[Temporal integration of elements of optico-geometrical illusions and inversion of the Muller-Lyer illusion].
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Humans↗
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Culture in curriculum: a process for integrating multicultural elements into the nursing curriculum.
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Arizona↗
[Integration of elements of supervision into teaching: reduction of foreign contents provides necessary space].
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Clinical Competence↗
Integration sites for genetic elements in prokaryotic tRNA and tmRNA genes: sublocation preference of integrase subfamilies.
Most classical integrases of prokaryotic genetic elements specify integration into tRNA or tmRNA genes. Sequences shared between element and host integration sites suggest that crossover can occur at any of three sublocations within a tRNA gene, two with flanking symmetry (anticodon-loop and T-loop tDNA) and the third at the asymmetric 3' end of the gene. Integrase phylogeny matches this classification: integrase subfamilies use exclusively either the symmetric sublocations or the asymmetric sublocation, although tRNA genes of several different aminoacylation identities may be used within any subfamily. These two familial sublocation preferences imply two modes by which new integration site usage evolves. The tmRNA gene has been adopted as an integration site in both modes, and its distinctive structure imposes some constraints on proposed evolutionary mechanisms.
Base Sequence↗
Nucleotide sequence of the transposable DNA-element IS2.
The complete sequence of the transposable DNA element IS2 in gal OP-308:: IS2 (I) has been determined. This element is 1.327 bp long. The integrated element is flanked by a five base pair long sequence duplication. The termini of IS2 are not perfect inverted repeats, but a close approximation.
Base Sequence↗
Complete genome of multiply antibiotic resistant ST10 Acinetobacter baumannii isolate NL6 from Vietnam and relationship to available ST10 genomes.
The genome of NL6, a multiply antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ST10:KL49:OCL2 carriage isolate from Vietnam, was sequenced using Nanopore technology, and complete chromosome and plasmid sequences were assembled from the long reads and available short reads. Resistance genes and their locations were identified, and transfer of a conjugative plasmid carrying several resistance genes into a new host was tested. The acquired resistance genes in NL6 were distributed between the chromosome and two of three plasmids present. The chromosome carries multiple copies of several insertion sequences, an incomplete copy of the ISAba1-bounded Tn6250 that includes the sul2 and strAB genes, and an integrative element carrying copper resistance genes designated IECuR. Plasmid pNL6-2 (r3-T5; 15 Kbp) is a Rep_3/OrfX plasmid that includes a tet39 dif module, and pNL6-3 (r3-T20; 66.9 Kbp) carries aacC2d, aphA6, and blaCARB-16 and a second ampC gene preceded by an ISAba1. Conjugation of pNL6-3 into derivatives of ATCC17978 was demonstrated, confirming that the ampC gene confers resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. NL6 was compared to other complete ST10 genomes. Several acquired elements in the chromosome were shared with the ST10 isolate LAC-4 (USA), indicating shared ancestry, but the plasmid content differed. The KL and plasmid content were variable in 17 further complete ST10 genomes downloaded from GenBank. Tn6250 and IECuR were only found together in the chromosome of two further KL49 isolates. Antibiotic resistance in ST10 A. baumannii was acquired mainly via plasmid acquisition, but resistance genes varied, and a variety of plasmids was involved.IMPORTANCEMembers of the CC10 clonal complex of Acinetobacter baumannii comprising ST10 plus single and double locus variants are known to be particularly virulent. However, antibiotic resistance in members of this group has rarely been examined. Here, determination of the complete genome (chromosome and plasmids) of a representative ST10 isolate from Vietnam allowed the context and location of acquired antibiotic resistance genes and of other mobile genetic elements to be determined. Mobile genetic element locations in completed chromosomes facilitate comparisons of potentially related genomes, revealing those with recent shared ancestry. Differences in plasmid content can also be examined.
Acinetobacter baumannii↗
Panzee, a copia-like retrotransposon from the grain legume, pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan L.).
