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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Response of irrigated groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) to urea fertilization in the central rainlands of the Sudan.

The response of 3 varieties of groundnuts, i.e.: Ashford (A), Barberton (B), and Corinte (C), to different doses of urea nitrogen under irrigation was studied for three years. As a result of extensive tissue analysis, the critical needs of Barberton and Corinte for nitrogen were found to be 1500 ppm NO3-N and 3.7% total-N. Variety Ashford, which outyielded both, did not respond to urea nitrogen. A linear correlation coefficient of r = 0.85 for pod and straw yields gave a pod to straw ratio of 0.72. Kernel protein and oil content were not affected by nitrogen. Larger nodule counts and their total-N indicated better yields.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1990

Reproductive toxicology and nutritional studies on mahua oil (Madhuca latifolia).

Mahua (Madhuca latifolia, Sapotaceae) seed oil is a common ingredient of hydrogenated fat in India. It is obtained from the seed kernels (which contain 45% oil, w/w), and is a pale yellow, semi-solid fat at room temperature. It has palmitic (19%), stearic (15%), oleic (42%) and linoleic (24%) as a major fatty acids. The physicochemical parameters of the oil are similar to those of other edible oils. The unsaponifiable fraction contains several unidentified polyenes. Nutritional studies were carried out in groups of 15 weanling albino rats of each sex, fed for 14 wk on a 20% protein diet, adequate in all vitamins and minerals, containing 10% mahua oil. A similar (control) group was simultaneously maintained on the same basic diet containing 10% groundnut oil. The growth, fat absorption, and retention of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus were similar in the two groups, as were the lipid profiles of the serum, liver and heart. Multigeneration reproduction studies in groups of 15 rats of each sex, fed a diet containing 10% mahua oil, as used in the above study, indicated poor reproductive performance in the second generation. All the male rats became sterile. Histological studies indicated bilateral testicular atrophy with degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules in the affected animals. On withdrawal of mahua oil from the diet and rehabilitation, the male animals regained their fertility. These results indicate temporary male sterility on feeding mahua oil to rats. No other adverse toxicological effects were found.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effect of deep-fat frying on fat oxidation in soybean oil.

The frying performance and stability of pure soybean oil (PSBO), soybean oil blended with palm kernel olein and PSBO with an antioxidant mixture of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate and citric acid were compared. The oils were subjected to intermittent frying (up to 15 fryings, without any 'topping up') of potato slices, at 180 degrees C for a period of and 337 min. Analytical determinations on the oils included the peroxide value (PV), iodine value (IV), free fatty acid (FFA) value, saponification value (SV) and the refractive index (RI). Changes in the product at the sensory level were also assessed. Results showed that (1) fat oxidation hence, reduction of unsaturated fatty acids, as indicated by changes in the IV, was non-significant in the treated oils, (2) hydrolysis of fats, as shown by changes in the FFA value from the first to last frying, was lowest in the blended oil but highest in PSBO, (3) the same trend as above was observed for PV, an indicator of fat oxidation and rancidity, (4) changes in SV were non-significant in the treated soya oils while PSBO with the antioxidant showed the least change in RI, (5) treated oils exhibited no visual increase in viscosity or turbidity and (6) PSBO with the antioxidant had the lightest colour at the end of the frying period. Taste panellists were unable to discriminate between products fried in the treated oils and in PSBO. Sensory assessment showed an improved quality of the chips fried in the blend. Chips fried in PSBO scored the lowest ratings. Thus, the overall results showed an improved behaviour and quality of the treated oils in terms of themal stability during frying.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

[NIR spectrometer for non-destruction measurement of oil contents in a corn seed].

NIR spectromneter for non-destruction measurement of oil contents in an integrated kernel of corn was manufactured. Using LED (light emitting diode) as the light source and six filters as the monochromator, the specifications of the instrument are compared with those of the commercial instruments. The regression coefficient, the standard error, and the relative error of measuring oil contents in an integrated kernel of corn are 0.9688, 0.72 and 0.062 respectively. The results meet the demand of high-oil corn breeding.

Corn Oil↗
PubMed1995

Toxicological studies on ratanjyot oil.

