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PubMed2003

Prevalence and spectrum of p53 mutations in white Hispanic and non-Hispanic women with breast cancer.

Hispanic women differ from non-Hispanics in breast cancer incidence, stage at diagnosis, and survival. Ethnic differences in genetic makeup, reproductive patterns, diet, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and other unidentified cultural factors may be responsible for the disparity. This study investigated occurrences of p53 tumor suppressor gene mutations in South Florida white Hispanic and white non-Hispanic women with primary breast cancer. Tumor tissues were obtained from a consecutive series of women with breast cancer who underwent breast resection at the Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida between 1984 and 1986. A total of 231 women with primary breast cancer, aged 31-85 years, were included in the study. Among them, 64 (27.7%) were white Hispanic and 167 (72.3%) were white non-Hispanic. The majority of the patients were white non-Hispanics (72.3%). Compared to white non-Hispanics, however, white Hispanics had significantly higher proportions of tumors larger than 2 cm (53.1% v.s. 28.7%, p = 0.00) as well as larger tumor size at diagnosis (mean: 4.2 v.s. 3.0 cm, p = 0.00). The p53 gene mutation rate was significantly lower in white Hispanics than in white non-Hispanics (51.6% v.s. 70.7%, p = 0.01). Furthermore, among node-negative breast cancer patients, after adjustment for tumor size at diagnosis, logistic regression results showed that white Hispanics were 71% less likely than white non-Hispanics to carry p53 mutations (OR = 0.29 and 95% CI = 0.09-0.91). We conclude that white Hispanic women with breast cancer might have lower p53 gene mutation prevalence than white non-Hispanic women.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Childhood obesity: the health issue.

Overweight and obesity in children is epidemic in North America and internationally. Approximately 22 million children under 5 years of age are overweight across the world. In the United States, the number of overweight children and adolescents has doubled in the last two to three decades, and similar doubling rates are being observed worldwide, including in developing countries and regions where an increase in Westernization of behavioral and dietary lifestyles is evident. Comorbidities associated with obesity and overweight are similar in children as in the adult population. Elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and a higher prevalence of factors associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes appear as frequent comorbidities in the overweight and obese pediatric population. In some populations, type 2 diabetes is now the dominant form of diabetes in children and adolescents. Disturbingly, obesity in childhood, particularly in adolescence, is a key predictor for obesity in adulthood. Moreover, morbidity and mortality in the adult population is increased in individuals who were overweight in adolescence, even if they lose the extra weight during adulthood. Although the cause of obesity in children is similar to that of adults (i.e., more energy in vs. energy utilized), emerging data suggest associations between the influence of maternal and fetal factors during intrauterine growth and growth during the first year of life, on risk of later development of adult obesity and its comorbidities. In addition, recent data suggest that varying biological responses in different racial/ethnic groups differently contribute to overweight, obesity, and their comorbidities. Although differences in gene-nutrient interactions may contribute, the role of varying cultural and socioeconomic variables still needs to be determined to understand these disparities. Novel approaches in the prevention and treatment of childhood overweight and obesity are urgently required. With the strong evidence that a lifecycle perspective is important in obesity development and its consequences, consideration must be focused on prevention of obesity in women of child-bearing age, excessive weight gain during pregnancy, and the role of breast-feeding in reducing later obesity in children and adults. Consideration must be given to family behavior patterns, diet after weaning, and the use of new methods of information dissemination to help reduce the impact of childhood obesity worldwide.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Cognitive appraisals of dietary transgressions by obese women: associations with self-reported eating behavior, depression, and actual weight loss.

