Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “domestication selection”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Population genetics of duplicated disease-defense genes, hm1 and hm2, in maize (Zea mays ssp. mays L.) and its wild ancestor (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis).

Plant defense genes are subject to nonneutral evolutionary dynamics. Here we investigate the evolutionary dynamics of the duplicated defense genes hm1 and hm2 in maize and its wild ancestor Zea mays ssp. parviglumis. Both genes have been shown to confer resistance to the fungal pathogen Cochliobolus carbonum race 1, but the effectiveness of resistance differs between loci. The genes also display different population histories. The hm1 locus has the highest nucleotide diversity of any gene yet sampled in the wild ancestor of maize, and it contains a large number of indel polymorphisms. There is no evidence, however, that high diversity in hm1 is a product of nonneutral evolution. In contrast, hm2 has very low nucleotide diversity in the wild ancestor of maize. The distribution of hm2 polymorphic sites is consistent with nonneutral evolution, as indicated by Tajima's D and other neutrality tests. In addition, one hm2 haplotype is more frequent than expected under the equilibrium neutral model, suggesting hitchhiking selection. Both defense genes retain >80% of the level of genetic variation in maize relative to the wild ancestor, and this level is similar to other maize genes that were not subject to artificial selection during domestication.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1997

Heterophil/lymphocyte ratio as a selection criterion for heat resistance in domestic fowls.

1. Two experiments were conducted to examine the Heterophil/Lymphocyte ratio (H/L) as criterion for selection for resistance to heat stress and some aspects of general resistance in domestic fowls. 2. The first experiment on a small sample (n = 64) of light breed Iraqi local fowls showed that this ratio could be used as an indicator of heat stress resistance. 3. The second experiment on a large sample (n = 1160) of heavy parent stock confirmed the results. It showed that there was a different H/L ratio for the two strains and that there was much individual variability in the H/L ratio within-strain that could be utilised for individual selection for heat resistance. 4. The H/L ratio was highly heritable; Resistant and Sensitive groups, defining all individuals with an H/L ratio over the upper 95% confidence limit as 'Sensitive' and those below as 'Resistant' produced progeny with significantly different H/L ratios. 5. There were indications of differences in mortality between the progeny of the Resistant and the Sensitive groups. 6. The H/L indicator could be used as a criterion to select for heat stress resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Influence of quantity of litter on nest box selection and nesting behaviour of domestic hens.

1. Twenty two hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) were given a free choice, for egg laying, between 4 nest boxes containing different quantities of wood shavings (litter): 3180 cm3 (large), 1060 cm3 (medium), 350 cm3 (small) and none (zero). 2. There was considerable individual variation in the quantity of litter selected for egg laying, but 17 hens laid 50% or more of their eggs in a single litter quantity. Hens selected the large quantity in preference to the small and zero. More searching, nest selection and nesting behaviours tended to be directed to the boxes with the largest quantities and also to the quantities that the hens finally selected for egg laying. 3. In a second experiment, the hens from experiment 1 which showed a preference for litter, and a further 22 naïve hens were given a choice of three nest boxes containing no litter and one containing one of 6 quantities. Over 30 trials there were 5 replicates using each of the three quantities used in experiment 1 plus 115 cm3, 40 cm3 and 10 cm3. 4. There was a wide range in the proportion of trials in which hens selected litter; for experienced hens the range was 0.43 to 0.97, but only two naïve hens were within this range, all others being between 0 and 0.43. 5. The pattern of choosing litter quantities was comparable but at different levels of preference in experienced and naïve hens and a contour map was derived enabling predictions to be made of the probability of a particular quantity being chosen. 6. The variability of individual responses suggest that no single type of nest box system can cater for the requirements of all hens.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

How common is domestic violence against women? The definition of partner abuse in prevalence studies.

We systematically reviewed studies of the prevalence of domestic violence. Selected overseas community studies were compared with all Australian prevalence studies found to be published. Twelve-month prevalence estimates of partner abuse in Australia varied from 2.1 per cent to 28.0 per cent, depending mainly on the definition of domestic violence used in each study. Implications of the lack of a precise definition result in varying operationalised definitions of partner abuse, from all types of violence in relationships (including a single minor violent incident), through to only those violent incidents that are classified as a crime. Recommendations for any future prevalence studies in this field include the need to collect frequency data which reflected the fact that partner abuse against women is a complex behavioural phenomenon involving emotional, physical and sexual abuse against a partner, not just simply physical incidents.

