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PubMed1995

Spontaneous conscious covert cognition states and brain electric spectral states in canonical correlations.

Correlations between subjective, conscious, spontaneous cognitions and EEG power spectral profiles were investigated in 20 normal volunteers (2 sessions each) during relaxation-drowsiness-sleep onset. Four-channel EEG (temporal-parietal and parietal-central, left and right) was continuously recorded. The subjects were prompted 15 times per session to give brief reports of their ongoing thoughts. The reports were rated on 23 scales, and the 16 seconds of EEG recording preceding the prompts were spectral analyzed. Canonical correlation analysis was applied to the data (23 cognition ratings and 124 EEG spectral values for each of the 538 prompts). Four of the 23 pairs of canonical EEG variables and cognition variables were significant (p < 0.016) with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.78 to 0.62. The four pairs of canonical variables showed distinctive features in EEG spectra and cognition styles. The results demonstrate ruleful correspondences between EEG states and spontaneous, conscious, covert, cognitive-emotional states in a no-input, no-task, no-response paradigm.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Cultural competence for nurses: canonical correlation of two culture scales.

As the diversity of the US residential population increases, healthcare professionals need to recognize the importance of culturally competent care on health outcomes of individuals and communities. The purpose of this descriptive correlational pilot study (N = 51) was to describe the relationship among scores and sub-scores on scales measuring concepts of cultural competence. An additional purpose was to develop reliability and validity data on each of three culture scales for the population of hospital based registered nurses. Each of the scales had previously reported reliability and validity data but were administered to populations potentially different from southern-based, hospital-employed RNs. A large medical center located in Southeastern US was chosen as the study's site due to its diverse staff and client base. The Giger and Davidhizar Transcultural Assessment Model and Theory was the theoretical foundation for the study and Cultural Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES), Cultural Attitude Scale as developed by Bonaparte (1977, 1979) and modified by Rooda (1990, 1992) (CAS-Modified), and knowledge base questions (Rooda, 1990) were the chosen instruments. For this group of hospital based RNs, the reliability analysis--scale (Alpha) for the 58 item CSES was .9778. The reliability analysis (Alpha) for the 22 knowledge base questions was .6038 and .6412 for the 40 item CAS-M. Canonical correlation analysis was performed between a set of attitude variables and a set of self efficacy variables using SPSS (1995). Both sets of variables demonstrated statistically significant relationships (at an a priori alpha of .05) to each other (with an approximate Eta squared value for practical significance of .336), providing sufficient evidence to reject the non-relationship null hypothesis. For this sample and for these data, cultural self-efficacy toward Asian, Black, Hispanic clients, and self-efficacy regarding nursing skills when caring for diverse clients related to cultural attitudes and cultural self-efficacy. Nursing care, cultural health beliefs, and cultural health attitudes related to attitudes toward care of diverse clients. Both sets of variables related to each other as qualities of culturally competent nursing care.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Multivariate analysis of spect images with illustrations in Alzheimer's disease.

Modern neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) often generate datasets consisting of a large number of variables measured on a small number of subjects. In addition, the data contain large 'subject effects' which must be adjusted for in any statistical analysis. This paper illustrates the dangers inherent in naive univariate analysis and proceeds to demonstrate the application of multivariate methods such as Hotellings T2-test, canonical correlation analysis and discriminant analysis. The issues and statistical methods are illustrated using a dataset from a SPECT study of groups of normal control subjects and subjects with a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer Disease↗

PubMed2004

Why Taiwanese hospice patients want to stay in hospital: health-care professionals' beliefs and solutions.