Ratanjyot (Jatropha curcas) grows wild in many parts of India and Brazil. Experimental studies on the toxicity of its oil are scarce despite its use as a cathartic purgative, for treatment of many ailments in human medicine and in industrial applications. This study aims to provide data on its toxicity. The proximate composition of the kernels and physicochemical characteristics of its oil were determined. The kernels constitute 62% of the seed and contain 52% oil, which is reported to contain phorbol esters. A toxic fraction (2.4%) containing the phorbol esters was isolated from the oil. The acute oral LD50 of the oil was found to be 6 ml/kg body weight in rats. The oil caused severe diarrhoea and gastro-intestinal inflammation. The isolated toxic fraction, when applied to the skin of rabbits and rats, produced a severely irritant reaction followed by necrosis; in mice, this fraction had a dermally toxic and lethal effect. The oil and the toxic fraction at 25 and 1 mg respectively in 10 ml saline showed haemolytic activity, disrupting red blood cells. Detoxification or complete removal of the potent toxins present in ratanjyot oil is essential before its use in industrial applications or in human medicine can be considered.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1985

[Protein concentrate of African oil palm (Elaesis guineensis, Jacquin), extraction process and functional properties].

A study was carried out for the purpose of obtaining and characterizing a protein concentrate obtained from defatted oil palm cake using alkaline extraction, and compare it with a commercial soy meal. The oil palm cake came from a national industry as a subproduct of the oil extraction of the palm kernels. The moisture, protein, fat, crude fiber and ash content of the oil palm was then determined. The optimum conditions for extraction and precipitation of the proteins were selected. These were the following: extraction at pH, 11.4; adding NaOH 0.06 M solvent; a meal/solvent relation of 1:20 g/ml and extraction time, 20 minutes with magnetic agitation, and precipitation at pH 5.3. The protein concentrate obtained contained: 66.50% protein; 0.07% fat, 0.90% crude fiber, and 3.20% ashes. Then the following functional properties were analyzed: solubility, according to the pH; water absorption (250); oil absorption (175); emulsion activity (27.2), and stability (13.6). The author concludes that the protein concentrate has good water and oil absorption when compared to soymeal; the emulsion, however, was found to be unstable to heat.

Emulsions↗
PubMed1993

Expression of the Acc1 Gene-Encoded Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase in Developing Maize (Zea mays L.) Kernels.

A mutation (Acc1-S2) in the structural gene for maize (Zea mays L.) acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) that significantly reduces sethoxydim inhibition of leaf ACCase activity was used to investigate the gene-enzyme relationship regulating ACCase activity during oil deposition in developing kernels. Mutant embryo and endosperm ACCase activities were more than 600-fold less sensitive to sethoxydim inhibition than ACCase in wild-type kernel tissues. Moreover, in vitro cultured mutant kernels developed normally in the presence of sethoxydim concentrations that inhibited wild-type kernel development. The results indicate that the Acc1-encoded ACCase accounts for the majority of ACCase activity in developing maize kernels, suggesting that Acc1-encoded ACCase functions not only during membrane biogenesis in leaves but is also the predominant form of ACCase involved in storage lipid biosynthesis in maize embryos.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1982

Aflatoxin distribution and total microbial counts in an edible oil extracting plant. I. Preliminary observations.

Groundnut (peanut) kernels, groundnut and cotton-seed pellets and groundnut and cotton-seed oils (crude and refined) were screened for aflatoxins. The groundnut kernels and groundnut and cotton-seed pellets were additionally examined for total microbial counts as well as for certain types of micro-organism. All samples contained aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) while a quantitative estimation of aflatoxin B1 revealed that all samples contained this aflatoxin in varying amounts. The study identified in substantial numbers several types of micro-organisms that have been associated with industrial and health hazards.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1980

Preliminary evaluation of dika fat, a new tablet lubricant.

Dika fat, a solid vegetable oil extracted from the kernels of Irvingia gabonensis var excelsia has been evaluated as a lubricant on the basis of its effect on the flow rate of granules, disintegration time and dissolution rate of tablets. The fat shows a maximal effect on flow at a concentration of 2.5% w/w. It produces better disintegration and dissolution profiles than magnesium stearte at all concentrations tested. The indication is that there is less degradation of aspirin in tablets containing this oil than there is in tablets containing magnesium stearate. The use of Dika fat (m.p. 39--40 degrees C) eliminates the hydrogenation step often necessary for vegetable oils.

