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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Differential adaptation of two varieties of common bean to abiotic stress: II. Acclimation of photosynthesis.

The photosynthetic characteristics of two contrasting varieties of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) have been determined. These varieties, Arroz and Orfeo, differ in their productivity under stress conditions, resistance to drought stress, and have distinctly different stomatal behaviour. When grown under conditions of high irradiance and high temperature, both varieties displayed evidence of photosynthetic acclimation at the chloroplast level-there was an increase in chlorophyll a/b ratio, a decreased content of Lhcb proteins, and an increased xanthophyll cycle pool size. Both varieties also showed reduced chlorophyll content on a leaf area basis and a decrease in leaf area. Both varieties showed an increase in leaf thickness but only Arroz showed the characteristic elongated palisade cells in the high light-grown plants; Orfeo instead had a larger number of smaller, rounded cells. Differences were found in stomatal development: whereas Arroz showed very little change in stomatal density, Orfeo exhibited a large increase, particularly on the upper leaf surface. It is suggested that these differences in leaf cell structure and stomatal density give rise to altered rates of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Whereas, Arroz had the same photosynthetic rate in plants grown at both low and high irradiance, Orfeo showed a higher photosynthetic capacity at high irradiance. It is suggested that the higher yield of Orfeo compared with Arroz under stress conditions can be explained, in part, by these cellular differences.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1998

Light and excess manganese . Implications for oxidative stress in common bean

The effect of light intensity on antioxidants, antioxidant enzymes, and chlorophyll content was studied in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) exposed to excess Mn. Leaves of bean genotypes contrasting in Mn tolerance were exposed to two different light intensities and to excess Mn; light was controlled by shading a leaflet with filter paper. After 5 d of Mn treatment ascorbate was depleted by 45% in leaves of the Mn-sensitive genotype ZPV-292 and by 20% in the Mn-tolerant genotype CALIMA. Nonprotein sulfhydryl groups and glutathione reductase were not affected by Mn or light treatment. Ten days of Mn-toxicity stress increased leaf ascorbate peroxidase activity of cv ZPV-292 by 78% in low light and by 235% in high light, and superoxide dismutase activity followed a similar trend. Increases of ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity observed in cv CALIMA were lower than those observed in the susceptible cv ZPV-292. The cv CALIMA had less ascorbate oxidation under excess Mn-toxicity stress. Depletion of ascorbate occurred before the onset of chlorosis in Mn-stressed plants, especially in cv ZPV-292. Lipid peroxidation was not detected in floating leaf discs of mature leaves exposed to excess Mn. Our results suggest that Mn toxicity may be mediated by oxidative stress, and that the tolerant genotype may maintain higher ascorbate levels under stress than the sensitive genotype.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

[Effect of pectinase and cellulase addition on in vitro digestibility of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)].

Effect of commercial pectinase and cellulase addition on in vitro digestibility of two common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) varieties, black (Brunca) and red (Chirripó), was measured. Constant conditions of pH (6.3-6.4), time (60 min), and temperature (40 degrees C) were held, and three enzyme concentrations were tested: 0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0% m/m. In vitro digestibility increases for black beans were 6.9%; 9.5% and 12.3% (p < 0.05), and for red beans were 8.9%; 10.2% and 12.9% (p < 0.05), with increasing pectinase concentration. Effects of cellulase were dependent upon both, enzyme concentration and bean variety. In vitro digestibility of red beans increased by 5.7%; 9.2% and 12.0% with increasing cellulase concentration; digestibility of black beans increased by less than 5%. No significant difference (p > 0.05) in general acceptance of enzyme treated beans (black or red) or nontreated beans was noted.

Cellulase↗
PubMed2000

Culture-Independent Detection of Changes in Root-Associated Bacterial Populations of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Following Nitrogen Depletion.

The structure of root-associated bacterial populations in the legume common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), was studied in plants grown under nitrogen sufficiency and under conditions inducing nitrogen deficiency. Similar cell numbers were obtained in the rhizosphere of nitrogen-amended plants as compared to nitrogen-deficient plants and between various root parts-tip, elongation and branching zones-using DAPI staining. In contrast, a higher proportion of DAPI-stained cells from the nitrogen-amended plants hybridized with a fluorescence-labeled EUB338 probe for the Bacteria domain than cells originating from nitrogen-deficient plants. Shifts in the percentages of EUB338-reactive cells-as well as in absolute cell number-hybridizing to fluorescent rRNA-directed probes specific for the a and g Proteobacteria and for high GC content gram-positive bacteria in separated root segments were detected between the treatments. No such differences were found using b and d Proteobacteria or rRNA group I pseudomonad targeted probes. Denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis profiles of PCR products obtained from the same samples and amplified with Bacteria-domain targeted primers supported the results obtained with the whole cell hybridizations. The advantages and drawbacks of the techniques applied are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

The complete nucleotide sequence and genome organization of bean common mosaic virus (NL3 strain).

