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PubMed1998

Impact of school and vocational education on smoking behaviour: results from a large-scale study on adolescents and young adults in Germany.

While level of school education has been related to prevalence of cigarette smoking in a number of studies, less information is available on the role of vocational education and related occupational contexts. This study analyses the relative contribution of different types of educational experience to explaining prevalence and intensity of cigarette smoking in a large sample of female and male vocational trainees in Germany. A standardized questionnaire on smoking behaviour and educational performance was applied in 27 educational centers across the country, covering a total of 20,527 respondents (77.3% of the original sample; women: 59.5%, men: 40.5%). Bivariate analysis revealed a high prevalence of current smokers among vocational trainees, both men (51.2%) and women (49.4%). Men were more likely to be heavy smokers, especially with increasing age. In both sexes, prevalence of smoking was particularly high in the following occupational groups: hairdressers, butchers, painters, service personnel (hotels, restaurants), shop assistants/sellers and cooks. Multivariate analysis taking educational level, type of vocational training (occupation), age, sex and urban-rural background into account revealed the highest prevalence odds ratios (POR) of smoking in subjects with the lowest educational level (POR = 5.19 for men and 4.56 for women). Even stronger effects were observed with smoking intensity (> or = 20 cigarettes/day): in men with the lowest educational level the risk of being a heavy smoker was 8.92, and in women 13.54 compared to subjects with a high-school leaving qualification. Poor school education must be considered the relatively strongest predictor of prevalence and intensity of cigarette smoking in a large sample of female and male vocational trainees. Preventive efforts should be directed at specific target groups such as those identified by this study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

The Vocational Adaptation Rating Scales.

The Vocational Adaptation Rating Scales (VARS) were developed to provide a comprehensive assessment of maladaptive social behavior related to vocational success, but not directly measuring job performance of mentally retarded workers. Psychometric information derived from the VARS is useful for developing individualized educational plans (IEPs) for compliance with Public Law 94-142; for program, worker or curriculum evaluations; and for predicting placement of workers in vocational training. Research indicates that VARS scores are internally consistent, moderately correlated with other vocational measures, unbiased with respect to sex and age differences, and independent of IQ. Inter-rater reliability is acceptable, and VARS profiles are accurate predictors of level of sheltered workshop placement of mentally retarded workers, independent of IQ, sex and age. Unlike other instruments, the VARS offers a profile of social behavior in a vocational context.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Relationship between illness, rehabilitation and work (ZERA)--an training program for medical-vocational rehabilitation of the mentally ill].

A training programme for rehabilitation of people with mental illness is presented, designed particularly for schizophrenic patients who need occupational rehabilitation. The training goal is to connect aspects of the schizophrenic disorder with vocational issues. It is aimed at supporting the participants in developing a realistic and appropriate vocational perspective in line with their illness related restrictions and current vocational possibilities, seeking to find out the individual's optimal ability to take stress so as to avoid over- or understimulation in vocational respects. The ZERA training has been developed for implementation in different medical and vocational rehabilitation settings for persons with mental illness. An initial control-group study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of this group training approach, and preliminary results have revealed changes in the experimental group in accordance with the objectives of the training and encourage further research.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Race differences in a sample of vocational rehabilitation clients with traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate race differences in demographics, injury severity, and vocational outcomes for persons with TBI. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-five individuals with TBI (13 African American, 62 Caucasian) who requested services from the Missouri Division of Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) over a 2-year period. MEASURES: Demographics (i.e. age, race, level of education), injury severity (i.e. LOC, PTA, length of hospitalization, neuropsychological test scores), VR services provided (e.g. transportation, maintenance, on-the-job training, etc.), and VR outcomes (successfully vs unsuccessfully employed; cost per case). PROCEDURE: All participants completed a standard neuropsychological evaluation and completed VR services (i.e. were followed from enrollment to case closure). HYPOTHESES: African Americans and Caucasians would not differ in demographics or injury severity, although fewer African Americans would be successfully employed through DVR. ANALYSES: Chi-squares and non-parametric MANOVAs to evaluate race differences in terms of demographics, injury severity, vocational services provided and vocational outcomes. RESULTS: As hypothesized, there were few race differences in demographics or injury severity, although African Americans received significantly more transportation services (62 vs 21%). Contrary to hypotheses, there was no difference in the number of successfully employed African Americans (23%) vs Caucasians (18%). CONCLUSIONS: African Americans and Caucasians with TBI achieve similar vocational successes if they receive state VR services.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Increasing the vocational focus of the community mental health team.