Patient-related barriers and their solution in the planning of discharge to palliative home care were investigated through a nationwide survey conducted in Taiwan. Of 250 questionnaires sent to palliative care workers at 15 hospices in Taiwan, 229 valid questionnaires (91.6%) were retrieved. Most of the respondents were nursing staff (72.5%) while only 38 were physicians (16.6%). Canonical correlation analysis was used to examine the association between the barriers and solutions, and revealed that the value of the first variate was 0.49 ( P<0.05). The barriers and canonical loadings were: unable to manage emergent medical conditions (0.83), the quality of care in the hospital is better (0.74), and insufficient number of caregivers (0.72). The effective solutions that correlated significantly with the above factors were ranked as: to reassure the patient about the possibility of smooth readmission (0.84), to arrange palliative home care programs (0.68), and to educate family members on taking care of the patient at home (0.64). In conclusion, to solve patient-related barriers in the planning of the discharge of patients with terminal cancer, the results suggest that (1). health professionals involved in the care of patients with terminal cancer should have adequate knowledge of palliative care, particularly communication skills, (2). an effective referral system among general or oncology and palliative care units should be established, (3). inpatient care facilities and home-care programs should be provided, and (4). patients and families should be educated as to what may happen and how to manage these conditions at home and should be assured of the availability of medical help.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Utilization of psychotherapy in patients with personality disorder: the impact of gender, character traits, affect regulation, and quality of object-relations.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to generate hypotheses for examining gender differences in variables with predictive value for the utilization of psychotherapy in patients with personality disorders (PDs). DESIGN: Personality traits, affect experience and regulation, the quality of object relations and interpersonal problems within the process of psychotherapy planning were assessed in 140 psychiatric outpatients. METHODS: Besides the structured clinical interviews for DSM-IV I+II, variables were assessed with the Shedler-Westen assessment procedure (SWAP-200), the affect regulation and experience Q sort (AREQ), the quality of object-relations scale (QORS), and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP). Correlation and group difference statistics, regression and canonical correlation analysis were performed. RESULTS: Predictors concerning the utilization or non-utilization of psychotherapy were a schizoid PD rating a self-report of subassertive behaviour related to interpersonal problems in women, and a narcissistic PD rating in men. Canonical correlations between predictors and quality of object relations or interpersonal problems were found in women, while in men there was merely a tendency for predictor and affect regulation to be related. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that for men it is more important to interpret the dominating affect, while for women, understanding the pathological object relation pattern is useful for successful therapy planning.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

The determinants of attitudes towards social security recipients.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between demographic variables (age, sex, education, vote and income), psychological beliefs (alienation, Protestant work ethic and Conservatism) and social security attitudes. Over 250 people from a variety of different backgrounds completed a number of standardized questionnaires. A factor analysis of the attitudes to social security scale revealed four clearly interpretable factors, which were later computed in four subscale scores. Analysis of variance showed that vote, Protestant work ethic, and Conservative beliefs most differentiated subjects' attitudes to social welfare. A canonical correlational analysis revealed three significant variates which showed age, alienation and the Protestant work ethic most closely related to social security attitudes. These results were discussed in terms of previous literature in this area and various social policy implications are considered.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Environmental factors influence on chemical polymorphism of the essential oils of Lychnophora ericoides.

Lychnophora ericoides is a Brazilian medicinal plant used in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent. The essential oils from leaves of two populations with and without scent, collected at 2-month intervals during an 1-year period, were analysed by GC-MS. The results were submitted to principal component and cluster analysis which allowed two groups of essential oils to be distinguished with respect to sampling site and scent: cluster I (Vianópolis site, with specimens exhibiting an aromatic scent) containing a high percentage of alpha-bisabolol (44.7-76.4%) and alpha-cadinol (10.9-23.5%), and cluster II (Cristalina site, with specimens without scent) characterised by a high content of (E)-nerolidol (31.3-47.1%) and ar-dihydro-turmerone (4.8-15.4%). The canonical discriminant analysis showed that using the data set of the seven sampling months and (E)-nerolidol and alpha-bisabolol as predictable variables, it was possible to distinguish between the samples harvested according to Cerrado seasons, dry winter (May-September) and humid summer (November-March). In addition, canonical correlation analysis between the soil sampling sites and the populations revealed a significant relationship between oil components and edaphic factors. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes and potential acidity, Al saturation, cationic exchange capacity, silt, and sand load as the first canonical variate were fairly strongly related to samples collected in Vianópolis site. On the other hand, monoterpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were strongly related to chemical balance in soils (organic matter, P and base saturation), which is related to samples at the Cristalina site. The chemovariation observed appears to be environmentally determined.