Australia↗
PubMed2026

Population Genomics of Almond (Prunus dulcis) Reveals Region-Specific Selection and a Complex History of Domestication.

The domestication of perennial crops in the Mediterranean Basin remains unclear, particularly regarding the genomic consequences of human-mediated demographic shifts and selection. We analysed 8.1 million single nucleotide polymorphisms from 96 cultivated almond (Prunus dulcis) accessions from Europe, North America, Central Asia, and New Zealand, alongside four wild relatives. Population structure analyses revealed four geographically differentiated cultivated groups (Central Asian, North American, and two European) and three wild populations (P. spinosissima, P. orientalis, and P. fenzliana). Cultivated almonds retained high genetic diversity, consistent with weak domestication bottlenecks typical of outcrossing perennials. Elevated diversity and private allele counts in Central Asian cultivars, together with limited evidence of crop-wild gene flow, support Central Asia as an important reservoir of ancestral cultivated diversity that may have played a major role during the early stages of almond domestication. In contrast, allele sharing consistent with historical wild-to-crop introgression-especially involving P. orientalis-has contributed to the genomic composition of European and North American almonds. Genome-wide scans for selective sweeps showed most genes overlapping candidate sweep regions were population-specific, though often associated with similar biological functions, including stress responses and agronomic traits. This suggests repeated targeting of comparable pathways during and post-domestication, despite distinct selection histories. Notably, a subset of candidate genes detected in cultivated populations also occurs in wild relatives, particularly P. orientalis. This overlap is consistent with shared ancestral variation, introgression/gene flow between wild and cultivated lineages, and/or parallel adaptation. Altogether, our results support a complex domestication and diversification history for almonds, shaped by geographic expansion, gene flow with wild relatives, and recurrent selection acting in different regions. This study highlights wild relatives as important reservoirs of genetic diversity and emphasises the need for broader geographic sampling to clarify their contributions to almond domestication and adaptation.

Prunus dulcis↗
PubMed2000

Genetic microstructure in two Spanish cat populations. II: gametic disequilibrium and spatial autocorrelation.

In a previous publication, we described some aspects of the microgenetic structure of two Spanish cat populations (in Barcelona and Alicante). In the present study, the possible existence ofgametic disequilibrium and spatial genetic structure for these populations, at the coat colour pattern and length genes O, A, T D, L, S and W, was analyzed. There was little gametic disequilibrium between pairs of these loci, despite certain pairs that showed significant systematic gametic disequilibrium (a-d and O-S), which appears to show the action of natural selection on domestic cat populations. Nevertheless, we believe that the major cause of the small amount of gametic disequilibrium found was probably a combination of gene drift and gene flow. The results obtained here were clearly in disagreement with those of Hedrick (1985), who concluded that epistatic selection was the cause of the gametic disequilibrium that he found in cat populations. We also found that although Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium could not be demonstrated, the gametic disequilibrium statistics were not affected by this fact, adding credence to the estimates obtained. We found no genetic spatial structure inside the city of Barcelona, as shown by analysis of the spatial autocorrelation of the individual loci, and analysis of the coordinates of the two first axes of a multidimensional scale. However, some gametic disequilibrium statistics showed certain spatial patterns, which leads us to consider the possibility of several evolutionary processes acting upon some of Barcelona's cat colonies.

Alleles↗
PubMed2026

A wild soybean MADS-box gene GsAGL62 improves seed weight by enhancing cytokinin signaling and cell proliferation.

Soybean seed weight is a key yield determinant, but the transcriptional mechanisms connecting hormone signaling to seed growth are poorly understood. Here, we identify GsAGL62, a wild soybean MADS-box transcription factor located within a previously mapped hundred-seed weight (HSW) locus and a domestication-associated selective sweep. Functional analyses show that overexpression of GsAGL62 in cultivated soybean significantly increases HSW, whereas ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced gmagl62 mutants reduce it. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal that GsAGL62 enhances cytokinin accumulation and signaling cytokinin-associated responses, accompanied by increased expression of genes involved in cell proliferation. Mechanistically, GsAGL62 directly binds to the promoter of the conserved growth inhibitor GmATPK2 and represses its transcription. Consistently, independent EMS-induced gmatpk2 mutants exhibit increased seed weight, supporting GmATPK2 as a downstream negative regulator of seed growth. Population genetic analyses further reveal strong differentiation of GsAGL62 promoter haplotypes during soybean domestication and improvement. These haplotypes show differential promoter activities and are associated with distinct agronomic performance, suggesting that cis-regulatory variation at GsAGL62 contributes to its selection during soybean improvement. Collectively, our findings establish a regulatory module linking GsAGL62 to cytokinin-associated responses, cell proliferation, and seed growth, and highlight GsAGL62 as a potential target for soybean yield improvement.

