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PubMed1989

[Influence of caries preventive measures on prevalence and incidence of caries in Hamburg preschool children].

A decline in caries prevalence and incidence was observed in preschool children in Hamburg kindergardens and day care centres. On the occasion of dental exams staff and children were interviewed about measures of caries prevention. It was possible to establish complete records about oral hygiene, intake of sweets in the institutions, and ingestion of fluorides. Statistical analyses demonstrated that, apart from age and social class, the social environment of the children was of significant influence. The prevalence of caries also was significantly a function of the intake of sweets in the institution. The incidence of caries and fluoride ingestion at home correlated with high significance. The reduction of caries in Hamburg preschool children is predominantly due to the reduced intake of sweets in kindergardens and day care centres.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1999

Patient assessment and preventive measures for medical emergencies in the dental office.

Many practicing dentists have faced few medical emergencies in their practice and often overlook effective preventive measures. The proper and accurate assessment of a patient is paramount in preventing an emergency crisis in the dental office. This article helps the practitioner to evaluate the history and physical examination of the patient, including the patient's medical and surgical history, in order to make informed decisions about treatment options.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Level of knowledge and application of a minimum number of preventive measures in primary health care in the province of Ciudad Real].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the level of knowledge about the minimum group of measures of the Programme of Preventive Activities and Health Promotion (PPAHP) among primary health care (PHC) professionals in the province of Ciudad Real. DESIGN: A descriptive observation and crossover study by means of an anonymous and self-administered survey, sent by mail with return postage paid. SETTING: Primary care in the province of Ciudad Real. PARTICIPANTS: All the PHC professionals (543 general practitioners, ATS/DUE (nurses) or paediatricians) in the Province. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A survey of 17 items, including personal, work and organisational data as well as several different preventive measures (including those in the PPAHP), was sent out in October 1992. Data were collected by December, 1992. 194 professionals replied (rate of reply: 35.7%). 29.9% of those replying knew of the PPAHP: Of the six measures in the minimum package, an average of 2.4 were applied "always" or "almost always" by general practitioners, 2.06 by nurses and 1.4 by paediatricians. The most commonly applied measures were control of the healthy child's growth and development, prenatal care and checking for arterial hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: The PPAHP is still little known among PHC professionals in Ciudad Real province and its level of application is also low.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Campylobacter infection. Epidemiology, risk factors and preventive measures].

Campylobacter bacteria are a significant cause of diarrhoea in Norway. This article reviews aspects of epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention of the disease, with special emphasis on a case-control study conducted in the Oslo region. The results indicate that the following preventive measures are likely to have the greatest impact on the occurrence of the infection: (a) providing consumers with drinking water of adequate hygienic quality, (b) good hygienic practices when in contact with dogs and cats, (c) good kitchen hygiene during barbecues and when handling and preparing poultry, especially poultry purchased abroad (d) preventing import of contaminated food products, (e) reducing the level of Campylobacter colonization in poultry flocks, and (f) educating consumers about how infection can be avoided when travelling abroad.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

An evaluation of recorded information about preventive measures in 38 practices.

This paper reports the results of a review of practice records for information about various preventive measures; 8,500 records from 38 practices were studied. In collecting the data a Practice Activity Analysis data sheet was used.The results are presented in a way which makes it possible for others undertaking these analyses to compare their results with those reported here. They point to a number of conclusions, in particular:1. Much less cervical cytology has been done for women in their 50s than for those in their 30s and 40s; in particular 45 per cent of women in their 50s have never had a smear.2. Only 35 per cent of girls aged 15 to 19 were known to be immune to rubella.3. Only 14 per cent of adults aged 20 to 40 were known to be immune to polio.4. Of men in their 40s, 47 per cent had no record of their blood pressure having been taken during the previous 10 years.5. Information about smoking habits was available in 23 per cent of records.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Risk of tuberculin conversion among healthcare workers and the adoption of preventive measures.