Asteraceae↗

PubMed2006

Motor structures in female volleyball players aged 14-17 according to technique quality and performance.

The aim of the study was to identify motor structures in elite female volleyball players aged 14-17, and to assess the effect of these motor structures on their technical and situation efficiency. For this purpose, a battery of 12 motor tests as predictor variables, and a set of six technical elements and evaluation of performance quality as criterion variables were applied in a sample of 147 female volleyballers aged 14-15 and a sample of 50 female volleyballers aged 16-17. Analysis of variance between subgroups within the groups of volleyballers aged 14-15 and those aged 16-17 showed the results on all motor tests to improve with the increase in situation performance, which was especially pronounced in the tests assessing explosive strength and agility. The same held true for the results on all tests assessing volleyball techniques, spike and block in particular. In both samples, factor analysis of motor tests isolated two factors underlain by the generation and regulation of strength, and the mechanism of speed regulation. Canonical correlation analysis between the motor regulatory mechanisms and technical elements revealed determination of the mechanisms of strength and technical efficiency in both samples. Regression correlation analysis showed the mechanisms of strength regulation and speed to be good predictors of game performance in female volleyballers aged 14-15 and 16-17, whereby the mechanism of strength regulation had greater effect on the game performance than the mechanism of speed regulation. Regression correlation analysis also revealed the set of 6 techniques evaluated to be a good predictor of situation efficiency in both groups of female volleyballers aged 14-15 and 16-17. The block and spike techniques were found to be the best predictors of game performance quality in the former, and the techniques of spike and block in the latter. Based on the results obtained, a possible model of selection for supreme score achievement in female volleyball is described.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Solving family-related barriers to truthfulness in cases of terminal cancer in Taiwan. A professional perspective.

The study investigated the puzzling factors and solutions of family-related barriers to truthfulness with patients with terminal cancer through a nationwide survey conducted in Taiwan. Two-hundred twenty-nine valid questionnaires were retrieved (91.6%) from 250 palliative care workers at 15 Taiwan hospices. Most of the respondents were nursing staff (72.5%), and only 38 respondents were physicians (16.6%). Canonical correlation analysis was used to examine the association between the puzzling factors and solutions, which revealed that the value of the first variate was 0.39 (P < .05). Results showed that the puzzling factors of barriers and canonical loadings were families do not know how to tell the truth (.85), families believe it is unnecessary to tell aged patients the truth (.71), and patients can be happier without knowing the truth (.70). The valid solutions correlated significantly with the above puzzling factors and were ranked in the following order: communicate with and encourage families to accept patients' prognoses (.83), discuss the sickness gently with patients and determine what patients know (.76), and tell the families about the possible emotional reactions in patients and how to provide support (.72). In conclusion, for solving family-related barriers to truthfulness in cases of terminal cancer, the results suggest that health professionals communicate with families first and discuss the possible emotional reactions from patients, give patients enough time to reflect on their sicknesses and discuss further what patients have been told, and then disclose information based on patients' expectations and support them.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Allostatic load as a predictor of functional decline. MacArthur studies of successful aging.

Allostatic load has been proposed as a cumulative measure of dysregulation across multiple physiological systems, and has been postulated to impact health risks. In the allostatic load model, increased risk is hypothesized to result not only from large and clinically significant dysregulation in individual systems, but also from more modest dysregulation, if present in multiple systems. Our objective was to construct an allostatic load score by optimally combining several physiologic measurements, and to examine its association with future functional decline. We analyzed data from a 7-year longitudinal study of a community-based cohort, whose age at baseline was between 70 and 79 years. Canonical correlation analysis was used to study the association of 10 biological measurements representing allostatic load with declines in scores on five tests each of physical and cognitive function over two follow-up periods: 1998-1991 and 1991-1995. We used bootstrapping to evaluate the stability of the canonical correlation and canonical weights. The canonical correlation between allostatic load and the 20 decline scores was 0.43 (P =.03) and the [25th, 75th] percentile interval of its distribution over 200 bootstrapped subsamples of the cohort was [0.48, 0.53]. These findings were not substantially affected by adjusting for covariates and cardiovascular disease. We conclude that a summary measure of physiologic dysregulation, such as allostatic load, is an independent predictor of functional decline in elderly men and women.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1996

Asian-American men's acculturation and gender-role conflict.

