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PubMed1992

Successfully integrating information systems into healthcare.

Many hospital managers are currently looking at implementing hospital information systems (HIS) for the first time, or planning replacement of their first HIS. This article is intended as a resume of 'best practice' in terms of how to approach the selection and implementation of an integrated HIS--a "Do's and Don'ts Guide" for hospital managers. Emphasis is placed on the importance of management assuming overall responsibility for the HIS as a vital communications tool to support the provision of healthcare. Since the HIS underpins the 'business aims' of the institution, these need to be clearly defined at the outset. How to evaluate the benefits of an HIS supplier and aspects such as encouraging an atmosphere of ownership of the HIS by all staff are reviewed in the article.

Commerce↗
PubMed1988

Transforming activity of the human mammary line HBL100 DNA is associated with SV40 large T antigen genetic information integrated in its genome.

The HBL100 cell line, established in vitro from milk of an apparently healthy woman, expresses SV40 large T antigen defective in some of its functions. Here we demonstrate that the HBL100 genomic DNA possesses transforming activity in NIH3T3 cells and that this activity is associated with the viral information.

Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming↗
PubMed1991

Physicians' workstations: integrated information management for clinicians.

This paper describes a project to specify, design, develop, and evaluate a physician's workstation for use in patient care. We conducted an ethnographic study of physicians' information needs in an outpatient setting, from which we derived a set of functional specifications for a physician's workstation. We have implemented an experimental prototype using an open systems, client/server architecture, and are exploring research issues in heterogeneous database integration, object-oriented database technology, model-based reasoning, and semantic integration. We plan to evaluate our workstation prototype in a clinical setting to assess its impact on quality of care and health care costs.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2005

Databases and information integration for the Medicago truncatula genome and transcriptome.

An international consortium is sequencing the euchromatic genespace of Medicago truncatula. Extensive bioinformatic and database resources support the marker-anchored bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequencing strategy. Existing physical and genetic maps and deep BAC-end sequencing help to guide the sequencing effort, while EST databases provide essential resources for genome annotation as well as transcriptome characterization and microarray design. Finished BAC sequences are joined into overlapping sequence assemblies and undergo an automated annotation process that integrates ab initio predictions with EST, protein, and other recognizable features. Because of the sequencing project's international and collaborative nature, data production, storage, and visualization tools are broadly distributed. This paper describes databases and Web resources for the project, which provide support for physical and genetic maps, genome sequence assembly, gene prediction, and integration of EST data. A central project Web site at medicago.org/genome provides access to genome viewers and other resources project-wide, including an Ensembl implementation at medicago.org, physical map and marker resources at mtgenome.ucdavis.edu, and genome viewers at the University of Oklahoma (www.genome.ou.edu), the Institute for Genomic Research (www.tigr.org), and Munich Information for Protein Sequences Center (mips.gsf.de).

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Knowledge structures and linear separability: integrating information in object and social categorization.

These experiments were designed to determine if the naturalness of abstract category structures varies with content domain. Specifically, the degree to which linear separability constrains categorization was investigated in object and social domains. Linearly separable (LS) categories are categories that can be perfectly partitioned on the basis of a weighted, additive combination of component information. Across a wide variety of stimulus materials and classification tasks LS structures were found to be more compatible with social than object materials. In sorting tasks, participants were more likely to sum characteristic features and form LS categories with social materials. In learning tasks, LS structures were easier to learn with social materials but nonlinearly separable structures were easier to learn with object materials. This interaction between category structure and content domain was attributed to differences in the types of knowledge and integration strategies that were activated. In object conditions, strategies that were inconsistent with adding independent features were observed (e.g., focusing on single dimensions, using configural properties, and relying on analogy). In social conditions, however, summing the evidence and learning LS structures appeared to be a natural strategy. It was concluded that the structure of knowledge varies with domain, and consequently it will be difficult to formulate domain general constraints in terms of abstract structural properties such as linear separability. Differences between object and social categorization systems are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Decision tree based information integration for automated protein classification.

We propose a novel technique for automatically generating the SCOP classification of a protein structure with high accuracy. We achieve accurate classification by combining the decisions of multiple methods using the consensus of a committee (or an ensemble) classifier. Our technique, based on decision trees, is rooted in machine learning which shows that by judicially employing component classifiers, an ensemble classifier can be constructed to outperform its components. We use two sequence- and three structure-comparison tools as component classifiers. Given a protein structure and using the joint hypothesis, we first determine if the protein belongs to an existing category (family, superfamily, fold) in the SCOP hierarchy. For the proteins that are predicted as members of the existing categories, we compute their family-, superfamily-, and fold-level classifications using the consensus classifier. We show that we can significantly improve the classification accuracy compared to the individual component classifiers. In particular, we achieve error rates that are 3-12 times less than the individual classifiers' error rates at the family level, 1.5-4.5 times less at the superfamily level, and 1.1-2.4 times less at the fold level.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

A psychodynamically informed, integrated psychotherapy for anorexia nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa is a multiply determined syndrome, thought to require integrated, multimodal treatment. In this article, we discuss the place of psychodynamically inspired psychotherapy techniques in the treatment of Anorexia Nervosa, and attempt to provide a practical heuristic for the application of such techniques with anorexic clients. Our recommendations for therapy emphasize confrontation of interpersonal patterns arising within the therapeutic dyad and linkage of these patterns to parallel adaptations that structure the client's generalized patterns of coping and eating symptoms. Case vignettes, drawn from different clinical contexts, are used to illustrate dynamic themes that frequently emerge in psychotherapeutic work with anorexic clients, and techniques that use interactions that occur in the therapeutic relationship to (i) expose implicit metaphors between interpersonal adaptations and eating symptoms, and (ii) balance against the intensity of anorexic preoccupations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Local commissural interneurons integrate information from intersegmental coordinating interneurons.

