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PubMed2003

Control and prevention of emerging zoonoses.

Emerging and re-emerging zoonoses are zoonotic diseases caused by either totally new or partially new agents or by microorganisms previously known but now occurring in places or in species where the disease was previously unknown. Zoonotic diseases account for the majority of all emerging infectious diseases. Several factors have led to the emergence of these infections, including human demographics, the industrialization of food production, globalization, international travel and commerce, land use, microbial adaptation, and changes and breakdown in public health measures. Several zoonotic agents are also potential agents that could be used as biological weapons. The recent use of anthrax spores in tainted mall in the US underlines our need for preparedness against bioterrorism. Prevention and control of these emerging zoonotic diseases is based on recognition, investigation, and collaboration, the development of advanced diagnosis and surveillance tools, the use of applied epidemiology and molecular biology methods, as well as education, information, communication, and technology transfer.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Fourteen-year seroepidemiological study of zoonoses in a Greek village.

A seroepidemiological study carried out in a high-risk village in Crete in 1985-1987 and 1998 showed that although the awareness of the people concerning zoonoses had increased during this period, the situation did not improve: there was a significant increase of the spread of seroprevalence in time and space of Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia typhi, Brucella sp., and Entamoeba histolytica. Toxoplasma gondii, Rickettsia conorii, Borrelia burgdorferi, Echinococcus granulosus, Leishmania sp., and Fasciola hepatica stayed at the same levels. This first study of Bartonella henselae in Crete showed that 15.9% of the children tested were seropositive. The results indicate that reservoirs and vectors of the pathogens studied are widespread in the environment, and the way of life of the people favors contact with them. Seven of 30 milk samples were positive for Brucella sp. by seminested polymerase chain reaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

History of U.S. military contributions to the study of bacterial zoonoses.

Bacterial zoonoses have afflicted campaigns throughout military history, at times playing an important role in determining their outcomes. In addition, zoonotic bacteria are among the leading biological warfare threats. The U.S. military medical services have been at the forefront of research to define the basic microbiology, ecology, epidemiology, and clinical aspects of these diseases. This historical review discusses the military significance of plague, Q fever, anthrax, leptospirosis, bartonellosis, tularemia, and brucellosis and the U.S. military medical research counteroffensive. These contributions have ranged from basic molecular biology to elegant epidemiological surveys, from defining pathogenesis to developing new vaccine candidates. In an era of emerging diseases and biological weapons, the U.S. military will continue to lead a dynamic research effort to counter these disease threats.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

Cestode zoonoses of aquatic animals.

The cestode zoonoses of Diphyllobothrium, and Spirometra and Sparganosis are discussed from the point of view of their transmission and epidemiology.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

Control methods for snail-borne zoonoses.

All trematodes which cause infections and diseases in humans (zoonoses) require snails for their first intermediate host. Some have additional intermediate hosts such as crustaceans, fishes and frogs. In this paper I have discussed the use of various procedures for controlling snail populations thereby reducing the population of trematodes whose cercariae penetrate the skin of man, or which are acquired by eating raw aquatic vegetation such as watercress, or which cause pathology in fish. Biological, chemical, and physical snail control techniques are discussed. The most promising molluscucides are copper compounds, Bayluscide, biocidal rubber and molluscicidal bait.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

Incidental aquatic zoonoses.

The following incidental aquatic zoonoses are discussed: eosinophilic mengingitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonesis, the Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinesis), Anisakis infections, Cryptocotyle lingua, eye fluke (Philophthalmus), the tapeworm Diplogonoporus grandis, and shellfish-borne hepatitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

The use of wildlife to monitor zoonoses.

Wildlife are usually considered vectors, reservoirs or primary targets of infectious disease. A seldom considered epidemiological role which they can play involves their use as disease sentinels for the detection and monitoring of zoonoses. Their potential for such utilization has been demonstrated with the wild turkey (Meleagris gallopava intermedia) and St. Louis encephalitis in Texas and the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and California encephalitis in North America. The limitations and criteria which are important in the use of wild populations for "sentinel" duty are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Dirofilariasis, an emerging and underestimated zoonoses in France].