There is limited research on Asian-Americans' acculturation and conflicts with contemporary gender roles. This research assessed three samples of Asian-American men's acculturation and gender-role conflict. Differences between Chinese-American, Japanese-American, and Korean-American men's acculturation and the four patterns of gender-role conflict were analyzed. The relationship of demographic and acculturation variables to gender-role conflict was also calculated. Subjects (N = 125) were administered a demographic questionnaire, the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-identity Acculturation Scale, and the Gender-role Conflict Scale. Multivariate analysis of variance showed no differences between the Asian-American groups on acculturation and the four patterns of gender-role conflict. A canonical correlation analysis indicated one significant variate connecting acculturation with two patterns of issues of gender-role conflict: success, power, and competition and restrictive emotionality. Methodological limitations and research are mentioned.

Acculturation↗

PubMed1987

Body circumferences as alternatives to skinfold measurements of body fat distribution in Mexican-Americans.

The ratios of circumferences (waist/hip, waist/thigh) have been proposed in lieu of skinfold measurements for studies of obesity and body fat distribution. The purpose of this paper is to present our experience in measuring a series of body circumferences and skinfolds in an obese population, and seek the relationship between these two kinds of variables as indicators of fatness and body fat distribution using canonical correlation analysis. With this method, weighted vectors of circumferences on the one hand and skinfolds on the other, are formed in such a way that the correlation between the two sets of variables is maximized. The weights (regression coefficients) and their signs help us select the best combination of circumferences which describe a component of centralized obesity. Our experience showed that 21 percent of women would have been excluded from this multivariate analysis due to skinfolds what could not be measured (mainly due to poor fold definition). Few men were so excluded (6 per cent), and almost all circumferences could be measured in both sexes. A first canonical correlation was substantial (0.84 in women, 0.89 in men) and appeared to relate to level of fatness. A second canonical correlation was moderate (0.59 in women, 0.42 in men) and statistically significant (P less than 0.01) in both sexes. Only in women was it independent of age, but in both sexes it reflected differences in central and peripheral (especially lower limb) fat. The simple waist/thigh ratio correlated well with the second canonical variate (0.79 in women, 0.67 in men).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1994

The relationship between discharge readiness inventory scales and the brief psychiatric rating scale.

OBJECTIVE: Important relationships exist between chronic psychiatric patients' symptoms of disorder and their readiness to be discharged from inpatient treatment. Behavioral rating scales can supplement clinical decision making by standardizing information about patients' functioning. The authors assessed whether two different behavioral measures described the same dimensions of disordered behavior in an older chronic patient population. METHODS: Multivariate correlation analysis (canonical analysis) was used to assess relationships between items on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the scales in the Discharge Readiness Inventory. RESULTS: Three significant correlation variates were found. The variates reflected patterns of positive psychiatric symptomatology with a low level of psychosocial competence, a low level of symptomatology with a low level of psychosocial competence, and paranoid symptomatology with a high level of psychosocial competence. CONCLUSIONS: The presence or absence of psychiatric symptomatology and possibly the type of symptomatology are relevant in assessing patients' readiness for discharge.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1996

Primitive defenses, object relations, and symptom clusters in borderline psychopathology.

In this study, I examined associations between selected defense mechanisms and characteristic object relations in borderline personality disorder and the role of these variables in predicting symptomatic expression. A canonical correlation analysis was performed on self-report questionnaire data collected on 53 borderline patients. Two significant correlations of moderate magnitude were obtained; the first set of canonical variables offered evidence supportive of Kernberg's notions of a reciprocal relation between splitting mechanisms and pathognomonic object ties in borderline pathology, and the second set supported the view of a differentiation between borderline and narcissistic defenses. Regression analyses suggested that unique combinations of defense and object relations underlie specific symptomatic expression.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Statistical andrology: standard semen analysis and computer-assisted sperm motility analysis.