Despite increasing interest in the UK in enabling community mental health teams to support clients' vocational aspirations, surveys suggest that progress to date has been slow. This study aimed to identify factors that facilitate or create barriers to teams engaging in vocational work by exploring experiences and perceptions at three sites where progress had been made. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with on-site and off-site vocational specialists, care coordinators and other professionals identified locally as supportive of vocational work. Participants' accounts were compared with a framework derived from previous research into effective vocational services. The framework encompassed partnership working, attention to clients' needs, choices and mental health, and enabling clients to access and retain employment. Interprofessional partnership working emerged as particularly strong at one site and in turn was key to facilitating attention to the other elements of the framework. Conversely, at the other two sites less well-developed partnership working could create barriers to addressing these elements. Across all three sites access to expert welfare benefits advice was problematic, with evidence of widespread ignorance about the crucial issues involved.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed2006

Community-based vocational rehabilitation: effectiveness and cost impact of a proposed program model.

OBJECTIVE: To study the vocational, service use and relative cost impact for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder of an innovative community-based vocational rehabilitation program. METHOD: Participants were consecutive enrollees in a community-based vocational rehabilitation program who had remained in the program for at least 1 year. Lifetime vocational history and mental health service utilization for 2 years prior and up to 4 years subsequent to program enrollment were studied. Retrospective data were collected using a questionnaire completed by the patient and available family and case workers, patient interview and chart review. RESULTS: Months in paid work increased after enrollment, while earned income did not (most work was low wage and/or part-time). Annual inpatient days decreased precipitously, a change which could not be explained by hospitalization trends during the same period. Average relative cost units, based on charges for mental health services used, dropped over 70% following enrollment. CONCLUSIONS: Community-based vocational rehabilitation may be cost-effective in this population, largely as a result of its impact on hospitalizations and utilization of the most costly services. Such programs represent an important alternative to supported employment that may be particularly suited to cognitively or functionally impaired patients unwilling or unable to work in a competitive environment.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The blind in the economic structure of Switzerland: an analysis of some aspects of vocational integration.

This empirical investigation describes the present state of vocational integration of blind persons in Switzerland. The study is based on interviews of 215 blind persons--not multiply handicapped--who left a Swiss special school or rehabilitation center in the period 1960 to 1978. The study investigated the following dimensions: - vocational situation and opportunities in a horizontal comparison; - vocational situation and opportunities in a vertical comparison; - level of wage or salary; - subjective work satisfaction. The results of the investigation show that the degree of vocational integration attained by blind interviewees may be regarded as high. If, on the other hand, the forecast should prove correct that in the 80ies Switzerland, too, can expect a higher rate of unemployment, the efforts aimed at improving the qualification prerequisites for vocational integration of the blind deserve attention. Particular emphasis must be placed - in education, on the teaching of greater social competence; - in counseling and placement, on the provision of suitable measures for qualified training and/or retraining; - in further education, on the dynamic advancement of personal needs in regard to further training, the latter understood as "permanent training".

Blindness↗
PubMed2003

Learning from today's clinicians in vocational practice to educate tomorrow's therapists.