We report the isolation and characterization of a copia-like retrotransposon, Panzee, from pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan). The 4947-bp Panzee element is AT rich (60%) and the integrated element is flanked by a target-site duplication of 5 bp. The structure of Panzee is that of a typical LTR-retrotransposon containing long terminal repeats (LTRs) which flank its internal region. The 5' LTR is 372 bp in length and the 3' LTR is 383 bp long. Both LTRs start with 5'-TG and end with CA-3' and have 4-bp terminal inverted repeats. The internal region between the LTRs contains two priming sites for DNA synthesis: the first, a 12-bp primer binding site complementary to initiator methionyl tRNA, is located adjacent to the 3' end of the 5' LTR and the other, a 12-bp polypurine tract lies just upstream to the 5' end of the 3' LTR. The putative polyprotein shows homology to all the proteins encoded by LTR retrotransposons, i.e. group-associated antigen ( gag), proteinase, endonuclease, reverse transcriptase (RT) and ribonuclease H (RNase H). However, the cloned copy of the element contains four frameshifts and a premature stop codon in its protein-coding domain. Genomic Southern hybridization experiments using probes derived from three different regions of the element show that Panzee or Panzee-related elements are present in high copy numbers in the pigeonpea genome. Analysis of transgenic tobacco plants containing the LTR:GUS construct shows that the 5' LTR of Panzee drives gene expression in this heterologous system in a tissue-specific manner. A phylogenetic tree constructed using reverse transcriptase sequences places Panzee in the copia group of retrotransposons.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Identification of fat-cell enhancer activity in Drosophila melanogaster using P-element enhancer traps.
To identify genes important in fat-cell metabolism and development, we have screened Drosophila stocks carrying an engineered transposable element that can reveal the presence of nearby enhancer elements. We have identified those "enhancer-trap lines" that contain transposable P elements integrated near fat-cell specific enhancer elements. We anticipate that the genes associated with these enhancers will provide information concerning fat-cell function and serve as target genes for studying fat-cell specific gene expression. Furthermore, the identification of enhancer-trap lines active in the developing fat cell should provide an entry point into the molecular and genetic analysis of early fat-cell development. Analysis of two lines has revealed that the transcription factors svp, a steroid-hormone receptor, and Kr, a zinc-finger protein, are present in the fat body; these factors are likely to be involved in fat-cell gene expression. In two other lines, beta-galactosidase was detected in a subset of adepithelial cells that may be the precursors to the adult fat cell. And finally, in a single line transgene activity is present in the progenitor cells of the embryonic fat body. The genes associated with these enhancer-trap lines may be involved in fat-cell development.
Animals↗
Resolution of sensory ambiguities for gaze stabilization requires a second neural integrator.
The ability to simultaneously move in the world and maintain stable visual perception depends critically on the contribution of vestibulo-ocular reflexes (VORs) to gaze stabilization. It is traditionally believed that semicircular canal signals drive compensatory responses to rotational head disturbances (rotational VOR), whereas otolith signals compensate for translational movements [translational VOR (TVOR)]. However, a sensory ambiguity exists because otolith afferents are activated similarly during head translations and reorientations relative to gravity (i.e., tilts). Extra-otolith cues are, therefore, necessary to ensure that dynamic head tilts do not elicit a TVOR. To investigate how extra-otolith signals contribute, we characterized the temporal and viewing distance-dependent properties of a TVOR elicited in the absence of a lateral acceleration stimulus to the otoliths during combined translational/rotational motion. We show that, in addition to otolith signals, angular head position signals derived by integrating sensory canal information drive the TVOR. A physiological basis for these results is proposed in a model with two distinct integration steps. Upstream of the well known oculomotor velocity-to-position neural integrator, the model incorporates a separate integration element that could represent the "velocity storage integrator," whose functional role in the oculomotor system has so far remained controversial. We propose that a key functional purpose of the velocity storage network is to temporally integrate semicircular canal signals, so that they may be used to extract translation information from ambiguous otolith afferent signals in the natural and functionally relevant bandwidth of head movements.
Animals↗
[IS-elements and their role in genetic recombination].
The data concerning the biological functions and properties of short specific polynucleotide sequences (so called insertion sequences--IS) are reviewed. IS elements integrated in a genome can lead to strongly polar mutations in Escherichia coli, its bacteriophages and plasmids, while some IS (IS2) being integrated in inverted orientation turn on the gene activity. Several copies of the IS elements are present in the E. coli chromosome. A characteristic feature of IS is their ability to recA-independent migration along the bacterial chromosome. Possible mechanisms of IS integration are discussed. IS elements play the key role in the majority of recA-independent recombinational events: F-prime and partially Hfr-formation, plasmid recombination and dissociation, some cases of deletion formation etc. IS elements participate in recombination in the form of direct or inverted repeats. Direct repeats probably determine the processes of dissociation of the complete multicomponent R-factors and other plasmids. Inverted repeats (some of them are palindromes) are responsible for the migration of several drug-resistance determinants called transposons. Possible mechanisms of IS-dependent and probably IS-controlled recombination are discussed.
