therapy to improve underlying neuromotor competency and eating skills.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Multiple, distinct trans-activation functions are encoded by the simian virus 40 large T and small t antigens, only some of which require the 82-residue amino-terminal common domain.

Simian virus 40 (SV40) small t and large T antigens can each trans activate the adenovirus (Ad) E2A and the Ad VA-I promoters. The first 82 amino acids of large T and small t are identical. However, this large T-small t common domain between residues 1 and 82 does not trans activate, suggesting that large T and small t each encode separate trans-activation functions. To determine whether the large T or small t unique domains, which are required for trans activation of the E2A promoter, are sufficient for this activity, we have employed expression plasmids separately encoding the common and unique domains of large T and small t. Cotransfection of a large T unique domain expression plasmid efficiently trans activated the E2A promoter. Optimal trans activation by large T required the motif that binds cellular proteins such as the retinoblastoma gene product, which is located in the large T unique domain, and additional large T structures outside this motif. In contrast, the small t unique domain did not trans activate the E2A promoter. Experiments utilizing E2A promoter mutants containing only the ATF- or EIIF-binding sites demonstrated that trans activation by small t involves only the EIIF transcription factor and that this function requires both the common (residues 1 to 82) and the small t unique domains expressed as a colinear protein. trans activation by large T, in contrast, involves at least three mechanisms. There appear to be at least two mechanisms that involve the EIIF transcription factor, at least one of which does not require the common domain (residues 1 to 82) and one mechanism that involves the ATF factor and does require both the common and the large T unique domains.

Adenovirus E2 Proteins↗
PubMed2006

Application of the Synergy Model with the surgical care of smokers.

The Synergy Model for Patient Care, developed by the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN), demonstrates that positive patient outcomes are achieved when patient characteristics are matched with nurse competencies. This article describes how effective nursing practice, whether providing smoking cessation counseling or evaluating preoperative laboratory tests, must be centered around the needs and characteristics of patients. Smokers requiring surgical intervention have unique needs and require nurses with competent skills to help promote optimal pulmonary, cardiovascular, and wound healing outcomes.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2003

Preventing low birth weight: is prenatal care the answer?

OBJECTIVES: To review the evidence of effectiveness of prenatal care for preventing low birth weight (LBW). METHODS: We reviewed original research, systematic reviews, meta-analyses and commentaries for evidence of effectiveness of the three core components of prenatal care--risk assessment, health promotion and medical and psychosocial interventions--for preventing the two constituents of LBW: preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). RESULTS: Clinical risk assessment will fail to identify the majority of pregnancies at risk for preterm delivery or IUGR. While biophysical and biochemical modalities appear promising, their cost-effectiveness has not been demonstrated, nor can their routine use be recommended in the absence of effective interventions. Smoking cessation programs appear to be modestly effective. There is insufficient evidence to conclude a benefit for nutrition interventions, work counseling or preterm birth education. Only antenatal corticosteroid therapy has demonstrated a clear benefit in the tertiary prevention of preterm delivery. Interventions for which there is insufficient evidence to conclude a benefit include bed rest, hydration, sedation, cerclage, progesterone supplementation, antibiotic treatment, tocolysis without concomitant use of corticosteroids, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, psychosocial support and home visitation. Additionally, there is a paucity of evidence supporting the effectiveness of prenatal interventions, such as low-dose aspirin, bed rest, maternal hyperoxygenation, plasma volume expansion and antenatal fetal assessment, in preventing IUGR or its associated morbidity and mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Neither preterm birth nor IUGR can be effectively prevented by prenatal care in its present form. Preventing LBW will require reconceptualization of prenatal care as part of a longitudinally and contextually integrated strategy to promote optimal development of women's reproductive health not only during pregnancy, but over the life course.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

High risk behaviours related to maternal and child health.