A total of 71 cases of dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria repens and two cases of pulmonary dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria have been reported in France. As a result France ranks second after Italy in the incidence of this emerging zoonoses that has been given little attention (48 p. 100 of cases in the last ten years). Most human infections (80 p. 100) have occurred in Mediterranean areas but in the last ten years a few cases have been reported in Southwestern France and at least one case was documented in a northern area (Alsace). The epidemiological profile of human dirofilariasis in France is consistent with usual data showing highest incidence in adults and no gender preference. More than 50 p. 100 of superficial nodules are located on the head with the most common site being the conjuctiva and orbit (29.4 p. 100). Nodules on the breast and male genitals as well as pulmonary nodules require differential diagnosis to rule out neoplasm. Intra-abdominal forms are usually discovered incidentally. Identification is rarely based on detection of a whole adult worm but rather on observation of a nematode segment on histological sections. In most cases it is an unexpected finding. Data concerning canine heartworm in France is available but the extent of infestation is probably underestimated and will require further study. In addition, data on other animal reservoirs should be updated.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Lyme disease 2000. Emerging zoonoses complicate patient work-up and treatment.

Lyme disease and other tick-borne diseases affect all age groups, including active persons age 50 and older. There has been a steady expansion in case numbers and the geographic borders of Lyme disease over the last two decades. Better recognition of two emerging tick-borne zoonoses (babesiosis and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis) that can be co-transmitted with Lyme disease is changing the approach to diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease. Advances from genetic cloning have improved our understanding of the immune mechanisms associated with treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis and enabled the development of the first Lyme disease vaccine. The available vaccine is less efficacious in persons age 65 and older than in younger adults, but it may be a useful adjunct to other preventive measures in areas endemic for Lyme disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Zoonoses and bats: a look from human health viewpoint.

Bats are the most abundant and most widely distributed mammals on the Earth after humans. Except Antarctica and some small remote islands, they are prevalent worldwide. Although the actual role played by bats as reservoir or in disseminating zoonoses is still enigmatic a multitude of zoonotic diseases are known to be associated with bats. Such diseases including viral, bacterial, parasitic, fungal and rickettsial diseases, reported from all over the world including India have been briefed in this article as an informative approach because dramatically increased and diversified human activities during the last few decades perturbing natural ecosystems are enough to compel public health personnel to have an investigative look at these flying mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Zoonoses as a risk when associating with livestock or animal products].

The risk of zoonotic disease transmission when handling livestock or animal products is substantial. In industrialized countries, the classical zoonotic diseases such as tuberculosis or brucellosis are no longer in the foreground. Latent zoonoses such as salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis can cause serious disease in humans and have become a major public health problem during the past years. Since animals infected with these pathogens show only mild transient disease or no clinical signs at all, new concepts in the entire production line ("stable to table") are necessary in order to avoid human infection. Two emerging viruses with zoonotic potential--avian influenza virus and Nipah virus--have been found in Asia in 1997 and 1999. Both diseases had a major impact on disease control and public health in the countries of origin. In order to cope threats from infectious diseases, in particular those of public health relevance, a combined effort among all institutions involved will be necessary. The proposed "European Center for Infectious Diseases" and the "Swiss center for zoonotic diseases" could be a potential approach in order to achieve this goal.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2001

[Causes of death, zoonoses, and reproduction in the European brown hare in Switzerland].

To elucidate the importance of different causes of mortality which could explain the downward trend of the hare populations in Switzerland and for monitoring selected zoonoses, the health and reproductive status of 167 perished brown hares (Lepus europaeus) was assessed. Concerning causes of mortality, traumas were by far the most frequent diagnosis, 80% of the hares dying because of injuries. Animals killed by road traffic were highly represented. Predators (such as dogs, domestic cats, lynx, martens, buzzards, and golden eagles) killed 16% of the analysed animals. In juveniles, predation was significantly more frequent than in adults. Infectious diseases led to death in 15% of the animals, and cases of pasteurellosis, brucellosis, pseudotuberculosis, tularaemia, listeriosis, and toxoplasmosis were diagnosed. In 5% of the hares, the cause of death pertained to other categories or remained unclear. Reproductive performance was judged to be normal, since mean litter size was 2.5 per female and pregnancy rate in March-June was 74%. We conclude that neither a specific infectious disease, for which adult hares are particularly susceptible, nor an insufficient reproductive performance are responsible for the decline of brown hare populations in Switzerland. This phenomenon is rather a cause of a reduced survival rate in leverets.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Current zoonoses from the food hygiene point of view (author's transl)].

