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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Low incidence of Vibrio vulnificus among Vibrio isolates from sea water and shellfish of the western Mediterranean coast.

A specific search for Vibrio vulnificus in natural marine samples from the Spanish Mediterranean Sea was carried out by nested PCR and cultural approaches using thiosulphate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (TCBS) and cellobiose-polymixin B-colistin agar (CPC), incubated at 40 degrees C, as selective media. Presumptive colonies were identified by PCR using specific primers against 23S rRNA sequences. This species was isolated from sea water and edible bivalves, mainly after preenrichment in alkaline peptone water (APW) at 40 degrees C followed by CPC agar. None of the V. vulnificus isolates identified corresponded to serovar E. Dominant Vibrio species on directly inoculated TCBS plates incubated at 25 degrees C were V. splendidus below 20 degrees C and V. harveyi and V. mediterranei above that temperature. Low percentages of several pathogenic vibrios were recorded but V. vulnificus was never recovered at this incubation temperature. The incidence of this species in the samples studied was lower than that described for other geographical areas, probably due to the high salinity values of the Mediterranean Sea.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

ToxR regulon of Vibrio cholerae and its expression in vibrios shed by cholera patients.

Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae cause cholera, a severe diarrheal disease responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Two determinants, cholera enterotoxin (CT) and toxin coregulated pilus (TCP) are critical factors responsible for this organism's virulence. The genes for these virulence determinants belong to a network of genes (the ToxR regulon) whose expression is modulated by transcriptional regulators encoded by the toxRS, tcpPH, and toxT genes. To define the ToxR regulon more fully, mutants defective in these regulatory genes were transcriptionally profiled by using V. cholerae genomic microarrays. This study identified 13 genes that were transcriptionally repressed by the toxT mutation (all involved in CT and TCP biogenesis), and 27 and 60 genes that were transcriptionally repressed by the tcpPH and toxRS mutations, respectively. During the course of this analysis, we validated the use of a genomic DNA-based reference sample as a means to standardize and normalize data obtained in different microarray experiments. This method allowed the accurate transcriptional profiling of V. cholerae cells present in stools from cholera patients and the comparison of these profiles to those of wild-type and mutant strains of V. cholerae grown under optimal conditions for CT and TCP expression. Our results suggest that vibrios present in cholera stools carry transcripts for these two virulence determinants, albeit at relatively low levels compared with optimal in vitro conditions. The transcriptional profile of vibrios present in cholera stools also suggests that the bacteria experienced conditions of anaerobiosis, iron limitation, and nutrient deprivation within the human gastrointestinal tract.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed2004

Vibrio neonatus sp. nov. and Vibrio ezurae sp. nov. isolated from the gut of Japanese abalones.

Five alginolytic, facultative anaerobic, non-motile bacteria were isolated from the gut of Japanese abalones (Haliotis discus discus, H. diversicolor diversicolor and H. diversicolor aquatilis). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene and gap gene sequences indicated that these strains are closely related to V. halioticoli. DNA-DNA hybridizations, FAFLP fingerprintings, and phylogenies of gap and 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the five strains represent two species different from all currently described vibrios. The names Vibrio neonatus sp. nov. (IAM 15060T = LMG 19973T = HDD3-1T; mol% G+C of DNA is 42.1-43.9), and Vibrio ezurae sp. nov. (IAM 15061T = LMG 19970T = HDS1-1T; mol% G+C of DNA is 43.6-44.8) are proposed to encompass these new taxa. The two new species can be differentiated from V. halioticoli on the basis of several features, including beta-galactosidase activity, assimilation of glycerol, D-mannose and D-gluconate.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1982

Conjugation of drug-resistance plasmids from vibrio anguillarum to Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Drug-resistant strains of Vibrio anguillarum, a fish pathogen, were isolated from diseased fish in culture ponds. In investigations of these strains, the transfer of resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and sulfanilamide from multiple resistant organisms to laboratory recipients was observed. The plasmid from V. anguillarum was stably maintained in both recipient strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Escherichia coli. The plasmids isolated from Vibrio anguillarum belong to incompatibility group C. The molecular weight of these plasmids determined by electron microscopic observation was about 103 to 113 megadaltons.

Chloramphenicol↗
PubMed1989

Hemolytic Vibrio cholerae O1 that is sensitive to Mukerjee's cholera phage IV and the phage produced by the hemolytic vibrio lysogenized with the infection of Mukerjee's cholera phage IV.