The nucleotide sequences of 3 cDNA clones corresponding to entire RNA genome of bean common mosaic virus NL3 strain have been determined. The RNA is 9612 nucleotides long, excluding a 3'-terminal poly(A) tail. A putative start codon located at nucleotide positions 170-172 initiates one large open reading frame that is terminated with a UAA codon at position 9368-9370. The predicted polyprotein has 3066 amino acids and an M(r) of 340.3 kDa. The positions of putative protein cleavage sites have been determined by analogy to consensus sequences in other potyviruses. The nucleotide sequences of the non-translated regions and the predicted amino acid sequences of BCMV NL3, were compared with those of other potyviruses. Comparison of the BCMV NL3 proteins with those of other potyviruses indicated a similar genomic organization, and high percentage of amino acid sequence identity in the cylindrical inclusion protein, nuclear inclusion 'b' protein and coat protein. BCMV NL3 displays the highest amino acid sequence identity with soybean mosaic virus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Hormonal and stress induction of the gene encoding common bean acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase.

Regulation of the cytosolic acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) gene promoter from common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) was studied in transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants using a beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene fusion (PvACCase::GUS). Under normal growth conditions, GUS was expressed in hydathodes, stipules, trichome bases, flowers, pollen, and embryos. In roots, expression was observed in the tip, elongation zone, hypocotyl-root transition zone, and lateral root primordia. The PvACCase promoter was induced by wounding, Pseudomonas syringae infection, hydrogen peroxide, jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene, or auxin treatment. Analysis of PvACCase::GUS expression in JA and ethylene mutants (coronatine insensitive1-1 [coi1-1], ethylene resistant1-1 [etr1-1], coi1-1/etr1-1) suggests that neither JA nor ethylene perception participates in the activation of this gene in response to wounding, although each of these independent signaling pathways is sufficient for pathogen or hydrogen peroxide-induced PvACCase gene expression. We propose a model involving different pathways of PvACCase gene activation in response to stress.

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of moisture, starch, protein, and fat in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by near infrared spectroscopy.

The presence of moisture, starch, protein, and fat was determined in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy without any previous sample pretreatment except grinding. A set of 96 samples was used to calibrate the instrument by modified partial least-squares regression. The following statistical results were achieved: standard error of calibration (SEC) = 0.31 and square correlation coefficient (R2) = 0.96 for moisture; SEC = 0.76 and R2 = 0.92 for starch; SEC = 0.39 and R2 = 0.98 for protein; and SEC = 0.14 and R2 = 0.80 for fat. To validate the calibration, a set of 25 bean samples was used. Standard errors of prediction were 0.39, 0.90, 0.56, and 0.13 for moisture, starch, protein, and fat, respectively, and R2 for the regression of measurements by the reference method versus NIR analysis were 0.94, 0.88, 0.94, and 0.74 for moisture, starch, protein, and fat, respectively. To compare the results obtained for all 4 components of the validation set by NIR spectroscopy with those obtained by the reference methods, linear regression and paired t tests were applied, and the methods did not give significantly different results, P = 0.05.

Calibration↗
PubMed2002

Asymmetry of gene flow and differential geographical structure of molecular diversity in wild and domesticated common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from Mesoamerica.

Using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), we analyzed the genetic structure of wild and domesticated common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from Mesoamerica at different geographical levels to test the hypothesis of asymmetric gene flow and investigate the origin of weedy populations. We showed both by phenetic and admixture population analyses that gene flow is about three- to four-fold higher from domesticated to wild populations than in the reverse direction. This result, combined with other work, points to a displacement of genetic diversity in wild populations due to gene flow from the domesticated populations. The weedy populations appear to be genetically intermediate between domesticated and wild populations, suggesting that they originated by hybridization between wild and domesticated types rather than by escape from cultivation. In addition, the domesticated bean races were genetically similar confirming a single domestication event for the Mesoamerican gene pool. Finally, the genetic diversity of the domesticated bean population showed a lower level of geographic structure in comparison to that of the wild populations.

Central America↗
PubMed2006

Differential adaptation of two varieties of common bean to abiotic stress: I. Effects of drought on yield and photosynthesis.

The yield of 24 commercial varieties and accessions of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) has been determined at different sites in Chile and Bolivia. Statistical analysis was performed in order to characterize whether a particular variety was more or less stable in yield under different environmental conditions. Amongst these, two varieties have been identified for more detailed study: one variety has a higher than average yield under unstressed conditions but is strongly affected by stress, and another has a reduced yield under unstressed conditions but is less affected by stress. The contrasting rate of abscission of the reproductive organs under drought stress was clearly consistent with these differences. The more tolerant genotype shows a great deal of plasticity at the biochemical and cellular level when exposed to drought stress, in terms of stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, abscisic acid synthesis, and resistance to photoinhibition. By contrast, the former lacks such plasticity, but shows an enhanced tendency for a morphological response, the movement of leaves, which appears to be its principal response to drought stress.