The information that coordinates movements of swimmerets on different segments of the crayfish abdomen is conducted by interneurons that originate in each abdominal ganglion. These interneurons project axons to neighboring ganglia and beyond. To discover the anatomy of these axons in their target ganglia, we used Neurobiotin and dextran-Texas Red microelectrodes to fill them near their targets. Coordinating axons coursed through these target ganglia close to the midline and extended only a few short branches that did not approach the lateral neuropils. Two of the three types of coordinating axons made direct synaptic connections with a class of local commissural interneurons that relayed the information to targets in the swimmeret pattern-generating circuits. These commissural interneurons, named here ComInt 1 neurons, followed a particular route to cross the midline and reach their targets. ComInt 1 neurons were nonspiking; they received EPSPs from the coordinating axons near the midline and transmitted this information to their targets in the lateral neuropils using graded transmission. The output of each ComInt 1 was restricted to a single local circuit and had opposite effects on the power-stroke and return-stroke motor neurons driven by that circuit. ComInt 1 neurons were direct postsynaptic targets of both descending and ascending coordinating axons that originated in other anterior and posterior ganglia. Because of phase differences in the impulses in these different coordinating axons, their signals arrived simultaneously at each ComInt 1. We discuss these findings in the context of alternative models of the intersegmental coordinating circuit.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Conservation and diversity in the cis-regulatory networks that integrate information controlling expression of Hoxa2 in hindbrain and cranial neural crest cells in vertebrates.

The Hoxa2 and Hoxb2 genes are members of paralogy group II and display segmental patterns of expression in the developing vertebrate hindbrain and cranial neural crest cells. Functional analyses have demonstrated that these genes play critical roles in regulating morphogenetic pathways that direct the regional identity and anteroposterior character of hindbrain rhombomeres and neural crest-derived structures. Transgenic regulatory studies have also begun to characterize enhancers and cis-elements for those mouse and chicken genes that direct restricted patterns of expression in the hindbrain and neural crest. In light of the conserved role of Hoxa2 in neural crest patterning in vertebrates and the similarities between paralogs, it is important to understand the extent to which common regulatory networks and elements have been preserved between species and between paralogs. To investigate this problem, we have cloned and sequenced the intergenic region between Hoxa2 and Hoxa3 in the chick HoxA complex and used it for making comparative analyses with the respective human, mouse, and horn shark regions. We have also used transgenic assays in mouse and chick embryos to test the functional activity of Hoxa2 enhancers in heterologous species. Our analysis reveals that three of the critical individual components of the Hoxa2 enhancer region from mouse necessary for hindbrain expression (Krox20, BoxA, and TCT motifs) have been partially conserved. However, their number and organization are highly varied for the same gene in different species and between paralogs within a species. Other essential mouse elements appear to have diverged or are absent in chick and shark. We find the mouse r3/r5 enhancer fails to work in chick embryos and the chick enhancer works poorly in mice. This implies that new motifs have been recruited or utilized to mediate restricted activity of the enhancer in other species. With respect to neural crest regulation, cis-components are embedded among the hindbrain control elements and are highly diverged between species. Hence, there has been no widespread conservation of sequence identity over the entire enhancer domain from shark to humans, despite the common function of these genes in head patterning. This provides insight into how apparently equivalent regulatory regions from the same gene in different species have evolved different components to potentiate their activity in combination with a selection of core components.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Information integration in cross-modal pattern recognition: an argument for acquired modularity.

Three experiments addressed the issue of whether modularized operations (Fodor, 1983) in pattern recognition could be acquired. In Experiment 1, blind and sighted individuals were compared in the speech-tactile domain of pattern recognition. The results were inconsistent with the assumptions of the fuzzy logical model of perception (FLMP) (Oden and Massaro, 1978) and with the assumptions of modularized pattern recognition processes, but were consistent with the assumptions of 'penetrability' into non-modularized operations. Experiments 2 and 3 compared sighted individuals across speech-visual and speech-tactile domains, revealing fundamentally different patterns of performance that we argue demonstrate modularized and non-modularized FLMP operations in pattern recognition, respectively.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Integrating information technologies as tools for surgical research.

BACKGROUND: Surgical research is dependent upon information technologies. Selection of the computer, operating system, and software tool that best support the surgical investigator's needs requires careful planning before research commences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This manuscript presents a brief tutorial on how surgical investigators can best select these information technologies, with comparisons and recommendations between existing systems, software, and solutions. RESULTS: Privacy concerns, based upon HIPAA and other regulations, now require careful proactive attention to avoid legal penalties, civil litigation, and financial loss. Security issues are included as part of the discussions related to selection and application of information technology. CONCLUSIONS: This material was derived from a segment of the Association for Academic Surgery's Fundamentals of Surgical Research course.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed1992

The problems of monitoring tuberculosis in an inner-city health district: integrated information is required.

This paper discusses the difficulties in monitoring tuberculosis in an inner-city district health authority. Tuberculosis incidence was reviewed between 1981 and 1989 using several data sources: statutory notifications, hospital activity analysis, death certificates and chest clinic records. The overall notification rate declined but remained higher than national rates; the age-sex distribution was similar to national studies. However, interpretation was limited by the problems of small numbers, the difficulty in obtaining reliable numerator and denominator estimates of ethnic groups, the limited data available about sub-groups of concern such as the homeless, and finally by the incompleteness of the data. Improved methods of data linkage are required to facilitate more complete ascertainment and validation of the diagnosis.

Adolescent↗