Cell proliferation↗
PubMed1984

Energy allocation and reproductive development in wild and domestic house mice.

The growing mammal has many competing demands for energy, including some that are associated specifically with reproductive development. The concern of the present experiment was with the effect of domestication on energy allocation in relation to puberty. Food consumption, rate of growth, fertility onset, fat deposition and spontaneous locomotor activity were compared during peripubertal development in both sexes of two stocks of house mice, one wild and one domestic. The onset of fertility occurred much earlier in CF-1 females than it did in wild females; in sharp contrast the males of these two stocks achieved fertility at the same time. Food consumption, growth rate and final body weight were greater and locomotor activity was depressed in both sexes of the domestic stock. Proportionately less fat was deposited throughout development in CF-1 females when compared to wild females; fat deposition increased during development in CF-1 males while decreasing in wild males. Most of the energy-related differences noted here are compatible with a hypothesis that selection during domestication has focused on the need for a larger mass of the female mouse which, in turn, has been required to support a larger litter size. With specific regard to the reproductive development of the female, the data presented here are not compatible with the hypothesis that the first ovulation is regulated directly by critical amounts of body fat.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed2005

The effects of artificial selection on the maize genome.

Domestication promotes rapid phenotypic evolution through artificial selection. We investigated the genetic history by which the wild grass teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis) was domesticated into modern maize (Z. mays ssp. mays). Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 774 genes indicates that 2 to 4% of these genes experienced artificial selection. The remaining genes retain evidence of a population bottleneck associated with domestication. Candidate selected genes with putative function in plant growth are clustered near quantitative trait loci that contribute to phenotypic differences between maize and teosinte. If we assume that our sample of genes is representative, approximately 1200 genes throughout the maize genome have been affected by artificial selection.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2002

[Selection for disease resistance in domestic ruminants and swine by indicator traits as well as marker and causal genes--a review. Part 1: Short introduction to immunogenetics of MHC and non-MHC genes and special immunogenetics of cattle and swine].

The introduction deals with immunogenetic investigations on the field of life-stock. The main chapter is outlined as a tabular overview of current opportunities of the application of indicator traits as well as marker and causal genes in breeding for disease resistance in cattle, sheep, goats and swine. In the discussion of the second part, emphasis was layed on diseases of small ruminants in central and western Europe. Indicator traits are discussed with respect of their advantages and disadvantages. The rigorous selection of specific traits is connected with an increase of the number of homozygotes. In contrary, pathogens do undergo mutations, thus escaping the host's immune system. Out of this point of view it is advisable, to set on selection very cautiously. The role of technologies of modern immunogenetics is pointed out in respect of constructing disease resistant animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Comparative sequencing in the genus Lycopersicon. Implications for the evolution of fruit size in the domestication of cultivated tomatoes.

Sequence variation was sampled in cultivated and related wild forms of tomato at fw2.2--a fruit weight QTL key to the evolution of domesticated tomatoes. Variation at fw2.2 was contrasted with variation at four other loci not involved in fruit weight determination. Several conclusions could be reached: (1) Fruit weight variation attributable to fw2.2 is not caused by variation in the FW2.2 protein sequence; more likely, it is due to transcriptional variation associated with one or more of eight nucleotide changes unique to the promoter of large-fruit alleles; (2) fw2.2 and loci not involved in fruit weight have not evolved at distinguishably different rates in cultivated and wild tomatoes, despite the fact that fw2.2 was likely a target of selection during domestication; (3) molecular-clock-based estimates suggest that the large-fruit allele of fw2.2, now fixed in most cultivated tomatoes, arose in tomato germplasm long before domestication; (4) extant accessions of L. esculentum var. cerasiforme, the subspecies thought to be the most likely wild ancestor of domesticated tomatoes, appear to be an admixture of wild and cultivated tomatoes rather than a transitional step from wild to domesticated tomatoes; and (5) despite the fact that cerasiforme accessions are polymorphic for large- and small-fruit alleles at fw2.2, no significant association was detected between fruit size and fw2.2 genotypes in the subspecies--as tested by association genetic studies in the relatively small sample studied--suggesting the role of other fruit weight QTL in fruit weight variation in cerasiforme.