Chromosome Mapping↗
Preferential integration of yeast transposable element Ty into a promoter region.
Mobile genetic elements have been identified in several eukaryotic organisms and some classes have been found to share common structural features with the proviral forms of animal retroviruses. The representatives of this class of mobile elements in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are called Ty elements, which could be a useful model system for studying the transposition of retrovirus-like elements. Here we have attempted to answer two questions often raised in discussions of the biological importance of transposition: what is the frequency of spontaneous Ty transposition, and are there certain chromosomal regions into which Ty elements preferentially integrate? We chose the LYS2 gene to investigate these questions because it allows direct selection of both mutants and revertants. We have found that 2% of spontaneous lys2 mutants are caused by Ty transposition with a preferential integration into the transcription initiation region.
DNA Transposable Elements↗
A newly discovered Bacteroides conjugative transposon, CTnGERM1, contains genes also found in gram-positive bacteria.
Results of a recent study of antibiotic resistance genes in human colonic Bacteroides strains suggested that gene transfer events between members of this genus are fairly common. The identification of Bacteroides isolates that carried an erythromycin resistance gene, ermG, whose DNA sequence was 99% identical to that of an ermG gene found previously only in gram-positive bacteria raised the further possibility that conjugal elements were moving into Bacteroides species from other genera. Six of seven ermG-containing Bacteroides strains tested were able to transfer ermG by conjugation. One of these strains was chosen for further investigation. Results of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis experiments showed that the conjugal element carrying ermG in this strain is an integrated element about 75 kb in size. Thus, the element appears to be a conjugative transposon (CTn) and was designated CTnGERM1. CTnGERM1 proved to be unrelated to the predominant type of CTn found in Bacteroides isolates-CTns of the CTnERL/CTnDOT family-which sometimes carry another type of erm gene, ermF. A 19-kbp segment of DNA from CTnGERM1 was cloned and sequenced. A 10-kbp portion of this segment hybridized not only to DNA from all the ermG-containing strains but also to DNA from strains that did not carry ermG. Thus, CTnGERM1 seems to be part of a family of CTns, some of which have acquired ermG. The percentage of G+C content of the ermG region was significantly lower than that of the chromosome of Bacteroides species-an indication that CTnGERM1 may have entered Bacteroides strains from some other bacterial genus. A survey of strains isolated before 1970 and after 1990 suggests that the CTnGERM1 type of CTn entered Bacteroides species relatively recently. One of the genes located upstream of ermG encoded a protein that had 85% amino acid sequence identity with a macrolide efflux pump, MefA, from Streptococcus pyogenes. Our having found >90% sequence identity of two upstream genes, including mefA, and the remnants of two transposon-carried genes downstream of ermG with genes found previously only in gram-positive bacteria raises the possibility that gram-positive bacteria could have been the origin of CTnGERM1.
Bacteroides↗
The molecular organization of the Star/asteroid region, a region necessary for proper eye development in Drosophila melanogaster.
The Star/asteroid (S/ast) region of Drosophila melanogaster has been cloned by P element transposon tagging using the snw chromosome as a source of defective P elements. In each mutation examined, the element integrated into the region was a 0.5-kb element from a region proximal to sn and not one of the head-to-head elements from the sn locus. Previously described spontaneous and X-ray induced mutations of S and ast were located on the molecular map by Southern analysis and restriction endonuclease mapping of genomic clones. S mutations are either large deletions of the cloned region or DNA breaks located near the P element insertions that cause ast mutations. Both S and ast mutations reduce the steady-state amounts of a 3.4-kb RNA. The molecular data, together with the phenotypic interactions observed for S and ast alleles, are consistent with the interpretation that S and ast mutations are lesions within the same gene or within genes that are functionally related.
Animals↗
Site-specific integration of the conjugal Vibrio cholerae SXT element into prfC.