BACKGROUND: In industrialised countries, occupational tuberculosis among healthcare workers (HCWs) is re-emerging as an important public health issue. To prevent and control tuberculosis transmission, several institutions have issued and implemented recommendations and practice guidelines. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the annual rate of tuberculosis infection (ARTI; per 100 person-years) among HCWs in Turin, the capital of the Piedmont region of Italy, to identify factors associated with variations in the ARTI and to evaluate the efficacy of the regional guidelines to prevent and control tuberculosis. METHODS: The study was conducted between 1997 and 2004 on a cohort of HCWs. The tuberculosis infection was diagnosed through tuberculin skin testing (TST) conversion and defined as an induration increase of at least 10 mm from a previous negative TST. The ARTI and the hazard ratio for each at-risk subgroup, categorised according to working activities and settings, was estimated using exponential survival models. The efficacy of the regional guidelines was estimated by stratifying the analysis according to the moment of the implementation of the guidelines (before/after). RESULTS: The 2182 study participants were drawn from the dynamic cohort. The overall adjusted ARTI was 1.6 (95% CI: 1.3 to 1.9)/100 person-years. Different workplaces (eg, administrative and infectious diseases inpatient services) and occupations (eg, clerical and medical workers) were associated with significantly different ARTIs, ranging between 0.62 and 2.62 and between 0.61 and 1.71, respectively, whereas the TST conversion risk differed by about 16-68% and 30-60%, respectively. The implementation of the guidelines coincided with overall ARTI reductions of 1.3/100 person-years, and concurrently the variations between ARTIs of different occupations and workplaces disappeared. CONCLUSIONS: The occupational risk categories for targeting the surveillance and prevention of tuberculosis transmission among HCWs were identified, and the introduction of preventive measures was observed to be effective in decreasing the overall risk of tuberculosis infection among HCWs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Is the decline of the increasing incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Sweden and other countries a result of cancer preventive measures?

Is the decline of the increasing incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in Sweden and other countries a result of cancer preventive measures? The yearly age-standardized incidence of NHL increased significantly in Sweden during 1971-1990, for men an average of 3.2% and for women 3.1%. The corresponding figures for 1991-2000 were -0.8% and -0.2%, respectively. A decline of the increasing incidence has also been seen in other countries, such as the United States, Finland, and Denmark. Immunosuppression is one established risk factor for NHL, possibly with interaction with Epstein-Barr virus. Phenoxyacetic acids and chlorophenols, both pesticides, have been associated with NHL. Use of these chemicals was banned in Sweden in 1977 and 1978, respectively. Also, persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorobenzene, chlordanes, and dioxins have been shown to increase the risk. Exposure of the whole population occurs predominantly through the food chain. Exposure to such chemicals was highest in the 1960s and 1970s. Because of regulation in the 1970s, exposure has declined substantially in the population. The change in incidence of NHL in Sweden and other countries may serve as a good example of how prohibition and limitation of exposure may be reflected in cancer statistics some decades later.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Urine volume: stone risk factor and preventive measure.

BACKGROUND: A high fluid intake is the oldest existing treatment for kidney stones, and, up until a few decades ago, it was the only preventive measure at the physician's disposal for stone recurrences. METHODS: Using the data available in literature and partly unpublished personal research, we examine the role of urine volume as a stone risk factor, its impact on calcium crystallization mechanisms and its real importance as a means of prevention. RESULTS: To sum up, the most important findings are: (1) a low urine volume must be considered as a real risk factor, both as regards the onset of renal calculi and stone relapses; (2) an increase in urine volume induced by a high water intake produces favourable effects on the crystallization of calcium oxalate and does not reduce the activity of natural inhibitors; (3) a sufficiently high intake of water and probably other fluids such as coffee, tea, beer and wine has a preventive effect on nephrolithiasis and its recurrence, and (4) the role of fruit juice is still to be defined. CONCLUSIONS: A high intake of fluids, especially water, is still the most powerful and certainly the most economical means of prevention of nephrolithiasis, and it is often not used to advantage by stone formers.

Calcium↗
PubMed1995

[An experimental investigation on preventive measures of skin ulcers induced by extravascular mitomycin C].