OBJECTIVE: To identify three groups of obese people entering weight loss treatment, who have distinctly different cognitive appraisals of dietary transgressions and to compare these groups on self-report inventories of eating patterns, dieting, and depression, as well as on treatment completion rates and weight loss. DESIGN: Retrospective review of clinical records. Using a measure which evaluates eating-related cognitive appraisals, participants were categorized into one of three cognitive groups (All-or-None, Rationalization, Matter-of-Degree). SUBJECTS: 289 treatment-seeking obese women (age: 40.9 y, body mass index (BMI): 34.7 kg/m2). MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported eating and dieting behavior (Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire and Eating Behavior Inventory); depression (Beck Depression Inventory); attendance information and body weight obtained during treatment. RESULTS: The cognitive group representing objective thinkers (Matter-of-Degree) reported significantly fewer problems with overeating and more personal control over eating than did the rigid, dichotomous thinkers (All-or-None). In addition, the Matter-of-Degree (MAT) group endorsed significantly less subjective hunger and fewer depressive symptoms than the other two cognitive groups. The Rationalization group was more likely to complete a treatment program than was the All-or-None group, with the MAT group not differing from either. Despite these findings, there were no significant differences among cognitive groups on total weight loss. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive appraisals of weight-control lapses appear to be associated with self-reported eating behavior, depressive symptoms and treatment completion rates, but not with treatment-induced weight loss. The relationship between long-term weight loss and cognitive appraisals of dieting lapses is yet to be determined. It appears necessary to assess empirically the validity of assumptions regarding factors associated with treatment outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Complexities in ETS-domain transcription factor function and regulation: lessons from the TCF (ternary complex factor) subfamily. The Colworth Medal Lecture.

The ETS-domain transcription factor family can be divided into a series of subfamilies. Elk-1 represents the founding member of the ternary complex factor (TCF) subfamily. By focusing on the TCF subfamily, we can demonstrate the complexities that exist in the function and regulation of ETS-domain transcription factors. This article focuses on Elk-1 in detail and summarizes the functions of other TCFs. The key themes covered include the domain structure of the TCFs, the mechanisms of complex formation with serum response factor, regulation of TCFs by mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, and transcriptional regulatory properties of the TCFs. Finally, the emerging role of the TCFs in vivo is discussed. A picture is developing indicating that, while these proteins exhibit significant sequence and functional conservation, key differences in their structure and regulation are being identified which may relate to unique functions of these proteins in vivo.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1977

The influence of egg consumption on the serum cholesterol level in human subjects.

The influence of whole fresh eggs on the serum cholesterol level in men and women was studied independently in hospitalized patients in Sofia, Prague and Urbana-Champaign. The patients were fed two eggs or the equivalent of two eggs in a custard base or milk shake in addition to the foods that were consumed in their diet pattern. The serum cholesterol level was determined before and at periods varying from 5 hr to 54 days after the consumption of the eggs. The mixed fatty acid composition of the total lipids in the serum and the erythrocytes was also determined. In the majority of patients, the serum cholesterol level did not change significantly 5 hr after the consumption of 465 mg of cholesterol in an egg custard base or milk shake or after up to 54 days of continued consumption of two whole eggs per day. The serum cholesterol level of some subjects increased and others decreased at all three experimental sites. A comparison of the mixed fatty acid composition of the total serum lipids obtained from men and women who had received treatment for other reasons than cardiovascular disease with those that had been treated for cardiovascular disease indicated that the serum from both groups contained a substantial amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The lipids extracted from the red blood cells obtained from patients in Urbana-Champaign and Sofia did not differ significantly in linoleic and arachidonic acid content.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Nutritional survey of the US Navy SEAL trainees.

The nutritional status of 267 male US Navy Sea, Air, and Land (SEAL) trainees was assessed to determine dietary patterns. Diet records, blood samples, 24-h urine collections, and physical characteristics were analyzed. Energy intake was 3886 +/- 73 kcal/d (SEM) with 15.7 +/- 0.2, 42.9 +/- 0.6, and 41.2 +/- 0.5% of the energy derived from protein, carbohydrate (CHO), and fat, respectively. Mean cholesterol intake (1008 +/- 35.7 mg/d [SEM]) exceeded the US Dietary Goal (less than or equal to 300 mg/d) and serum cholesterol concentration was 5.25 +/- 0.41 mmol/L (SEM). Over 38% of the trainees had cholesterol concentrations greater than 5.3 mmol/L, an indicator of high risk for cardiovascular disease. Mean sodium intake was 250 +/- 22 mmol/d. Over 86% of the trainees consumed greater than 144 mmol/d. Urinary Na excretion was high (146.7 +/- 6.7 mmol/d [SEM]) and correlated with Na intake (r = 0.365; p = 0.001). Potassium and selected vitamin intakes approximated the Military Recommended Dietary Allowances. Fat, cholesterol, and Na intakes were high relative to the dietary goals. Whether more dietary CHO would improve performance in endurance training remains to be determined.

Cholesterol, Dietary↗
PubMed2006

Vascular action of cocoa flavanols in humans: the roots of the story.