BACKGROUND: The excessive high maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity figures characteristic of our community could be linked with maternal high-risk behaviours during pregnancy, delivery and postnatal periods. This cross-sectional questionnaire study assessed the prevalence of these behaviours among mothers in Ibadan. METHODS: Consecutive mothers attending infant welfare clinics of selected formal health facilities in Ibadan within 6 weeks of delivery were interviewed with a questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the 500 women interviewed, only 2.4% did not receive any antenatal care, 87.7% commenced care after first semester (57.2% and 30.5% in the second and third trimesters respectively). Twenty-five percent, 7.5% and 4.8% received no malaria prophylaxis, no tetanus immunisation, and iron preparations during pregnancy respectively. Seventeen percent (16.9%) received incomplete tetanus immunisation. Thirty percent (30%) of the women delivered out of formal health facilities, in church-based maternity and at home. While 91.4% received group breastfeeding counselling, 72% received group counselling specifically on exclusive breastfeeding. Eighty-four percent of the babies were not exclusively breast-fed, with 62.9%, 26.8% and 4.6% receiving supplementation with water, herbal preparations and artificial milk respectively. Sixty-seven percent of the babies received first immunisation after the first week of delivery. Prevalence of high risk behaviours related to maternal and child health care were not significantly different among the women utilising formal health facilities irrespective of the level, but were significantly higher among women who did not. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of high-risk behaviours during pregnancy, delivery and postnatal periods, despite the availability of services, has been highlighted. There is a need to promote optimal utilization of existing services. There may be a need for quality assurance of these services.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Common cis-acting elements critical for the expression of several genes of Toxoplasma gondii.

Transient transformation of Toxoplasma using the CAT (chloramphenicol acetyl transferase) reporter gene has been used to map promoter elements of four genes encoding dense granule proteins (GRA1, GRA2, GRA5 and GRA6). Intense CAT activities (GRA1 > GRA5 > GRA2 > GRA6) are detected for constructs containing 379bp, 276bp, 209bp and 265bp upstream of the transcription start site of the GRA1, GRA2, GRA5 and GRA6 genes, respectively. Deletion analysis shows that optimal promoter activity of each gene is contained in the proximal region of the transcription start site: -129 to -47 for GRA1, -87 to -37 for GRA2, -156 to -30 for GRA5 and -146 to -27 for GRA6. Quantitative CAT assay and mutation analysis show that repeated motifs (A/TGAGACG) found in either orientation with respect to transcription are critical elements of these defined promoter regions. We have found such sequence elements in the upstream region of other Toxoplasma genes such as Tub1 and within the stretch of 27bp repeats of the SAG1 promoter.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Optimal dietary prescribing in the nursing home.

A multitude of physiological, psychosocial, and functional factors, controllable by physicians, can combine to deter today's typical nursing home resident from consuming an adequate diet. This article focuses on factors contributing to reduced food intake in the elderly, the impact of therapeutic diets, and the need for good communication between physician and dietitian. Of major importance is an informed team approach to assessment and intervention in promoting optimal nutritional status for these patients in need.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Interaction of a liver-specific nuclear factor with the fibrinogen and alpha 1-antitrypsin promoters.

The orderly and sequential activation of genes during development is hypothesized to be related to the selective expression of groups of regulatory proteins acting primarily at the level of transcription. A nuclear protein was found in hepatocytes, but not other cell types, that binds to a sequence required for hepatocyte-specific transcription of the gene for the beta chain of fibrinogen. This protein, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (HNF1), also interacts with homologous sequences required for optimal promoter function of the genes for the alpha chain of fibrinogen and alpha 1-antitrypsin. The promoter or enhancer regions for several viral and cellular genes not expressed in the liver did not compete for this binding. The restricted expression of HNF1 and its selective interaction with the control regions of several liver-specific genes indicate that it is involved in developmentally regulated gene expression in the liver.

Albumins↗
PubMed2005

Identification of murine CD8 T cell epitopes in codon-optimized SARS-associated coronavirus spike protein.

The causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has been identified as a new type of coronavirus, SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). CD8 T cells play an important role in controlling diseases caused by other coronaviruses and in mediating vaccine-induced protective immunity in corresponding animal models. The spike protein, a main surface antigen of SARS-CoV, is one of the most important antigen candidates for vaccine design. Overlapping peptides were used to identify major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted epitopes in mice immunized with vectors encoding codon-optimized SARS-CoV spike protein. CD8 T-cell responses were mapped to two H-2(b)-restricted epitopes (S436-443 and S525-532) and one H-2(d)-restricted epitope (S366-374). The identification of these epitopes will facilitate the evaluation of vaccine strategies in murine models of SARS-CoV infection. Furthermore, codon and promoter optimizations can greatly enhance the overall immunogenicity of spike protein in the context of replication-defective human and simian adenoviral vaccine carriers. The optimized recombinant adenoviral vaccine vectors encoding spike can generate robust antigen-specific cellular immunity in mice and may potentially be useful for control of SARS-CoV infection.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed2005

Interaction with the SH3 domain protein Bem1 regulates signaling by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae p21-activated kinase Ste20.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae PAK (p21-activated kinase) family kinase Ste20 functions in several signal transduction pathways, including pheromone response, filamentous growth, and hyperosmotic resistance. The GTPase Cdc42 localizes and activates Ste20 by binding to an autoinhibitory motif within Ste20 called the CRIB domain. Another factor that functions with Ste20 and Cdc42 is the protein Bem1. Bem1 has two SH3 domains, but target ligands for these domains have not been described. Here we identify an evolutionarily conserved binding site for Bem1 between the CRIB and kinase domains of Ste20. Mutation of tandem proline-rich (PxxP) motifs in this region disrupts Bem1 binding, suggesting that it serves as a ligand for a Bem1 SH3 domain. These PxxP motif mutations affect signaling additively with CRIB domain mutations, indicating that Bem1 and Cdc42 make separable contributions to Ste20 function, which cooperate to promote optimal signaling. This PxxP region also binds another SH3 domain protein, Nbp2, but analysis of bem1Delta versus nbp2Delta strains shows that the signaling defects of PxxP mutants result from impaired binding to Bem1 rather than from impaired binding to Nbp2. Finally, the PxxP mutations also reduce signaling by constitutively active Ste20, suggesting that postactivation functions of PAKs can be promoted by SH3 domain proteins, possibly by colocalizing PAKs with their substrates. The overall results also illustrate how the final signaling function of a protein can be governed by combinatorial addition of multiple, independent protein-protein interaction modules.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed2000

The changing face of functional foods.

Consumers began to view food from a radically different vantage point in the 1990s. This 'changing face' of food has evolved into an exciting area of the food and nutrition sciences known as functional foods. Functional foods can be defined as those providing health benefits beyond basic nutrition and include whole, fortified, enriched or enhanced foods which have a potentially beneficial effect on health when consumed as part of a varied diet on a regular basis at effective levels. Interest in functional foods skyrocketed in the last decade due to a number of key factors, including the growing self-care movement, changes in food regulations and overwhelming scientific evidence highlighting the critical link between diet and health. The interest in functional foods has resulted in a number of new foods in the marketplace designed to address specific health concerns, particularly as regards chronic diseases of aging. In addition to new foods designed specifically to enhance health, however, functional foods can also include those traditional, familiar foods for which recent research findings have highlighted new health benefits or dispelled old dogma about potential adverse health effects. An excellent example is the American egg-Nature's original functional food. Eggs have not traditionally been regarded as a functional food, primarily due to concerns about their adverse effects on serum cholesterol levels. Furthermore, it is now known that there is little if any connection between dietary cholesterol and blood cholesterol levels and consuming up to one or more eggs per day does not adversely affect blood cholesterol levels. Finally, eggs are an excellent dietary source of many essential (e.g., protein, choline) and non-essential (e.g., lutein/zeaxanthin) components which may promote optimal health. Nutrition in the new millennium will be dramatically different than it was in the 20th century. Completion of the human genome project will facilitate the identification of humans predisposed to diet-related diseases. Targeted or 'prescription' nutrition will become the norm, enabling the food and medical industries to provide timely and individualized approaches to disease prevention and health promotion. The egg will continue to play an important role in the changing face of functional foods.

Egg Proteins, Dietary↗
PubMed1992

Functional analysis of the human platelet-derived growth factor A-chain promoter region.