Aspirin↗
PubMed1996

Stereochemical isomers composition and vitamin A value of Brazilian palm oils.

Carotenoids pigments in crude and refined oils from Brazilian palm were analyzed. Beta-carotene was the principal fraction detected in all samples, varying from 142.6 micrograms/g to 314.25 micrograms/g in crude palm oils; from 132.55 micrograms/g to 612.16 micrograms/g in Brazilian palm kernels; and from 139.4 to 168.90 micrograms/g in refined palm oils. Alfa-carotene levels were 44.67 micrograms/g and 125.32 micrograms/g in the crude palm oil; 85.99 micrograms/g to 240.99 in palm kernel and 52.22 to 63.91 micrograms/g in refined palm oils. All-trans beta-carotene was the most important isomer; 9-cis and 13-cis alfa and beta-carotenes were also found. Vitamin A values were 2,065 and 10,255 RE in 100 g sample.

Brazil↗
PubMed1997

Use of dika fat in the formulation of sustained release frusemide encapsulated granules.

Sustained release frusemide granules were formulated with Dika fat, a vegetable oil extracted from the kernels of Irvingia gabonesis Var excelcia. Granules containing 60% w/w, of Dika fat and 200% w/w frusemide and lactose were prepared using the fusion method. Prepared granules (passed through 0.600 micron stainless steel sieve) were encapsulated such that each capsule contained frusemide granules equivalent to 75mg of the pure drug. Granules of same size fraction containing 10% w/w maize starch, or alginic acid and 60, 20, and 10% w/w of Dika fat, frusemide and lactose respectively were similarly prepared and encapsulated. Dissolution profiles of the encapsulated granules were assessed in 0.1 sodium hydroxide, simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) without enzymes. Results obtained indicated sustained release of frusemide in the presence of Dika fat. The presence of maize starch modulated the release of frusemide while the presence of alginic acid could not show significant (P < 0.05) enhancement on frusemide release. Dissolution of frusemide was greatest in 0.1N NaOH and least in SGF. Drug release from the matrices was of mixed order with diffusion controlled mechanism and leaching process occurring together to a greater extent.

Capsules↗
PubMed2001

Characteristics and composition of watermelon, pumpkin, and paprika seed oils and flours.

The nutritional quality and functional properties of paprika seed flour and seed kernel flours of pumpkin and watermelon were studied, as were the characteristics and structure of their seed oils. Paprika seed and seed kernels of pumpkin and watermelon were rich in oil and protein. All flour samples contained considerable amounts of P, K, Mg, Mn, and Ca. Paprika seed flour was superior to watermelon and pumpkin seed kernel flours in content of lysine and total essential amino acids. Oil samples had high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids with linoleic and oleic acids as the major acids. All oil samples fractionated into seven classes including triglycerides as a major lipid class. Data obtained for the oils' characteristics compare well with those of other edible oils. Antinutritional compounds such as stachyose, raffinose, verbascose, trypsin inhibitor, phytic acid, and tannins were detected in all flours. Pumpkin seed kernel flour had higher values of chemical score, essential amino acid index, and in vitro protein digestibility than the other flours examined. The first limiting amino acid was lysine for both watermelon and pumpkin seed kernel flours, but it was leucine in paprika seed flour. Protein solubility index, water and fat absorption capacities, emulsification properties, and foam stability were excellent in watermelon and pumpkin seed kernel flours and fairly good in paprika seed flour. Flour samples could be potentially added to food systems such as bakery products and ground meat formulations not only as a nutrient supplement but also as a functional agent in these formulations.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2006

Can biofuels finally take center stage?

Today, ethanol and biodiesel are predominantly produced from corn kernels, sugarcane or soybean oil. But researchers and investors are increasingly upbeat about another biofuel feedstock, lignocellulose--the most abundant biological material on earth.

Biomass↗
PubMed1984

Lipase activities in scutella of maize lines having diverse kernel lipid content.