Diet patterns are widely recognized as contributors to hypertension. Widely studied potential contributors include intake of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, soluble fiber, omega-3 fatty acids, alcohol, protein, and calories. We add to that list the effect of dietary flavanols present in certain cocoas, which have sufficient activity on vascular nitric oxide to influence blood pressure control. Kuna Indians who live on islands near Panama have little age-related rise in blood pressure or hypertension. On migration to Panama City, blood pressure rises with age, and the frequency of essential hypertension matches urban levels elsewhere. We have identified a specific food that probably makes an important contribution to cardiovascular status. Island-dwelling Kuna drink more than 5 cups of flavanol-rich cocoa per day and incorporate that cocoa into many recipes. Mainland Kuna ingest little cocoa, and what they take is commercially available and flavanol-poor. The flavanol-rich cocoa activates nitric oxide synthase in vitro and in intact humans in the doses that the Kuna employ. Vasodilator responses to flavonoid-rich cocoa are prevented or reversed by the arginine analog, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Island-dwelling Kuna have a 3-fold larger urinary nitrate:nitrite than do Mainland dwellers. As endothelial dysfunction is central to current thinking on cardiovascular pathophysiology, a food that enhances endothelial function could have broad implications. The list of candidate conditions that might be influenced is impressive, ranging from atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus to hypertension and preeclampsia, to vascular dementias and end-stage renal disease. The next decade will be interesting.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and metabolic syndrome.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is part of a disease spectrum, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, ranging from simple steatosis to cirrhosis, which is the most frequent cause of abnormal liver tests. There is clinical and epidemiological evidence that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome, having in common insulin resistance. RECENT FINDINGS: The interest in the metabolic syndrome concept has been questioned. Insulin resistance, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, immune deregulation and adipokines seem to be crucial in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The main treatment continues to rely on lifestyle changes, including weight loss strategies. Bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients and insulin-sensitizing agents seem to be beneficial. SUMMARY: There is strong evidence of the association of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with the features of the metabolic syndrome, with its increased cardiovascular risk. Population interventions in order to change lifestyles and diet patterns that constitute risk factors for both situations are urgently needed. There is, however, evidence that in the presence of other risk factors, insulin resistance may be less important. These secondary forms of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis must be recognized, as they are potentially treatable by withdrawing the steatogenic factor.

Fatty Liver↗
PubMed2004

Relationship of homocysteine with cardiovascular disease and blood pressure.

Elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) concentration is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and may also be associated with hypertension. Although links have been established between hyperhomocysteinemia and elevated risk for cardiovascular events, the precise role of plasma Hcy in cardiovascular disease is unclear. Plasma Hcy increases with aging and is associated with other health-related behaviors, including smoking and diet patterns. Both epidemiologic and longitudinal clinical investigations have investigated the possible contribution of plasma Hcy to cardiovascular disease, and most report an association of plasma Hcy with the risk for cardiovascular and cerebral events. Some reports describe a significant relationship between Hcy and blood pressure levels, as well as higher Hcy in hypertensives compared to normotensives. Other studies find that the effect of Hcy disappears following adjustment for other risk factors. Because Hcy cosegregates with other risk factors, it has been difficult to identify an independent effect of Hcy on cardiovascular disease or hypertension. Hcy can be modified to some extent by vitamin supplementation. Hcy reduction may have some benefit in reducing cardiovascular risk in some patients, particularly the elderly. Because the question of an independent role of Hcy on risk for cardiovascular disease has not been determined, the assessment and treatment of Hcy should be approached in the context of other modifiable risk factors.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2005

The effect of job stress and lifestyle on blood lipid levels in male aircrew personnel.

INTRODUCTION: [corrected] Cardiovascular disease has the potential to lead to sudden in-flight incapacitation and permanent grounding. The aims of this study are to examine the relationships between lifestyle, job stress and blood lipid levels of male aircrew personnel of a Korean airline and to identify which factors influence their hyperlipidemia. METHODS: Two hundred sixteen male aircrew personnel completed a questionnaire by self-report and consented to participate in the study. The questionnaire collected data related to job stress, life style, serum cholesterol levels and general characteristics of the aircrew. The cholesterol levels of the subjects were collected from their most recent health check-up records. Subjects were divided into two groups (the desirable group and the risk group) based on their serum cholesterol level, 200 mg/dl. RESULTS: Mean age and marital status were significantly different between the two groups. More subjects in the risk group had habits of eating high lipid foods, while more subjects in the desirable group exercised more frequently than the risk group. In logistic regression analysis, after controlling age and marital status, types of working situation (domestic duty or international duty, odds ratio=.390, p=.018), diet (odds ratio=.429, p=.037), and exercise (odds ratio=.320, p=.055) were influencing factors on aircrew's serum cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS: The cholesterol level of aircrew personnel is closely related to their lifestyle, such as lipid diet and exercise. The type of work situations, e.g. staying in an airplane for long periods of time or staying abroad, may influence these diet patterns and exercise habits.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Study of urban community survey in India: growing trend of high prevalence of hypertension in a developing country.