BACKGROUND: In response to the demand for therapists and changes in vocational practice, a needs assessment was conducted to update an occupational therapy educational program. METHOD: Employing focus groups, interviews and questionnaires, 66 therapists from a wide range of graduating institutions working in vocational practice were asked to: a) identify the essential knowledge, skills and professional behaviours required for vocational practice; b) determine to what extent training is preparing students for vocational practice; and c) make recommendations for curriculum revision and/or for additional curriculum development. Participants and their jobs were profiled together with the challenges and issues of vocational practice. RESULTS: There was strong agreement among participants regarding what is required to practice effectively but disparate views concerning the extent they were prepared for practice. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Recommendations were given for entry and postgraduate level curricula. Findings were compared to a past community practice survey. Implications for practicums, professional integrity and ethical issues were discussed.

Canada↗
PubMed1998

Vocational interests and career indecision among psychosis-prone college students.

This study investigated the relationship between scores on scales that purport to measure psychosis-proneness and scores on vocational interests, identity, and differentiation scales in a sample of 233 college students who completed the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation scales, the Strong Campbell Interest Inventory, and the Career Decision Scale. The present findings are consistent with prior work indicating a sex-related association of scores on measures of psychosis-proneness and vocational interests. A positive correlation between scores on vocational indecision and measures of psychosis-proneness was also found, suggesting that both men and women who score high on psychosis-proneness find it difficult to formulate long-term career goals. Finally, there was no significant correlation between scores on measures of psychosis-proneness and Holland's Vocational Differentiation Index. Present results are discussed in light of previously reported sex differences among psychosis-prone adults and diagnosed schizophrenics. The implications of the findings for vocational counselors are also addressed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Neuropsychological evaluation applied to vocational rehabilitation.

On the surface, the use of neuropsychological evaluation to guide vocational rehabilitation does not appear controversial. However, complexities and discrepancies emerge when traditional uses of neuropsychological evaluation are reviewed and compared to the needs of vocational rehabilitation counselors. This article highlights differences in focus between traditional neuropsychological evaluations and vocational evaluations. It identifies ways to effectively merge them so that neuropsychological evaluations for vocational rehabilitation are mutually beneficial to neuropsychologists and vocational rehabilitation counselors.

Brain Injuries↗
PubMed2003

Individual status at the start of rehabilitation: Implications for vocational rehabilitation programs.

UNLABELLED: This research investigated the situation of 143 unemployed sick leavers at the start of vocational rehabilitation in Sweden. It is argued in this paper that in order to gain a meaningful picture of the vocational rehabilitation process it is necessary to know and understand something of individual differences and status at the onset. In doing so, assessment was carried out of the possible influence of one contextual factor and five individual factors on health, duration of sick leave and unemployment. Findings suggest that individual differences exist in health status, length of sick leave and unemployment, at the upstart of vocational rehabilitating. Locus of control was found to exert important influence on the differences between the individuals in the study sample, with persons of external locus of control having a less favourable point of departure at the start of vocational rehabilitation compared to other groups. It is therefore assumed that these persons will be in greater need of support during the vocational rehabilitation process. The level of unemployment within a geographical area was also found to influence the length of sick leave. CONCLUSIONS: Our suggestion is for rehabilitation programs to be developed and selected to match the special needs and differences whether they are of individual or of social nature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Vocational rehabilitation, a descriptive follow-up study].

INTRODUCTION: Only few studies of the long-term occupational situation of clients after stay in a vocational rehabilitation clinic have been published. The aim of this study was to describe the clients in a specific vocational rehabilitation clinic, to investigate the employment situation 6-10 months after their stay, and to find out whether a doctor's estimate can point out the clients who are able to return to employment, and who are not. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All 254 clients that commenced a stay in the rehabilitation clinic from May 1996 to April 1998 were included. A doctor estimated whether he thought the client could return to employment or not. After 6-10 months the clients received a mailed questionnaire. A total of 210 persons (82.7%) answered the questionnaire. RESULTS: Eighty per cent of the clients were women. About two thirds of the clients were unskilled. Musculoskeletal disease was the reason of vocational disability in 63% of the clients. At the follow-up 50% were awarded disability pension, 20% were either employed or still in a rehabilitation process, whereas 30% still did receive passive support. If the doctor estimated that the person could not return to employment, the positive predictive value was 94.1-98-8%. If the doctor estimated that the person could return to employment the positive predictive value was 36.1-63.9%. DISCUSSION: Many of the clients that were later awarded disability pension could at an early time be pointed out by a doctor. These clients might not need to go through a stay in a vocational rehabilitation clinic. The methods used in vocational rehabilitation clinics should be evaluated and developed in order to make more clients return to employment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Continuation of benefit payments to certain individuals who are participating in a program of vocational rehabilitation services, employment services, or other support services. Final rule.

