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PubMedDate not supplied

Perceived parenting pattern and response to antidepressants in patients with major depression.

BACKGROUND: No systematic study has been conducted to explore the relationship of dysfunctional parenting early in life, as measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), to outcomes of depression, although a number of studies have related parenting behaviors to the development of depression in adulthood. METHODS: The relationship between PBI scores and 4-month outcomes after treatment with antidepressants was explored in 60 outpatients with major depression, controlling for potentially confounding factors. RESULTS: A multiple logistic regression analysis suggested that low levels of paternal care, unmarried condition, non-melancholic features, and a high isolation tendency were all factors that contributed to poor outcomes for depression. The predictive power of low paternal care was not influenced by levels of depression or neuroticism. LIMITATION: This study did not attempt to explore whether the effects of parenting of father and mother on outcomes for depression may differ between male and female subjects. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that low levels of paternal care may be an independent predictor of a poor response to treatment with adequate antidepressants.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Does unemployment in family affect pregnancy outcome in conditions of high quality maternity care?

BACKGROUND: The influence of unemployment in the family on pregnancy outcome is controversial. Only a few studies have involved investigation of the effect of unemployment of the father on pregnancy. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of unemployment of one or both parents on obstetric outcome in conditions of free antenatal care attended by the entire pregnant population. METHODS: The data of 24,939 pregnancies included maternal risk factors, pregnancy characteristics and outcome, and was based on a self administered questionnaire at 20 weeks of pregnancy and on clinical records. RESULTS: Unemployment was associated with adolescent maternal age, unmarried status and overweight, anemia, smoking, alcohol consumption and prior pregnancy terminations. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that after controlling for these maternal risk factors small differences only were found in pregnancy outcomes between unemployed and employed families. Unemployed women had significantly more often small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants, at an OR of 1.26 (95% CI: 1.12-1.42) whereas, in families where both parents were unemployed, the risk of SGA was even higher at an OR of 1.43 (95% CI: 1.18-1.73). Otherwise, pregnancy outcome was comparable in the groups studied. CONCLUSION: Free antenatal care was unable to fully overcome the adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with unemployment, SGA risk being highest when both parents are unemployed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Improving the delivery of prenatal care and outcomes of pregnancy: a randomized trial of nurse home visitation.

We evaluated a comprehensive program of prenatal and postpartum nurse home visitation. The program was designed to prevent a wide range of health and developmental problems in children born to primiparous women who were either teenagers, unmarried, or of low socioeconomic status. During pregnancy, women who were visited by nurses, compared with women randomly assigned to comparison groups, became aware of more community services; attended childbirth classes more frequently; made more extensive use of the nutritional supplementation program for women, infants, and children; made greater dietary improvements; reported that their babies' fathers became more interested in their pregnancies; were accompanied to the hospital by a support person during labor more frequently; reported talking more frequently to family members, friends, and service providers about their pregnancies and personal problems; and had fewer kidney infections. Positive effects of the program on birth weight and length of gestation were present for the offspring of young adolescents (less than 17 years of age) and smokers. In contrast to their comparison-group counterparts, young adolescents who were visited by nurses gave birth to newborns who were an average of 395 g heavier, and women who smoked and were visited by nurses exhibited a 75% reduction in the incidence of preterm delivery. (P less than or equal to .05 for all findings.)

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2005

Perception of peers' behaviour regarding sexual health decision making among female undergraduates in Anambra State, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: High-risk sexual behaviours are prevalent in tertiary educational institutions in Nigeria, but little is known about the social influences that bear on the reproductive health decision-making and behaviour of the undergraduates. On the other hand, perceptions regarding the behaviour and influence of peers have been documented to be key social factors associated with reproductive health behaviour of young people. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the perception of Nigerian female undergraduate about sexual behaviours of their peers and the type of influence their peers tend to exert on them. METHOD: The study was cross-sectional in nature and involved 588 randomly selected unmarried female undergraduates in two tertiary institutions in Anambra state, Nigeria. The study instrument was a self-administered questionnaire. Data was analysed using Epi-Info statistical package. RESULTS: Three-quarters of respondents were between 15 and 24 years and the majority were from homes with formally educated parents (91.2 % of mothers and 93.9 % of fathers). Regarding sexual behaviour, 80.1% of respondents indicated that their age mates were already sexually active, and 92 % indicated that most of their friends had regular sexual partners. The use of condoms by sexually active friends was reported by 58.5 % of respondents. Almost half (47.1 %) of respondents indicated that they were under pressure by friends to engage in pre-marital sex, and 22.1 % indicated that the pressure was moderate or severe in degree. However, 64.6 % of respondents indicated that they would receive moderate or lots of support for their friends if they made the decision to abstain from sex. CONCLUSION: Perception of sexual behaviour of peers and the nature of the pressure that peers exert support pre-marital sex. It appears peers would also respect and support the decision of those that choose to practice sexual abstinence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Judgment, 21 September 1987.