The prevalence pattern of hypertension in developing countries is different from that in the developed countries. In India, a very large, populous and typical developing country, community surveys have documented that between three and six decades, prevalence of hypertension has increased by about 30 times among urban dwellers and by about 10 times among the rural inhabitants. Various factors might have contributed to this rising trend and among others, consequences of urbanization such as change in life style pattern, diet and stress, increased population and shrinking employment have been implicated. In this paper, we study the prevalence of hypertension in an urban community of India using the JNC VII criteria, with the aim of identifying the risk factors and suggesting intervention strategies. A total of 1609 respondents out of 1662 individuals participated in our cross-sectional survey of validated and structured questionnaire followed by blood pressure measurement. Results showed pre-hypertensive levels of blood pressures among 35.8% of the participants in systolic group (120-139mm of Hg) and 47.7% in diastolic group (80-89 mm of Hg). Systolic hypertension (140 mm of Hg) was present in 40.9% and diastolic hypertension (90 mm of Hg) in 29.3% of the participants. Age and sex-specific prevalence of hypertension showed progressive rise of systolic and diastolic hypertension in women when compared to men. Men showed progressive rise in systolic hypertension beyond fifth decade of life. Bivariate analysis showed significant relationship of hypertension with age, sedentary occupation, body mass index (BMI), diet, ischemic heart disease, and smoking. Multivariate analysis revealed age and BMI as risk factors, and non-vegetarian diet as protective factor with respect to hypertension. Prevalence of prehypertensives was high among younger subjects - particularly students and laborers who need special attention. Role of non-vegetarian diet as a protective factor might have been related to fish-eating behavior of the sample population, who also use mustard oil as cooking medium - both of which have significant level of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. The observed prevalence of hypertension in this study and other studies suggest the need for a comprehensive national policy to control hypertension in India, and, in other similar developing countries.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

[Attention deficit and infantile hyperactivity].

Hyperactivity is a very common disorder in children (specially males) that today is considered as a clinical syndrome by scientific medicine. American Psychiatric Association establishes 10 symptoms to diagnose it, but they can be resumed in three characteristics: Impulsivity, Distraction, and Hyperactivity. There are different ways to treat it, but psychiatric medication has major risks in children. From complementary medicine we can find several aids in changing diet patterns and supplementing with vitamins or minerals. Chocolate, sugar, sweeteners, additives, preservatives, dyes, can enhance the incidence of this syndrome; instead the supplementation with lipids rich in PUFA's can prevent it. B complex vitamins, magnesium, copper, manganese or calcium can be interesting and in herbal medicine, sedative plants like passion flower, valerian or lemon balm are useful aids. Also liquorice, fennel and berries can be used for different physiological actions.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Dietary fatty acids and coronary heart disease.

Epidemiological studies have confirmed a strong association between fat intake, especially saturated and trans fatty acids, plasma cholesterol levels and rate of coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. Meanwhile it is clear, that early atherosclerosis is largely preventable by modifying nutritional behaviour and lifestyle. There is clear evidence that a diet moderate in total fat (25-35 % energy) is superior to extremes in dietary fat. Because fat is energy dense moderation in fat intake is also essential for weight control. Saturated fatty acids are very potent in increasing LDL-cholesterol concentration in plasma a dangerous risk factor for early CHD. Unsaturated fatty acids have numerous beneficial health effects. The results of prospective cohort studies fit well to the experimental experience of the antihypercholesterolemic action of Omega-6 fatty acids and the antithrombotic, vasodilatory and antiarrhythmic properties of Omega-3 fatty acids, while the optimistic rating of Omega-9 fatty acids is less supported by epidemiologic studies. The results of prospective cohort studies are confirmed by intervention trials revealing that saturated fatty acids enhance early development of CHD whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially of the Omega-3 type, significantly preserve from CHD. In context with a prudent diet pattern favourable dietary fatty acid composition offers the best chance for a reduced risk of CHD.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed2005