Alleles↗
PubMed2006

QTL analysis of behavioral and morphological differentiation between wild and laboratory zebrafish (Danio rerio).

The zebrafish is an important model organism for neuro-anatomy and developmental genetics. It also offers opportunities for investigating the functional and evolutionary genetics of behaviour but these have yet to be exploited. The ecology of anti-predator behaviour has been widely studied in fish and has been shown to vary among populations and between wild and domesticated (laboratory) fish. Here, we utilise the strong behavioural differences present between a wild-derived strain of fish from Bangladesh and the laboratory strain AB. In total, 184 F2 fish were generated and tested for shoaling tendency and willingness to approach an unfamiliar object ('boldness'). Our results indicate the existence of QTL for boldness on chromosomes 9 and 16 and suggest another genomic region that influences anti-predator behaviour on chromosome 21. QTL for growth rate, weight and fat content, all of which are elevated in laboratory fish, were detected on chromosome 23. These initial results confirm the potential for QTL mapping of behavioural traits in zebrafish and also for dissecting the consequences of selection during domestication.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Multiple origins of cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sativa) based on chloroplast DNA polymorphisms.

The domestication of the Eurasian grape (Vitis vinifera ssp. sativa) from its wild ancestor (Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris) has long been claimed to have occurred in Transcaucasia where its greatest genetic diversity is found and where very early archaeological evidence, including grape pips and artefacts of a 'wine culture', have been excavated. Whether from Transcaucasia or the nearby Taurus or Zagros Mountains, it is hypothesized that this wine culture spread southwards and eventually westwards around the Mediterranean basin, together with the transplantation of cultivated grape cuttings. However, the existence of morphological differentiation between cultivars from eastern and western ends of the modern distribution of the Eurasian grape suggests the existence of different genetic contribution from local sylvestris populations or multilocal selection and domestication of sylvestris genotypes. To tackle this issue, we analysed chlorotype variation and distribution in 1201 samples of sylvestris and sativa genotypes from the whole area of the species' distribution and studied their genetic relationships. The results suggest the existence of at least two important origins for the cultivated germplasm, one in the Near East and another in the western Mediterranean region, the latter of which gave rise to many of the current Western European cultivars. Indeed, over 70% of the Iberian Peninsula cultivars display chlorotypes that are only compatible with their having derived from western sylvestris populations.

DNA, Chloroplast↗
PubMed1975

The effects of selection and human preference on coat colour gene frequencies in urban cats.

In an attempt to examine the possibility of selection on domestic cats populations in the urban environment, a number of surveys were conducted in four contrasting areas of Glasgow--two near either extreme of Western, industrial socioeconomic status. The first survey was in the form of a questionnaire to inhabitants enquiring of preference for a particular phenotype. This survey revealed a consistent preference for lighter phenotypes in all areas. The incidence of cat ownership was greatest in the two affluent areas where there was also a high risk of the cat being sterilised. Independent of the questionnaire survey was a study of cat coat colour gene frequencies in each of the four districts. This study revealed that darker phenotypes predominate in the two areas of lower socioeconomic status, Maryhill and Govan. To date, the cat populations in these two areas are the darkest to have been described in the world. In contrast, a lighter phenotype was found in cats inhabiting the two districts of higher socioeconomic status, Kelvinside and Bellahouston. This difference in phenotypic darkness was also paralleled by appropriate clines in coat colour gene frequencies. The results demonstrate that human preference is not effectively translated into selection at any of the loci considered. In situations where human preference is most likely to occur, neutering risk is also high. Although the force responsible for the darkening of phenotype has yet to be identified, the fact that the darker alternative allele at each of the O, a, t, d, S and W loci is favoured suggests that selection is operating on these polymorphic coat colour loci.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of turkey luteinizing hormone (LH)- and ovine LH-induced progesterone production in granulosa cells of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