The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) A-chain gene is a developmentally regulated gene that is expressed in high levels in a limited number of normal and transformed cell lines and in cells stimulated by cytokines, including PDGF itself. We have now analyzed potential regulatory elements in 3.6 kilobase pairs (kb) of the 5'-flanking sequences of the human PDGF A-chain gene using reporter gene constructs and transient transfection analyses. The region between base pairs (bp) -618 and +392 (relative to the transcription initiation site) is sufficient for optimal promoter activity. A highly G + C region containing three contiguous Sp1 binding sites between bp -150 and -33 contributes over 80% of promotor activity. DNase I footprinting analyses indicates that Sp1 binds to and protects over 57 bp of this G + C region. A functional serum response element is located within bp -477 and -468 and positively regulates induction of PDGF A by PDGF. A negative regulatory (silencer) element is located from -1.9 to -0.9 kb. The results suggest that the major constitutive expression of the PDGF A-chain gene requires a highly G + C-rich region containing three Sp1 binding sites and that induction of the PDGF A-chain gene by PDGF is mediated by a SRE located at bp -477 to -468.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Cooperativity between far upstream enhancer and proximal promoter elements of the human {alpha}2(I) collagen (COL1A2) gene instructs tissue specificity in transgenic mice.

Interaction between the proximal (-378) promoter and the far upstream (-20 kb) enhancer is essential for tissue-specific expression of the human alpha2(I) collagen gene (COL1A2) in transgenic mice. Previous in vitro studies have shown that three Sp1 binding sites (around -300) are part of a cytokine-responsive element and that two TC-rich boxes (around -160 and -125) and a CBF/NFY consensus sequence (around -80) confer optimal promoter activity by interacting among themselves and with the upstream Sp1 sites. Here we report that mutations of the Sp1 binding sites, TC-rich boxes or CBF/NFY consensus sequence lead to reduced transgene activity, thus underscoring the functional interdependence of the proximal promoter elements. Loss of the Sp1 binding sites was associated with loss of transgene expression in osteoblasts, whereas elimination of the CBF/NFY binding site (alone or in combination with the TC-rich boxes) was correlated with a lack of activity in the ventral fascia and head dermis and musculature. Additionally, transgene expression in skin fascia fibroblasts depended on the integrity of the Sp1 binding sites and TC-rich boxes, and on their physical configuration. Evidence is also presented suggesting cooperativity between cis-acting elements of the far upstream enhancer and proximal promoter in assembling tissue-specific protein complexes. This study thus reiterates the complex and highly combinatorial nature of the regulatory network governing COL1A2 transcription in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patient-provider communication in chronic illness: a health promotion window of opportunity.

As chronic illness takes its rightful place as an imperative for planners and policy makers globally, the obligation to provide appropriate self-care management support and promote optimal health among the chronically ill is attracting considerable attention. A generation of insider research into the chronic illness experience has yielded powerful evidence of the critical importance of communication between the chronically ill and those who provide their healthcare services. In this article, insights gained from the body of chronic illness research shape recommendations for attitudinal and structural adjustments that might steer our course toward promoting improved health for those affected by a chronic disease.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed2006

Time for an oil check: the role of essential omega-3 fatty acids in maternal and pediatric health.

Deficiency of omega-3 fatty acids (omega3FAs) is an often unrecognized determinant of clinical disease; the adequate availability of these essential nutrients may prevent affliction or facilitate health restoration in some pregnant women and developing offspring. The human organism requires specific nutrients in order to carry out the molecular processes within cells and tissues and it is well established that omega3FAs are essential lipids necessary for various physiological functions. Accordingly, to achieve optimal health for patients, care givers should be familiar with clinical aspects of nutritional science, including the assessment of nutritional status and judicious use of nutrient supplementation. In view of the mounting evidence implicating omega3FA deficiency as a determinant of various maternal and pediatric afflictions, physicians should consider recommending purified fish oil supplementation during pregnancy and lactation. Furthermore, omega3FA supplementation may be indicated in selected pediatric situations to promote optimal health among children.

Child↗