[Nutrition and health status of the Beijing residents].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the constitution and health status of the Beijing residents, and the primary influencing factors on nutrition and health, as to finding out the epidemiological characters and the changing trend of chronic diseases and to establish scientific basis for the establishment of public health and disease prevention policies of Beijing. METHODS: A stratified multi-stage cluster randomly sampling method was used. In total, 18 districts were surveyed, and among them, 9 were conducted dietary survey. The investigation was based on household, and all family members were surveyed at their home. After having got the compliance from the family members, question asking, medical examination, laboratory test and dietary investigation were carried out in these people. RESULTS: The incidence rate of hypertension was 25.0% for the resident > or = 15 year-old, and over 50% for middle-aged and elderly people (> or = 45 years old). The incidence of diabetes for those not younger than 15 years old was 7.7%. The over-weight rate and the obesity rate for adults were 35.1% and 20.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The following risk factors of chronic disease, such as unreasonable diet pattern, deficient intake of some micronutrients, over-weight and obesity, lack of physical examination, smoking and over-drinking, should be the important factors influencing the health of Beijing residents severely.

China↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutritional concerns of addicts in treatment.

Some of the subcultural phenomena affecting diet patterns of methadone patients have been utilized to derive principles of treatment intervention. Attitudes and values related to time, treatment personnel, and group identification are important cultural determinants of beliefs and behaviors affecting nutrition. The proposed program of intervention is based on ethnographic observations. This suggested program emphasized the inclusion of cultural identity, sense of uniqueness and group information sharing and reinforcement. These characteristics are valued highly in the informants' subcultural group, and are important components of acceptable proprosals for change within this group.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Effects of socio-economic and behavioural characteristics in explaining central obesity--a study on adult Asian Indians in Calcutta, India.

The present cross-sectional study on adult Asian Indians in Calcutta, India was undertaken to look into the effects of socio-economic and behavioural characteristics in explaining waist-hip ratio (WHR). A total of 500 apparently healthy individuals (300 men and 200 women) were subjects in the study. A random sampling procedure using local voter's registration list was followed to select the subjects. Only one adult (> or = 30 years) from each household was considered as participant. A total of 24 items, 14 socio-economic and 10 behavioural characters were considered. For socio-economic characters, a number of items namely employment status, types of occupation, education status, nature of housing and marital status were taken into consideration. Smoking status, physical exercise by means of outdoor activity, drinking habits and diets on the other hand were considered as behavioural characters. Information on socio-economic and behavioural characteristics was collected using an open-ended schedule specifically designed in this regard. Anthropometric measures namely height, weight and circumference of waist and hip were obtained from participants using standard techniques. The median WHR for men and women was 0.94 and 0.90 respectively. Analysis of variance revealed significant sex difference for all anthropometric measures. It was observed that more women were leading sedentary (outdoor activity not housework was considered) life than men (85.4% vs. 75.4%). Furthermore, women were predominantly nonsmokers (98.8%) whereas 40.2% men were smokers as against 51.4% ex-smokers (those who have quitted smoking during past two years). Multiple regression analysis (adjusted for age and sex) of WHR by socio-economic and behavioural characters revealed that occupation, housing, marital status, smoking condition, physical exercise, drinking habits and diets pattern cumulatively explains 75% (R2=0.75) of total variation of WHR in the study population.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Body mass index and body fat distribution in newly-arrived Vietnamese refugees in Sydney, Australia.

Body mass index (BMI), body fat distribution and some behavioural variables were examined in an ethnic Vietnamese population newly arrived in Australia. The age range was 23 to 74 years for males (n = 246, mean = 38.8) and 24 to 66 for females (n = 165, mean = 36.4). Mean BMI was 20.62 +/- 2.65 (male) and 21.25 +/- 3.16 (female). Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was 0.844 (males) v 0.802 (females), p < 0.0001: waist was 73.7 cm (males) v 71.7 cm (females), (p = 0.007). Male smoking was 69%, female, 1%; the BMI of male non-smokers was higher than that of smokers 21.22 v 20.35 (p = 0.0017). Exercise patterns, diet or alcohol intake did not appear to affect BMI. The mean BMI of this refugee Vietnamese population is low by comparison with the Australian population. Vietnamese females although of lower mean BMI, have higher WHR than Australian females.

Adipose Tissue↗