Progesterone production was compared in short-term cultures of turkey and fowl granulosa cells isolated from preovulatory follicles of different maturities. In both species cells from the most mature follicle produced the greatest amount of progesterone under stimulated conditions and in response to ovine or turkey LH, the latter being significantly more potent. Whereas basal production of progesterone was higher in turkey cells, the response to LH or cAMP stimulation was significantly greater in chicken granulosa cells both in absolute terms and particularly in relation to unstimulated levels. These species differences may reflect difference in the intensity of reproductive activity of the turkey and the domestic fowl selected for egg production.

8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate↗
PubMed2004

The ability of selected cladoceran species to utilize domestic wastewaters in Mexico City.

The population growth patterns of four cladocerans, viz. Alona rectangula, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Moina macrocopa and Daphnia pulex on wastewaters from a treatment plant at Iztacalco, Mexico City were analyzed in this study. Crude wastewater (tank A) did not support A. rectangula and all animals in the replicates died after 5 days. A. rectangula with partially treated wastewater (tank B) showed growth curves similar to controls where algal density was 1 x 10(6) cells ml(-1). With wastewater from tank C (last stage before treatment with purifying agents such as chlorine), the populations maintained a low density (7 ind. ml(-1)). In wastewaters from tanks A and B, C. dubia showed no positive population growth, but in water from tank C, they maintained a low density (2 ind. ml(-1)). D. pulex showed no positive growth in all replicates involving wastewater. Only in controls (diet of algae Chlorella), the population density increased with time. M. macrocopa showed higher population growth in crude wastewaters than controls. Partially treated wastewater from tank B also resulted in a greater population growth than in the controls. However, when wastewater from the tank C was used, the population declined after day 12. Under comparable conditions, A. rectangula reached much higher peak abundances (55 ind. ml(-1)) than the rest of the cladoceran species. The rates of population growth (r) of the tested cladoceran species followed trends similar to the peak population densities. A. rectangula had the highest growth rates (0.25 per day) in controls and from the wastewater from tank B. The r-values were negative for A. rectangula and C. dubia in crude wastewater. For M. macrocopa the r-values were higher (0.19) in crude wastewater than in algae (0.15). However, r-values of M. macrocopa became negative when cultured in treated wastewater from tank C.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Ancient DNA as a temporal lens: reconstructing evolution, migration, and disease dynamics.

Ancient DNA (aDNA) has transformed evolutionary biology and anthropology by providing direct, chronologically validated genetic evidence over millennia. This review synthesizes significant findings from the paleogenomic era (2010-2025), demonstrating how ancient DNA has resolved persistent debates across four interconnected themes: (i) human migration and admixture, revealing complex population transitions from archaic hominins to Holocene expansions; (ii) adaptation, tracking allele frequency changes during domestication and selection; (iii) pathogen history, clarifying the origins of pandemics and the evolution of microbiomes; and (iv) ecosystem dynamics, identifying extinction causes through sedimentary DNA and conservation genomics. We contend that scientific rigor and ethical stewardship are crucial for accurate conclusions, given ancient DNA study requires the destructive collection of culturally significant remains. This review argues that continued advancement will depend on the integration of genomic data with archaeological, isotopic, and proteomic evidence, and highlights the necessity for equitable involvement with descendant communities. By conceptualizing the past as a continuum of dynamic processes rather than static events, ancient DNA provides a revised historical narrative and insights relevant to contemporary concerns in conservation, health, and social justice.

Evolution↗
PubMed1999

Coping styles in animals: current status in behavior and stress-physiology.

This paper summarizes the current views on coping styles as a useful concept in understanding individual adaptive capacity and vulnerability to stress-related disease. Studies in feral populations indicate the existence of a proactive and a reactive coping style. These coping styles seem to play a role in the population ecology of the species. Despite domestication, genetic selection and inbreeding, the same coping styles can, to some extent, also be observed in laboratory and farm animals. Coping styles are characterized by consistent behavioral and neuroendocrine characteristics, some of which seem to be causally linked to each other. Evidence is accumulating that the two coping styles might explain a differential vulnerability to stress mediated disease due to the differential adaptive value of the two coping styles and the accompanying neuroendocrine differentiation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