The maize lines, Illinois High Oil, Illinois Low Oil, and their F(1) generation contained about 18%, 0.5%, and 10%, respectively, of kernel lipids, which were present mostly in the scutella. We explored to see if the activities of gluconeogenic enzymes which appeared in postgerminative growth were proportional to the lipid content in each maize line. This proportionality was found to be valid in lipase, but the two glyoxysomal enzymes, catalase and isocitrate lyase, were the same in the three maize lines irrespective of the lipid content. The results suggest a difference in the genetic control of the gluconeogenic enzymes and a co-selection for high lipid content and high lipase activity through breeding.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1980

Observations on the food habits of some African rodents.

Food habits of four common species of African rodents: the giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus), the black house rat (Rattus rattus), the multimammate rat (Mastomys natalensis) and the pygmy mouse (Mus minutoides) were studied on the basis of stomach content analysis, habitat sampling and experimental trials with caged animals. Vegetable items (especially grass, grains and tubers) formed the bulk of the food of all the species. Oil-palm nuts and kernels were also common in the guts of C. gambianus and M. natalensis. Animal food components of all the rodent species comprised mainly insects (especially ants, crickets etc.). Vertebrate flesh and scales were also well represented in the guts of C. gambianus. Domestic and miscellaneous food items were recorded from R. rattus, most of which were trapped in human and animal shelters. Inorganic gut contents, primarily sand grains, were found in sizeable quantities in more than 70% of the rodents examined. Results of experimental feeding trials with caged rodents showed close correlation with those recorded from field samples, especially in terms of food choices and the relative quantities consumed. The ecological and practical implications of these observations are discussed in the light of the importance of the rodents as agricultural and domestic pests.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effects of supplementation of dairy cattle with fish oil on silage intake, milk yield and milk composition.

The effects of level of fish oil inclusion in the diet on grass silage intake, and milk yield and composition of dairy cows offered either 5 or 10 kg concentrates/d were evaluated in a ten treatment, partly balanced, changeover design experiment involving 50 cows in early lactation. Concentrates were prepared to provide 0, 150, 300 or 450 g fish oil/cow per d or 300 g fish oil/cow per d from a premix when each animal was offered 5 kg/d. The fish oil was predominantly from herring and mackerel caught in the North Atlantic while the fish oil premix was obtained from a commercial source and used palm kernel expeller as a carrier. Increasing fish oil supplementation decreased silage dry matter intake and the concentrations of milk fat and protein, and increased milk yield and diet digestibility. There were significant interactions between concentrate feed level and level of fish oil for silage intake and milk yield. Other than for the concentrations of milk fat and protein, and 20:4n-6 fatty acids, the source of fish oil did not affect forage intake or animal performance. Fish oil supplementation also decreased the concentrations of milk protein by 0.9 g/kg for each 100 g increase in fish oil supplementation, the depression being similar at each level of concentrate feeding. Supplementing the feed of dairy cows with 450 g fish oil/cow per d decreased the concentration of milk fat by 15 g/kg. This study also showed that feeding dairy cattle with fish oil is an efficient method of increasing eicosapentaenoic acid in the human diet through transfer into milk.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2006

Imaging and automated detection of Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) pupae in hard red winter wheat.

Computed tomography, an imaging technique commonly used for diagnosing internal human health ailments, uses multiple x-rays and sophisticated software to recreate a cross-sectional representation of a subject. The use of this technique to image hard red winter wheat, Triticum aestivm L., samples infested with pupae of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) was investigated. A software program was developed to rapidly recognize and quantify the infested kernels. Samples were imaged in a 7.6-cm (o.d.) plastic tube containing 0, 50, or 100 infested kernels per kg of wheat. Interkernel spaces were filled with corn oil so as to increase the contrast between voids inside kernels and voids among kernels. Automated image processing, using a custom C language software program, was conducted separately on each 100 g portion of the prepared samples. The average detection accuracy in the five infested kernels per 100-g samples was 94.4 +/- 7.3% (mean +/- SD, n = 10), whereas the average detection accuracy in the 10 infested kernels per 100-g sample was 87.3 +/- 7.9% (n = 10). Detection accuracy in the 10 infested kernels per 100-g samples was slightly less than the five infested kernels per 100-g samples because of some infested kernels overlapping with each other or air bubbles in the oil. A mean of 1.2 +/- 0.9 (n = 10) bubbles (per tube) was incorrectly classed as infested kernels in replicates containing no infested kernels. In light of these positive results, future studies should be conducted using additional grains, insect species, and life stages.

Animals↗