Results are reported of a statistical evaluation of the variables obtained by standard microscopic semen analysis and by computer-assisted sperm motility analysis. Descriptive statistical analysis and cluster analysis were carried out on both sets of data. A contingency table was created to compare the classifications obtained by the two clustering procedures. A canonical correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the classification power of the variables obtained by the two semen analyses. The results show that the two techniques of semen analysis are complementary and not substitutive and that the correlated variables "percentage forward motility" and "sperm velocity" are the most discriminating.

Humans↗

PubMed2000

Somatotype and angiographically determined atherosclerotic coronary artery disease in men.

The relationship between somatotype and somatotype components with coronary artery disease (CAD) and regional adiposity was considered in 58 males (age 60.2 +/- 9.4 years) undergoing investigative coronary angiography for suspected atherosclerotic CAD. Severity of CAD was determined in terms of both the degree of stenosis and the anatomical position of the lesions on the coronary arteries (myocardial score). Six patients had negative angiographic findings but three of these had impaired left ventricular function as determined by left ventriculography. The mean (+/-SD) somatotype of the group was 5.7 / 5.6 / 1.2 (1.7 / 1.4 / 1.0), illustrating a clear dominance of the first two somatotype components. Canonical correlation analysis showed that somatotype was not significantly related to the angiography results (P > 0.05). However, correlations between the somatotype components and the angiography results with their respective first canonical variates showed that the somatotype variate was one of high mesomorphy and low ectomorphy and the angiography variate was essentially one of a high myocardial score. After adjustment for the confounding interrelationship among the somatotype components, endomorphy was significantly correlated with abdominal circumference (r = 0.65, P < 0.001), the abdomen-to-hip ratio (r = 0.53, P < 0.001) and the abdominal sagittal diameter (r = 0.60, P < 0.001). Mesomorphy was not related to these indicators of android or abdominal adiposity following partial adjustment. Ectomorphy was inversely related to the indices of general and regional adiposity. This study suggests that adiposity and muscularity are important features in terms of increased CAD risk, whereas linearity is beneficial. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 12:128-138, 2000. Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1991

Which measure of body fat distribution is best for epidemiologic research among adolescents?

Body fat distribution is a cardiovascular health risk factor in adults. The development of body fat distribution patterns in childhood remains to be explored and the appropriate index and relations of body fat distribution to cardiovascular risk factors in children is not clear. Data are available from the US Health Examination Survey (1966-1970), which included measurements of skinfold thickness, body and limb circumferences, biologic maturity, and risk factors (blood pressure, total cholesterol). Using canonical correlation analysis, the relation between sets of anthropometric variables and risk factors was explored, controlling for age, race, sex, and maturity stage. The relation of various body fat distribution and fatness indices used in adult studies to the risk factors was also explored using stepwise regression and partial correlation analyses. The first canonical correlations were significant between risk factors and both sets of anthropometric variables (skinfolds, 0.36-0.46; circumferences, 0.39-0.54). However, neither method revealed a clear cut pattern suggesting a role of centralized fatness. Rather, body fatness or size appeared to be the major correlate with risk factors in both races (black, white) and sexes and in each maturity status group. In the stepwise regression analysis, a body fatness or "size" variable (e.g., body mass index, hip circumference) invariably entered on step one. Only among the sexually mature did body fat distribution indices enter on the second step in a consistent manner. No one index seemed "better," although indices based on skinfold measures entered more often than the waist/hip ratio.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2002

Exploratory fMRI analysis by autocorrelation maximization.

A novel and computationally efficient method for exploratory analysis of functional MRI data is presented. The basic idea is to reveal underlying components in the fMRI data that have maximum autocorrelation. The tool for accomplishing this task is Canonical Correlation Analysis. The relation to Principal Component Analysis and Independent Component Analysis is discussed and the performance of the methods is compared using both simulated and real data.

Brain↗