Strains of hemolytic Vibrio cholerae O1 (El Tor vibrio) which are sensitive to Mukerjee's cholera phage group IV were isolated from cholera patients in North-East Thailand in 1986. Plaques of the phage on these hemolytic V. cholerae O1 were usually translucent but almost transparent on some strains, just like the plaques on non-hemolytic V. cholerae O1 (classical vibrio). These hemolytic V. cholerae O1 were lysogenized with the infection of cholera phage IV, and the lysogenized strains produced phage different from cholera phage IV. These hemolytic strains were classified into Cured type in prophage typing of V. cholerae O1, El Tor, because they were also lysogenized with Kappa phage and were hemolytic. When Cured-type V. cholerae O1, El Tor previously isolated in various countries were examined for the sensitivity to cholera phage IV, some of the isolates were sensitive.

Bacteriophages↗
PubMed2006

Characterization of a Vibrio alginolyticus strain, isolated from Alaskan oysters, carrying a hemolysin gene similar to the thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin gene (trh) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

A Vibrio strain isolated from Alaskan oysters and classified by its biochemical characteristics as Vibrio alginolyticus possessed a thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin (trh) gene previously reported only in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. This trh-like gene was cloned and sequenced and was 98% identical to the trh2 gene of V. parahaemolyticus. This gene seems to be functional since it was transcriptionally active in early-stationary-phase growing cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report of V. alginolyticus possessing a trh gene.

Alaska↗
PubMed1988

Isolation from a coastal fish of Vibrio hollisae capable of producing a hemolysin similar to the thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

A vibrio isolated from the intestine of a coastal fish was identified as Vibrio hollisae by its biochemical characteristics. The isolate reacted with the gene probe for the thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The hemolysin produced by the isolate from the fish had traits identical to those of the thermostable direct hemolysin-like hemolysin produced by a clinical strain of V. hollisae.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

Occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and related hemolytic vibrios in marine environments of Washington State.

Samples of sediment, water, and fauna were tested for the presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and the related biotype V. alginolyticus. Altogether, 379 samples were analyzed quantitatively by using a starch-agar medium. Invertebrate and sediment samples were invariably positive for V. parahaemolyticus, whereas water samples were quite variable. Samples of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), obtained on a regular basis for 26 months from a single environment, showed a close correlation between total numbers of mesophilic vibrios and the overlying water temperature; the seasonal counts of oysters ranged from less than 10 to greater than 100,000 per g. Ecological implications and possible pathogenicity of these vibrios are discussed.

Agar↗
PubMed1979

Purification and characterization of a hemolysin produced by Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor: another toxic substance produced by cholera vibrios.

A thermolabile direct hemolysin from an El Tor cholera vibrio strain has been isolated and partially characterized as a simple protein of ca. 20,000 molecular weight. In addition to its hemolytic activity, the hemolysin is cytotoxic, cardiotoxic, and rapidly lethal. In these respects it resembles the thermostable direct hemolysin/cytotoxin/cardiotoxin/lethal toxin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and certain other bacterial hemolysins, although there are other significant differences. Because identical diseases are produced by both hemolytic and nonhemolytic cholera vibrios, the El Tor hemolysin may be presumed to be pathogenetically irrelevant. These observations raise the question of "When is a toxic substance also a toxin?"

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2002

VanT, a homologue of Vibrio harveyi LuxR, regulates serine, metalloprotease, pigment, and biofilm production in Vibrio anguillarum.

Vibrio anguillarum possesses at least two N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) quorum-sensing circuits, one of which is related to the luxMN system of Vibrio harveyi. In this study, we have cloned an additional gene of this circuit, vanT, encoding a V. harveyi LuxR-like transcriptional regulator. A V. anguillarum Delta vanT null mutation resulted in a significant decrease in total protease activity due to loss of expression of the metalloprotease EmpA, but no changes in either AHL production or virulence. Additional genes positively regulated by VanT were identified from a plasmid-based gene library fused to a promoterless lacZ. Three lacZ fusions (serA::lacZ, hpdA-hgdA::lacZ, and sat-vps73::lacZ) were identified which exhibited decreased expression in the Delta vanT strain. SerA is similar to 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenases and catalyzes the first step in the serine-glycine biosynthesis pathway. HgdA has identity with homogentisate dioxygenases, and HpdA is homologous to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenases (HPPDs) involved in pigment production. V. anguillarum strains require an active VanT to produce high levels of an L-tyrosine-induced brown color via HPPD, suggesting that VanT controls pigment production. Vps73 and Sat are related to Vibrio cholerae proteins encoded within a DNA locus required for biofilm formation. A V. anguillarum Delta vanT mutant and a mutant carrying a polar mutation in the sat-vps73 DNA locus were shown to produce defective biofilms. Hence, a new member of the V. harveyi LuxR transcriptional activator family has been characterized in V. anguillarum that positively regulates serine, metalloprotease, pigment, and biofilm production.