Abscisic Acid↗
PubMed1992

Nomenclature and relationships of some Brazilian leguminous potyviruses related to bean common mosaic and/or passionfruit woodiness viruses.

The main Brazilian literature of the last 10 years on potyviruses of leguminous plants related to bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and/or to passionfruit woodiness virus (PWV) is discussed and summarized. The viruses dealt with are canavalia acronecrosis, mosaico de canavalia, cassia yellow spot, cowpea green vein-banding, cowpea rugose mosaic and cowpea severe mottle. The viruses have similar biological properties, such as a host range restricted mainly to the Leguminosae, aphid transmission, seed transmission in leguminous plants, and various degrees of serological relationships with BCMV and PWV.

Brazil↗
PubMed2001

Adaptation to long-term cold-girdling in genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

The effect of long-term cold-girdling on phloem transport and resource allocation in whole plants of common bean is described. Wide differences were found between genotypes, with some maintaining translocation when cold-girdled. This provides evidence to support passive phloem transport. The possibilities that cold-girdling may physically block transport and/or disrupt root-shoot signalling are discussed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

Microsatellite marker diversity in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

A diversity survey was used to estimate allelic diversity and heterozygosity of 129 microsatellite markers in a panel of 44 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes that have been used as parents of mapping populations. Two types of microsatellites were evaluated, based respectively on gene coding and genomic sequences. Genetic diversity was evaluated by estimating the polymorphism information content (PIC), as well as the distribution and range of alleles sizes. Gene-based microsatellites proved to be less polymorphic than genomic microsatellites in terms of both number of alleles (6.0 vs. 9.2) and PIC values (0.446 vs. 0.594) while greater size differences between the largest and the smallest allele were observed for the genomic microsatellites than for the gene-based microsatellites (31.4 vs. 19.1 bp). Markers that showed a high number of alleles were identified with a maximum of 28 alleles for the marker BMd1. The microsatellites were useful for distinguishing Andean and Mesoamerican genotypes, for uncovering the races within each genepool and for separating wild accessions from cultivars. Greater polymorphism and race structure was found within the Andean gene pool than within the Mesoamerican gene pool and polymorphism rate between genotypes was consistent with genepool and race identity. Comparisons between Andean genotypes had higher polymorphism (53.0%) on average than comparisons among Mesoamerican genotypes (33.4%). Within the Mesoamerican parental combinations, the intra-racial combinations between Mesoamerica and Durango or Jalisco race genotypes showed higher average rates of polymorphism (37.5%) than the within-race combinations between Mesoamerica race genotypes (31.7%). In multiple correspondance analysis we found two principal clusters of genotypes corresponding to the Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools and subgroups representing specific races especially for the Nueva Granada and Peru races of the Andean gene pool. Intra population diversity was higher within the Andean genepool than within the Mesoamerican genepool and this pattern was observed for both gene-based and genomic microsatellites. Furthermore, intra-population diversity within the Andean races (0.356 on average) was higher than within the Mesoamerican races (0.302). Within the Andean gene pool, race Peru had higher diversity compared to race Nueva Granada, while within the Mesoamerican gene pool, the races Durango, Guatemala and Jalisco had comparable levels of diversity which were below that of race Mesoamerica.

Alleles↗
PubMed2001

Aspartic protease in leaves of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp): enzymatic activity, gene expression and relation to drought susceptibility.

Four cultivars of related species, common bean and cowpea, which exhibit different degrees of drought resistance, were submitted to water stress by withholding irrigation. Drought induced an increase in endoproteolytic activity, being higher in susceptible cultivars (bean) than in tolerant ones (cowpea). An aspartic protease activity was found to be strongly induced especially in bean. From a cowpea leaf cDNA library, a full length aspartic protease precursor cDNA was obtained. Transcript accumulation in response to water stress indicated that the expression of the gene was constitutive in cowpea and transcriptionally up-regulated in bean. The results showed that drought-tolerant and drought-susceptible bean plants differ regarding aspartic protease precursor gene expression.

Abscisic Acid↗
PubMed2003

Regulation of gene expression of a cysteine proteinase, EP-C1, by a VIVIPAROUS1-like factor from common bean.

A VIVIPAROUS1-like transcription factor, PvALF, is known to activate storage protein genes through the RY element in their promoters in maturing common bean seeds. This element also exists in the promoter of the gene for a cysteine proteinase, EP-C1, which is expressed in a germination-specific manner. We show that the EP-C1 gene expression is suppressed through interaction of PvALF with the RY element in the EP-C1 promoter.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1993

Suppression of phaseolin and lectin in seeds of common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L.: increased accumulation of 54 kDa polypeptides is not associated with higher seed methionine concentrations.