In order to make an investigation on skin ulcer induced by Mitomycin C extravasation, the preventive measures were undergone by the following ex-periment. A subcutaneous ulcerative model induced by 0.1mg Mitomycin C (MMC) extravasation in the leg of BALA/C mice was established. On the model subject, 8 pharmacologic adjuvants or physical modulation were adopted. It is preferential to choose local injection with 0.1 ml 99% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or with additional smearing DMSO on the affected skin. 10 days later, the ulcerative areas with DMSO treatment were significantly decreased in contrast with 0.1 ml 0.9% NaCI treatment (P < 0.001). The other preferential treatment were in turn by the injection of 0.1 ml 5% NaHCO3 (P < 0.001); 0.1 ml 1% procainamidi hydrochloridum (including 0.4% dexame-thasonum) (P < 0.001) or smearing with 0.1 ml 90% DMSO (including 10% Vit E) (P < 0.01). Delayed application of DMSO after MMC extravasation 30 min had been proven the limited effects on the prevention of ulcer (P < 0.05). Neither cooling of skin or local injection of sodium thiosulfate reduced MMC ulceration (P > 0.05). The mechanisms of prevention of MMC extravascular ulcer by DMSO or 5% NaHCO3 were briefly discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effect of caries preventive measures directed to expectant mothers on caries experience in their children.

The aim of this prospective study was to determine the effectiveness of caries preventive measures started during pregnancy on the caries experience of first-time mothers and their infants. Eighty-one pregnant women with low social background were selected on the basis of the presence of active carious lesions and were randomly divided into control (38) and experimental (43) groups. The initial dental status (DMFS and white spot lesions) was established through clinical examination. The prophylactic measures were repeated during pregnancy and 6 and 12 months after delivery. Both groups received primary care intervention. They were instructed in relation to the etiologic factors of dental caries and received oral hygiene kits. Oral hygiene instructions were reinforced through interactive brushing. The experimental group also received antimicrobial treatment (topical application of NaF and iodine solution immediately after prophylaxis and 3 and 5 days later) and restorative care using glass ionomer cement. By the time the children were 2 years of age, 33.3% of the infants in the control group and 14.7% in the experimental group had caries activity. A significant difference in caries prevalence was observed between children with and without visible dental plaque. The mean number of tooth surfaces with carious lesions (including areas of demineralization) was higher among the children in the control group compared to the experimental group (6.3 x 3.2), however, with no statistical significance. Maternal caries increase was a significant factor influencing the caries experience of the children. These data support the evidence of an association between caries prevalence in young children and clinical (dental plaque) and maternal factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Effectiveness of social hygiene and organized preventive measures in dysentery in preschool institutions].

The work presents the data on the development and realization of the complex of social and hygienic, as well as organizational and preventive measures for dysentery control at institutions for children of preschool age in one of the regions of our country. This complex comprises the improvement of "epidemiological" knowledge of the staff, preventive orientation in the work of the epidemiological section of the local Sanitary Epidemiological Station, the spread of sanitary and hygienic knowledge children and in their families, the improvement of material and technical equipment of children's institutions. The complex proved to be highly effective: at institutions for children of preschool age morbidity -ate in dysentery decrease 4--5 times, and its specific falue dropped from 40% to 5.4%, the frequency of positive results given by tests for the presence of intestinal microflora in washings from various objects decreased more than 25 times. Morbidity rate at institutions for children of preschool age decreased 4--5 times as compared with that among children not attending such institutions. The above data suggest the necessity of introducing this experience in other regions of our country.

Child Health Services↗
PubMed1987

Incidence and costs of incidental appendectomy as a preventive measure.

Statewide hospital discharge data in South Carolina for the period 1979-81 were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the incidental appendectomy performed as a preventive measure. The occurrence of incidental appendectomy exceeded that of appendicitis treated by appendectomy, with population-based rates of 1.13/1,000 and 0.97/1,000 person-years, respectively. Over 64 per cent of appendicitis cases occurred in persons under 25 years of age while 74 per cent of incidental appendectomies occurred in persons age 25 and over. Extrapolating to the nation, the data suggest that 254,250 incidental appendectomies might prevent 3,382 future cases of hospitalized appendicitis. The cost of the prevented cases is estimated as $6,764,000. The cost of the incidental appendectomies would be $20,340,000 if as many as 10 per cent of surgeons' fees were separately charged and twice as much if twice as many were so charged. Information on charges for incidental appendectomies is not readily available.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The occupational hazard of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus infection. I. Perceived risks and preventive measures adopted by anaesthetists: a postal survey.