Biofilms↗
PubMed1983

Vibrio furnissii (formerly aerogenic biogroup of Vibrio fluvialis), a new species isolated from human feces and the environment.

Strains formerly classified as the aerogenic (gas-producing) biogroup of Vibrio fluvialis were shown by DNA relatedness to be a separate species. The species was named Vibrio furnissii sp. nov. (type strain ATCC 35016 = CDC B3215). Three strains of V. furnissii were 79% or more related to the type strain of V. furnissii and about 50% related to the type strain of V. fluvialis. V. fluvialis strains were 40 to 64% related to the type strain of V. furnissii. Divergence in related sequences was only 0.0 to 1.5% among strains of V. furnissii and among strains of V. fluvialis but was 5.0 to 8.0% in interspecific reactions between V. fluvialis and V. furnissii. V. furnissii was aerogenic (produced gas from the fermentation of carbohydrates), whereas V. fluvialis was anaerogenic (did not produce gas from the fermentation of carbohydrates). Another test of some help in differentiating the two species was fermentation of L-rhamnose (57% positive for V. furnissii and negative for V. fluvialis). In addition to the reactions above, V. furnissii is distinguished from other salt-requiring vibrios on the basis of its positive reactions in tests for Møller L-arginine, L-arabinose, maltose, and D-mannitol and its negative reactions for Møller L-lysine and L-ornithine, lactose, and Voges-Proskauer. V. furnissii has been isolated from patients with acute gastroenteritis in at least two outbreaks of food poisoning; its role as a cause of diarrhea needs further study.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1984

Wound infections caused by Vibrio vulnificus, a marine vibrio, in inland areas of the United States.

Vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic marine vibrio which may produce infection in wounds exposed to seawater or raw shellfish. The Centers for Disease Control has received two isolates from wounds exposed to inland waters, a New Mexico creek and an Oklahoma reservoir. Halophilic organisms were recovered from both the creek and the reservoir, and the water in both sites was found to be brackish. Both clinical isolates of V. vulnificus grew in salt concentrations as low as those found in the creek and reservoir. These cases illustrate the potential for pathogenic halophilic Vibrio species to live in brackish inland waters and produce infections in patients living in inland areas of the United States.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The plasmid profiles of fish pathogenic isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum, and Vibrio ordalii from the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Canada.

The plasmid profiles of oxytetracycline- and streptomycin-resistant isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum, and Vibrio ordalii were examined by agarose gel electrophoresis. Bacterial isolates were from disease outbreaks in fish on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Resistant isolates were examined when grown in the presence and absence of antibiotic. Alkaline lysis methods were used for plasmid isolation. Vibrio spp. were predominantly plasmidless, except for a 47-kilobase (kb) plasmid. Atlantic coast isolates of A. salmonicida possessed four or six plasmids, with four smaller plasmids ranging in size from 4.3 to 8.1 kb being consistently observed. The plasmid profiles of antibiotic-sensitive ATCC strains were identical. The plasmid profiles of the Pacific coast isolates of A. salmonicida varied slightly from those of the Atlantic coast isolates with six plasmids observed, ranging in size from 4.2 to 8.9 kb. Resistance to the antibiotics was not altered following plasmid curing experiments and resistance was not transferable to Escherichia coli. Thus, resistance to oxytetracycline and streptomycin did not appear to be plasmid mediated.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed2005

Vibrio vulnificus load reduction in oysters after combined exposure to Vibrio vulnificus--specific bacteriophage and to an oyster extract component.

Oysters infected with Vibrio vulnificus can present a serious health risk to diabetic, immunocompromised, and iron-deficient individuals. Numerous studies have been conducted with the goal of eliminating this organism from raw oysters. We utilized two natural oyster-associated components: pooled Vibrio vulnificus-specific bacteriophage and an extract of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) that contains an antimicrobial component we named anti-Vibrio vulnificus factor, which is bactericidal for V. vulnificus. Although each component alone can reduce V. vulnificus numbers independently, the simultaneous use of both components in an in vitro system successfully more effectively reduced V. vulnificus bacterial loads.