Suppression of phaseolin and lectin accumulation in common bean resulted in higher concentrations of bean seed polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 54 kDa and from 70 to 84 kDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polypeptides of 54 and 56 kDa segregated as products of different alleles. Genes for the 54/56 kDa bands and phaseolin were estimated to be 26.2 +/- 3.7 map units apart. The 54 kDa band phenotype manifested by SDS-PAGE consisted of from one to three polypeptides of 54 kDa MW on 2D gels, and the 56 kDa phenotype consisted of one polypeptide of 56 kDa plus two minor polypeptides of 54-54.5 kDa molecular weight. The pKI of these polypeptides was approximately 5.25. The methionine content of the 54 kDa polypeptides of the cultivar Great Northern Star was 1.6 +/- 0.1 g/100 g protein, which was not statistically different from the value (1.5 +/- 0.1%) obtained for phaseolin isolated by the same procedure. F2 seeds deficient for phaseolin and lectin contained as much total N per g as wild-type seeds and were not shrunken, but contained 50% more free amino acids. F2 seeds from two of the three populations contained from 8 to 13% less methionine per mg total N.

Alleles↗
PubMed1989

A lectin gene encodes the alpha-amylase inhibitor of the common bean.

An alpha-amylase inhibitor that inhibits insect and mammalian alpha-amylases but not plant alpha-amylases, is present in seeds of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). We have purified the alpha-amylase inhibitor by using a selective heat treatment in acidic medium and affinity chromatography with porcine pancreas alpha-amylase coupled to agarose. Under sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, the purified inhibitor gave rise to five bands with mobilities corresponding to molecular masses ranging from 14 to 19 kDa. N-terminal sequencing (up to 15 amino acids) of the polypeptides obtained from these bands resulted in only two different sequences matching two stretches of the amino acid sequence deduced from an already described lectin gene [Hoffman, L. M. (1984) J. Mol. Appl. Gen. 2,447-453]. This gene is different from but closely related to the genes that code for phytohemagglutinin, the major lectin of bean. Further evidence based on amino acid composition, identification of a precursor, and recognition of the product of the gene (expressed in Escherichia coli) by an anti-alpha-amylase inhibitor serum confirms that the inhibitor is encoded by this or a closely related lectin gene. This finding assigns a biological function, which has been described at the molecular level, to a plant lectin gene product and supports the defense role postulated for seed lectins. The lack of homology with other families of enzyme inhibitors suggests that this may be the first member of a new family of plant enzyme inhibitors.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Unusual mitochondrial genome organization in cytoplasmic male sterile common bean and the nature of cytoplasmic reversion to fertility.

Spontaneous reversion to pollen fertility and fertility restoration by the nuclear gene Fr in cytoplasmic male sterile common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are associated with the loss of a large portion of the mitochondrial genome. To understand better the molecular events responsible for this DNA loss, we have constructed a physical map of the mitochondrial genome of a stable fertile revertant line, WPR-3, and the cytoplasmic male sterile line (CMS-Sprite) from which it was derived. This involved a cosmid clone walking strategy with comparative DNA gel blot hybridizations. Mapping data suggested that the simplest model for the structure of the CMS-Sprite genome consists of three autonomous chromosomes differing only in short, unique regions. The unique region contained on one of these chromosomes is the male sterility-associated 3-kb sequence designated pvs. Based on genomic environments surrounding repeated sequences, we predict that chromosomes can undergo intra- and intermolecular recombination. The mitochondrial genome of the revertant line appeared to contain only two of the three chromosomes; the region containing the pvs sequence was absent. Therefore, the process of spontaneous cytoplasmic reversion to fertility likely involves the disappearance of an entire mitochondrial chromosome. This model is supported by the fact that we detected no evidence of recombination, excision or deletion events within the revertant genome that could account for the loss of a large segment of mitochondrial DNA.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1979

Effect of some pesticides on micro-organisms in the rhizosphere of maize, common bean, or cotton.

Pot experiments were run to investigate the influence of temik (insecticide and nematocide) and of orthocide (fungicide) on the soil micro-organisms with maize, common bean, and cotton. The counts showed that in some cases there was no influence on the micro-organisms compared with the control, in some cases their numbers increased. On the other hand, depressive effects were recorded for varying periods. This supports the evidence that the pesticides are attacked by several types and groups of rhizospheric microflora; in some cases the by-products may be more toxic than the original toxicants. Generally, however, the recorded effects differed according to the chemical composition of the pesticides, the type and growth phase of each individual plant, and the micro-organisms concerned.

Depression, Chemical↗