We are publishing final rules that amend the rules for the continuation of disability benefit payments under titles II and XVI of the Social Security Act (the Act) to certain individuals who recover medically while participating in an appropriate vocational rehabilitation (VR) program with a State vocational rehabilitation agency. We are amending these rules to conform with statutory amendments that extend eligibility for these continued benefit payments to certain individuals who recover medically while participating in an appropriate program of services. These include individuals participating in the Ticket to Work and Self-Sufficiency Program or another program of vocational rehabilitation services, employment services, or other support services approved by the Commissioner of Social Security. We are also extending eligibility for these continued benefit payments to students age 18 through 21 who recover medically, or whose disability is determined to have ended as a result of an age-18 redetermination, while participating in an individualized education program developed under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act with an appropriate provider of services. Providers of services we may approve include a public or private organization with expertise in the delivery or coordination of vocational rehabilitation services, employment services, or other support services; or a public, private or parochial school that provides or coordinates a program of vocational rehabilitation services, employment services, or other support services carried out under an individualized program or plan.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Matching services to needs. Vocational services for substance abusers.

Problems with employment are common among individuals with substance use disorders, yet comprehensive vocational services are not generally available to them, and vocational interventions are often not matched to their specific needs. This article describes the wide range of vocational problems found among individuals with substance use disorders and the elements of a recently funded vocational program for patients in outpatient and residential drug and alcohol treatment programs. Data are presented describing program activity and documenting program effectiveness for the first 2 years of operation of the program. Three case histories are presented to illustrate the types of services delivered and the matching of services delivered to specific, identified client needs (see Case Histories).

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[30 years rehabilitation preparatory courses and their role in the future exemplified by the Hamburg vocational promotion center].

Over the last 30 years, some 12,000 disabled people have participated in the pre-rehabilitation courses ("Rehabilitationsvorbereitungslehrgänge", RVL) offered by the Hamburg Vocational Training Centre (on average, some 75% of all rehabilitees have attended RVLs prior to their specific vocational retraining); 90% of them successfully, hence able to start their retraining as scheduled. In some 1000 rehabilitees, the original occupational objective was reconsidered at the end of the course, attributable in particular to the fact that less than 40% of participants had gone through vocational assessment/work trial measures beforehand. Over these years, some 1400 rehabilitees obtained their lower secondary school leaving certificate (Hauptschulabschluss). Data collected over the last six years revealed that legasthenic disorders have been present in an average 7% of all RVL participants (a total of 50 persons a year), problems which were dealt with through special remedial measures to the extent that the prerequistites for successful retraining were achieved. Over the decades of their existence, the effectiveness of RVLs in preparing for successful vocational rehabilitation has been unchallenged. It is in particular the action competencies acquired in this preparatory phase already, such as team functioning, communication and project work skills as well as coping with the disablement present, that are found to complement and enhance the technical, occupation-specific competencies acquired during the retraining, so that subsequent job application and placement in gainful employment will have far greater prospects of lasting success than had the RVL training been omitted.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Twenty years of vocational training in the west of Scotland.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the career paths of doctors who completed vocational training in the west of Scotland between 1968 and 1987 and their views on the hospital component of their training. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of the experience and opinions of vocationally trained doctors obtained from a postal questionnaire. SETTING: West of Scotland. SUBJECTS: 1255 Doctors identified from Glasgow University records who had been vocationally trained in the west of Scotland between 1968 and 1987. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Personal details; employment; jobs held currently; additional professional commitments; importance of hospital posts held in various specialties to respondents currently in general practice; and retrospective choice of hospital posts, based on subsequent experience. RESULTS: 619 Responses were received, 543 initially and 76 after a letter of reminder, from a possible total of 974 (excluding 153 questionnaires returned by the post office and 128 returned because of misunderstanding between the name and address); the overall response rate was therefore 64%. 607/619 (98%) Respondents were employed at the time of the study, of whom 517/607 (85%) were in general practice. A third (202/609) had been unemployed at some point, significantly more of them women (122/243, 50% v 80/376, 21%; chi 2 = 54.8, p less than 0.001). 510/563 (91%) Respondents held one postgraduate qualification or more, and 284/612 (46%) had additional professional commitments. The hospital posts most commonly held were in obstetrics and gynaecology, psychiatry, paediatrics, and medicine. Medicine, obstetrics, paediatrics, and dermatology were considered to be the most relevant hospital specialties by those who had experience of them and were now in general practice. Although ophthalmology and ear, nose, and throat were not rated highly by these doctors, other respondents wished that they had held posts in these specialties (32 and 40 respectively). During the hospital training 354/475 (75%) respondents thought that they were looked on as a junior hospital doctor and not as a trainee for general practice. CONCLUSIONS: Most of those who had entered vocational training were in employment, and most were in general practice. According to them, the most beneficial hospital posts for vocational training are medicine, obstetrics, paediatrics, and dermatology. Trainees should be encouraged to attend clinics in gynaecology, ear, nose, and throat, and ophthalmology.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Vocational training for general practice in inner London. Is there a dearth? And if so what's to be done?