Animals↗
PubMed1965

Protective antigens from El Tor vibrios. 1. The preparation and properties of a purified protective antigen from an El Tor vibrio (Ogawa subtype).

A biochemically and immunologically homogeneous antigenic fraction having the properties of a lipopolysaccharide has been isolated from the culture supernatant of an El Tor vibrio (Ogawa subtype). This antigen was very specifically protective for mice challenged with Ogawa strains of either El Tor vibrios or Vibrio cholerae. Rabbit antisera prepared against the antigen were passively protective for mice and highly vibriocidal but had little agglutinating activity. However, the antigen was able specifically to absorb agglutinins, as well as mouse-protective and vibriocidal antibody from serum prepared against whole bacterial cells. The specific protective activity of this lipopolysaccharide was much greater than that of vaccines made from whole bacterial cells, and its toxicity in animals was about equivalent to that of whole cells. The relationship of activity to toxicity therefore represented an improvement over the vaccines that were studied.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Differentiation of environmental and clinical isolates of Vibrio mimicus from Vibrio cholerae by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis.

In this study, we demonstrated that analyzed strains of Vibrio mimicus and Vibrio cholerae could be separated in two groups by using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE) data from 14 loci. We also showed that the combination of four enzymatic loci enables us to differentiate these two species. Our results showed that the ribosomal intergenic spacer regions PCR-mediated identification system failed, in some cases, to differentiate between V. mimicus and V. cholerae. On the other hand, MEE proved to be a powerful molecular tool for the discrimination of these two species even when atypical strains were analyzed.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1983

Colonization of the rabbit small intestine by clinical and environmental isolates of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio mimicus.

We examined the capability of 12 isolates of non-cholera toxin-producing O1 and non-O1 Vibrio cholerae to colonize the small intestine of adult rabbits and cause diarrhea. Using the removable intestinal tie-adult rabbit diarrhea model, we found that eight environmental isolates that showed no or marginal biological activity in other diarrhea models (rabbit ileal loop, infant rabbit, and suckling mouse) appeared to be incapable of attaching to and colonizing, even transiently, the small intestinal mucosa of animals with normal clearance mechanisms. In contrast, three clinical isolates attached, proliferated rapidly, and colonized mucosal surfaces of the entire small intestine within 8 h of challenge. This led to diarrhea with strikingly high rates of mortality compared with that of rabbits given similar challenges doses with strains of O1 V. cholerae that produce cholera toxin and Vibrio mimicus, which produces a toxin similar to cholera toxin. We have further demonstrated that multiple exposures to enteric infection by these strains elicited local and serum antibodies that reacted strongly with cell surface antigens of the homologous strain and showed a high degree of cross-reactivity against the cell surface antigens of the two heterologous strains. The enteric infections appeared to engender protection against subsequent infection as well, as evidenced by reduced incidence of diarrhea and duration of fecal shedding of the challenge organism upon subsequent challenges.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Pathogenic factors of vibrios with special emphasis on Vibrio vulnificus].

Bacteria of the genus Vibrio are normal habitants of the aquatic environment and play roles for biocontrole of aquatic ecosystem, but some species are believed to be human pathogens. These species can be classified into two groups according to the types of diseases they cause: the gastrointestinal infections and the extraintestinal infections. The pathogenic species produce various pathogenic factors including enterotoxin, hemolysin, cytotoxin, protease, siderophore, adhesive factor, and hemagglutinin. We studied various pathogenic factors of vibrios with special emphasis on protease and hemolysin of V. vulnificus. V. vulnificus is now recognized as being among the most rapidly fatal of human pathogens, although the infection is appeared in patients having underlying disease(s) such as liver dysfunction, alcoholic cirrhosis or haemochromatosis. V. vulnificus protease (VVP) is thought to be a major toxic factor causing skin damage in the patients having septicemia. VVP is a metalloprotease and degrades a number of biologically important proteins including elastin, fibrinogen, and plasma proteinase inhibitors of complement components. VVP causes skin damages through activation of the Factor XII-plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade and/or exocytotic histamine release from mast cells, and a haemorrhagic lesion through digestion of the vascular basement membrane. Thus, the protease is the most probable candidate for tissue damage and bacterial invasion during an infection. Pathogenic roles and functional mechanism of other factors including hemolysins of V. vulnificus and V. mimicus are also shown in this review article.

Animals↗