Of the numerous zoonoses part of which are reportable, according to the Federal Communicable Diseases Act, the food hygienist attributes topicality at present to salmonellosis, brucellosis, toxoplasmosis, taeniasis (T. saginata), trichinellosis, and sarcosporidiosis. In salmonellosis, combating is directed to breeding and keeping of Salmonella-free flocks, poultry offering favourable conditions for this purpose. Moreover, one tries to decontaminate feeds through certain pelleting machines with the aid of friction heat or by admixing propionic acid. In brucellosis, the possibility of infection by tourism, but also that through ingestion of imported dairy products (like soft cheese) play a certain role. Instruction of tourists and advising foreign labour from endemic areas are essential contributions to combating. Another important infection source of toxoplasmosis is infected raw pig meat. As the agent does not survive freezing temperatures under certain conditions, the decontamination procedure is particularly suitable. In pregnancy advising, the role of raw pig meat for development of congenital toxoplasmosis should be clearly explained. In trichinellosis, apart from the traditional examination by the trichinoscope, the modified digestion procedure using pepsin as a digestive fluid was successful. Moreover, it is suitable for detecting weakly infected swine. The importance of systematic examinations of all domestic and wild pigs became evident only recently in 1977, when in Bavaria an epidemic of trichinellosis occurred following the ingestion of undetected Trichinella containing wild pig meat. According to most recent knowledge on the cycle of development of sarcosporidia, the studies showed that the species Sarc. bovihominis and suihominis were pathogens for human beings. Quite apart from necessary supplementary examinations, the freezing procedure would here too, warrant an effective protection for the raw meat consuming population.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Zoonoses: challenges and strategies.

Zoonoses account for about four fifth of the human infections. The health problems posed by these seem to be increasing. Newer problems are recognised. Older and endemic problems appear in different forms. Zoonosis management is getting complex and complicated. Attention on their control and eradication is essentially required.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Zoonoses caused by new viruses in the Paramyxoviridae family].

Based on the literature data, the outbreaks of new zoonoses caused by new members of the family Paramyxoviridae are briefly presented. Some characteristics of Hendra and Nipah virus, epidemiological aspects, clinical picture and pathology are described. Fruit bats are mentioned as the key to the epidemiology of Hendra virus. The virus was isolated from affected humans, horses, and from the uterine fluids of a grey-headed fruit bat (pteropus poliocephalus). New morbillivirus designated Nipah virus was isolated from pigs and humans. It caused encephalitis and pneumonia in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Zoonoses in reproductive medicine].

After reviewing the importance of three zoonoses, namely toxoplasmosis, listeriosis and brucellosis, Authors focus on their experience in prophylactic treatment of the acquired toxoplasmosis in 72 gravidae with high risk pregnancy and the history of toxoplasmosis. Listeriosis and brucellosis currently seem not to bear a clinical significance as perinatal risk factors. Toxoplasmosis, however, should be taken into account a cases of unexplained pregnancy loss. The Authors' experience suggests the positive effect of the combined prophylactis antitoxoplasmic treatment in the selected cases.

Antiprotozoal Agents↗
PubMed2001

Health promotion approach for the control of food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Nepal: emphasis on an environmental assessment.

Green and Kreuter define health promotion as the use of both education and ecology to encourage and support living conditions conducive to good health. Their PRECEDE-PROCEED model delineates a practical way to cope with health problems using this definition. Applying PRECEDE to Nepal helps identify the steps needed to control the ever-increasing incidence of food-borne parasitic zoonoses (FBPZ) there and in other South Asian countries. In executing the first five steps of the model, we focused on behavioral and environmental assessments to find a method for controlling FBPZ. Through these two assessments, we identified the following behavioral and environmental objectives: establish a meat inspection system by 2003, establish training programs on safe meat production and selling practices by 2003, improve slaughterhouses and slaughtering practices by 2003. The educational and ecological assessments revealed that the necessary predisposing, reinforcing and enabling factors for appropriate control of FBPZ are present in Nepal, while an administration and policy assessment shows Nepal meets PRECEDE requirements through its recent meat inspection legislation. Although the data for each element of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model are limited in Nepal, they clearly tell us to move forward to the PROCEED stage to control FBPZ there as well as in all of South Asia.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2001

Current status of food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Japan.

Epidemiological data on food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Japan is obscure because of the lack of legislated registration system for the incidence of such diseases. Attempts were made to draw rough estimates of the current status of food-borne parasitic diseases in Japan by gathering the annual incidence of each disease by literal survey and personal communications. In addition, parasitic diseases referred to and diagnosed in the Department of Parasitology, Miyazaki Medical College during 1999 were analyzed for the causative agents and the route of infection.

Animals↗