OBJECTIVE: To identify the nature and extent of any vocational training deficit within the London initiative zone and investigate the reasons. DESIGN: Collation of statistics and postal questionnaire surveys. SETTING: Thames regions inside and outside the London initiative zone. SUBJECTS: General practice registrars, trainers, principals from non-training practices, and vocational training course organisers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Trends in numbers of general practice registrars, proportions of trainers, views on current vocational training in inner London. RESULTS: Numbers of general practice registrars fell significantly between 1988 and 1993 within the London initiative zone and in England overall. The number of registrars within the zone fell by more than in the rest of the Thames regions, where the decline was not statistically significant. A lower proportion of principals were approved as trainers within the zone than in the rest of the Thames regions and England overall. In their responses to the survey (88% of inner London registrars responded and 81% of outer Thames registrars) registrars suggested that improving remuneration and personal safety would make training in London more attractive. Trainers and non-trainers (response rates 89% and 66% respectively) also suggested increasing remuneration for trainers together with more protected time for training. CONCLUSIONS: Less vocational training takes place within the London initiative zone than in the rest of the Thames regions and England overall, although there are discrepancies in official statistics. As well as specific recommendations for improving recruitment to vocational training in inner London, measures to tackle inner city deprivation should also remain high on the political agenda.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Vocational definition in the medical students: The influence of personality].

UNLABELLED: The vocational indefinition has been related by different authors with higher levels of personal immaturity, dependency sentiments or anxiety. In this paper, we analyses the possible rapport between specific personality traits and the vocational definition in the Medical Students. MATERIAL AND METHOD: It has been analyses 1484 students of 2nd year of Medicine in the Valencia University. They have responded an anonymous interview about their characteristic sociodemographics and their vocational interests. We determinate their Personality Profile with the 16 P.F. of Cattell. The done got has been analysed with Techniques of Regression Logistic. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the analysed population were female (62,7%) and with a medium age of 20 years. The majority of the students have definite vocationally in the 2nd year of Medicine: the 81% against the 19%. The students who haven't defined vocationally trend to be more unstable (C-), expedient (G-), strong minded (I-) and shrewd (N+). CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study seems to confirm the association between the career indecision in the Medical Students and specifics traits of personality, particularly the traits associated with the immaturity personal.

Adult↗