We have conducted a postal survey of members of the Association of Anaesthetists to ascertain perceived risks and preventive measures adopted with regard to the occupational hazard of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B Virus infection. Despite recognition of the infection risk and the adoption of appropriate measures when managing known infected patients, the majority of anaesthetists have not implemented simple precautions in their daily routine work. Less than 16% of respondents routinely wear gloves and more than one in three still resheath needles. It would appear that the recommendations of the Association with regard to universal safety precautions have not been implemented by the majority of its members.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2002

Risk factors and preventive measures for encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis--Jikei experience 2002.

A growing incidence of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) has been reported recently in Japan, and it is now urgent to establish preventive measures against EPS development. In the present paper, we describe our observational results regarding the risk of EPS development and the characteristic features of patients with EPS, in terms of peritoneal morphology and peritoneal function as determined by peritoneal equilibration test. The ongoing working protocol for EPS prevention at Jikei University Hospital is also discussed. Our findings have revealed that long-term continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is a risk factor for EPS development after transfer to hemodialysis from peritoneal dialysis (PD), and that, in most patients with EPS, peritoneal function is characterized by a longstanding high-transport state. The striking alterations in peritoneal morphology between patients with EPS and those with simple long-term CAPD hyperplasia include, in EPS patients, a prominent thickening of the collagenous layer of the peritoneum with neoangiogenesis and myofibroblastic transformation. Based on our findings, we established a withdrawal protocol for long-term CAPD patients, with the goal of preventing EPS. Those who have been on PD treatment for more than 72 months with high-transport state are candidates for withdrawal from PD, with performance of peritoneal lavage thereafter for a certain period of time. The clinical benefit of post-PD lavage has not yet been determined; however, the maneuver could be precluded in patients at low risk of EPS, because it was found that some patients can recover to average transport state during the period of PD withdrawal. Patients who remain high transporters with inflammatory reaction might require pharmacologic intervention, including prednisolone therapy. Further observations are required to validate our approach.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effectiveness of skin protection creams as a preventive measure in occupational dermatitis: a critical update according to criteria of evidence-based medicine.

OBJECTIVES: This study attempts to assess the evidence of the generally recommended three-step programme of skin protection in the prevention of occupational skin disease. METHODS: The following clinical questions, representative of critical appraisal of this preventive measurement, were generated: (1) Can a skincare regimen effectively reduce or eliminate work-related poor skin conditions? (2) Do protective creams prevent harmful substances from penetrating and adhering to the skin? (3) Is the differentiation between pre-exposure and post-exposure products justified by reliable data? Answers were generated according to the method used in evidence-based medicine by searching the literature, critically appraising the results and applying the results to the clinical questions. For our search we decided to use PubMed as the most convenient access to Medline and because, in contrast to other databases, this access is available free of charge. RESULTS: To investigate the efficacy of barrier creams as pre-exposure skin protectors various in vitro and in vivo test methods have been developed. Over the past years the test techniques have been improved in order to adopt a real workplace situation. Efforts for standardisation of evaluation criteria have been made, too. Nevertheless, there is a lack of placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trials evaluating the benefit of these products in the prevention of occupational contact dermatitis under real workplace conditions. The literature data are conflicting; some publications report on the positive aspects of skin protection, whereas others stress the negative ones. CONCLUSION: Not enough data have been accumulated for one to prove the benefit of skin protection measures under real workplace condition. Up to now, it is almost unclear if the various in vitro and in vivo methods used are suitable to simulate real workplace conditions and if these test results can be related to real occupational exposure. For the evidence-based recommendation of skin protection, further studies, especially under daily working conditions evaluating the contribution of each single element of skincare programme (products, frequency of application and education programme) are needed.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2005

Are patients with or at risk of pressure ulcers allocated appropriate prevention measures?

The aims of the study were to investigate the risk for and prevalence of pressure ulcers in different medical care groups, to discover if patients at risk for or with pressure ulcers are allocated appropriate pressure ulcer preventions and to investigate which variables are associated with appropriate pressure ulcer preventions. A cross-sectional survey design was used and followed the methodology developed by the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. A total of 612 patients participated in the study. The prevalence of pressure ulcers was greatest in geriatric care, followed by intensive care, acute care and neurological care. The majority of patients at risk for or with pressure ulcers did not receive appropriate preventative measures, either while they were in bed or in a chair. Significant variables associated with appropriate preventions in bed were intensive care, geriatric care, a low Braden score, a low score in the subscale activity and a long hospital stay.

Adolescent↗