Vibrio cholerae O139, the first non-O1 serogroup of V. cholerae to give rise to epidemic cholera, is characteristically resistant to the antibiotics sulphamethoxazole, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol and streptomycin. Resistances to these antibiotics are encoded by a 62 kb self-transmissible, conjugative, chromosomally integrating element designated the 'SXT element'. We found that the SXT element integrates site specifically into both V. cholerae and Escherichia coli K-12 into the 5' end of prfC, the gene encoding peptide chain release factor 3. Integration of the SXT element interrupts the chromosomal prfC gene, but the element encodes a new 5' end of prfC that restores the reading frame of this gene. The recombinant of prfC allele created upon element integration is functional. The integration and excision mechanism of the SXT element shares many features with site-specific recombination found in lambdoid phages. First, like lambda, the SXT element forms a circular extrachromosomal intermediate through specific recombination of the left and right ends of the integrated element. Second, chromosomal integration of the element occurs via site-specific recombination in a 17 bp sequence found in the circular form of the SXT element and a similar 17 bp sequence in prfC. Third, both chromosomal integration and excision of the SXT element were found to require an element-encoded int gene with strong similarities to the lambda integrase family. Based on the properties of the SXT element, we propose to classify this element as a CONSTIN, an acronym for a conjugative, self-transmissible, integrating element.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
European Integrated Picture Archiving and Communication Systems, CEC/AIM.
A Picture Archiving and Communication System, supported by a multi-media medical distributed image data-base, will be integrated with all other components of a Hospital Information System (HIS). Several services will be set up for intra- and inter-hospital communication. A EurIPACS infrastructure will be implemented, validated and demonstrated. Integration and a user driven approach are the key elements: integrated in a hospital environment stressing the need for having clinical useful systems; integrated with the other information systems; the departmental systems; integrated by means of standards and coordination with CEN TC 251. These key objectives are in stages of pre-prototying. The first systems are being tested in the labs and prepared for the move to the clinical environment. The implementations will result in a second generation distributed PACS architecture test bed, in '95, installed at several clinical sites in Europe.
Computer Communication Networks↗
TB tools to tell the tale-molecular genetic methods for mycobacterial research.
In spite of the availability of drugs and a vaccine, tuberculosis--one of man's medical nemeses--remains a formidable public health problem, particularly in the developing world. The persistent nature of the tubercle bacillus, with one third of the world's population is estimated to be infected, combined with the emergence of multi drug-resistant strains and the exquisite susceptibility of HIV-positive individuals, has underscored the urgent need for in-depth study of the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis address the resurgence of TB. In aiming to understand the mechanisms by which mycobacteria react to their immediate environments, molecular genetic tools have been developed from naturally occurring genetic elements. These include protein expressing genes, and episomal and integrating elements, which have been derived mainly from prokaryotic but also from eukaryotic organisms. Molecular genetic tools that had been established as routine procedures in other prokaryotic genera were thus mimicked. Knowledge of the underlying mechanisms greatly expedited the harnessing of these elements for mycobacteriological research and has brought us to a point where these molecular genetic tools are now employed routinely in laboratories worldwide.
DNA Replication↗
Selection of target sites for mobile DNA integration in the human genome.
DNA sequences from retroviruses, retrotransposons, DNA transposons, and parvoviruses can all become integrated into the human genome. Accumulation of such sequences accounts for at least 40% of our genome today. These integrating elements are also of interest as gene-delivery vectors for human gene therapy. Here we present a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of integration targeting by HIV, MLV, ASLV, SFV, L1, SB, and AAV. We used a mathematical method which allowed annotation of each base pair in the human genome for its likelihood of hosting an integration event by each type of element, taking advantage of more than 200 types of genomic annotation. This bioinformatic resource documents a wealth of new associations between genomic features and integration targeting. The study also revealed that the length of genomic intervals analyzed strongly affected the conclusions drawn--thus, answering the question "What genomic features affect integration?" requires carefully specifying the length scale of interest.
Binding Sites↗
Integral control in accommodation.
Models of the accommodation system available inthe literature may be classified as proportional controller, optimal bang-bang controller and pure integral controller types. Each of these models explains only some aspects of the experimental behavior of the system and conflicts with other experimental observations. Based on two different experiments in which the built-in phyiological feedback loop has been opened, a leaky-integrator element is proposed for the accommodation controller. This element appears to resolve the conflict between the proportional and integral controller models and also explains the experimental observations better than any of the existing models.
Accommodation, Ocular↗