The plaintiff, an unmarried man, sought an order annulling his recognition of the paternity of a child born through artificial insemination of his live-in lover with the semen of an anonymous donor. The Court allowed the order even though the plaintiff had agreed to the insemination, on the grounds that it was incontestable that the husband was not the biological father of the child. Nonetheless, it ordered the plaintiff to pay 100,000 francs in damages to the child.

Behavior↗
PubMed1998

[Client characteristics at a center for treatment of drug dependence].

OBJECTIVE: Sociodemographic and psychopathological characteristics as well as treatment approaches to patients at an outpatient clinic for drug addicts are described. METHODS: Descriptive study based on randomly sampled medical charts and registration forms of subjects presenting for treatment from 1986 to 1993. RESULTS: The sample was made up predominantly of young white unmarried men, with low occupational status. The number of years of schooling was greater than that of individuals of the same age group in the general population. Thirty-six percent of the subjects were sons of broken-down marriages, 14% had been abandoned by parents during childhood and 14% had lost one of their parents by death. Fifty percent complained of an absent father in their upbringing. Sixteen percent of the patients reported physical abuse in their childhood and the father was the perpetrator in 68% of the cases. The mean age at which subjects started to use drugs was 17.4 years. Cocaine was by far the most abused drug, either alone (34%) or together with other drugs (52%). Slightly less than half of the individuals used marijuana, whereas one fifth were also addicted to alcohol. In the time interval covered by the study the proportion of cocaine abusers increased, whereas marijuana and intravenous drug users decreased among those subjects who attended the program. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provided information for services assessment and for the modification of the organization of the treatment of drug abuse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Forensic medicine aspects of surrogate mothers and artificial insemination].

Artificial insemination solves the problem of childlessness in a way never before thought possible. There is now often a lack of guiding principles in law, and new ethical questions have arisen. It would appear that homologous insemination is the simplest. This is recognized by the church; by doctors, even for unmarried couples. Heterological insemination, on the other hand, is only rarely acceptable to married couples, and then subject to the limits of generation, the avoidance of half-brothers and sisters, and gamete mistakes, as well as any commercialization. The medical standpoint and other legal developments must be reconciled with these factors; particularly the possibility of cancelling the anonymity of the sperm donor and the right to appeal of the social father. As a general principle, the ruling premise should be to place the burden of risk on the parents. With in-vitro fertilization, the existence of surplus embryos is particularly problematic. It is becoming more and more common to regard life as commencing in the zygote and not in the nidation. Can the scientific experiments permitted under the new professional regulations-even with more complicated requirements-be reconciled with this? Consensus can be reached in rejecting surrogate motherhood, since the danger of commercialization is too great, and propagation possibilities are being opened up which, to our present understanding, are irresponsible.

Expert Testimony↗
PubMed1987

A psychotherapeutic group for men.

Little has been written on group therapy designed to treat a group of all male patients. A group of male outpatients followed in individual psychotherapy were identified who shared several personality traits and faced similar psychosocial problems. These patients were 20 to 40 years old, unmarried, the majority unemployed and lacking heterosexual relationships. This report examines characteristics of these patients, themes arising during group sessions, aspects of group composition, techniques used in therapy and the outcome of various patients after six months of therapy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Child adoption in the Western Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea.

This study investigated the epidemiology of child adoption in the Western Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea. A prospective case-control study of 100 adopted and 100 control children matched by age and sex was done in 1995. The age at the time of adoption ranged from 7 days to 8 years with 64 being adopted in the neonatal period. 28 were adopted because the biological mother had died, 23 because the adoptive mothers had been unable to bear children and 16 because the biological mother was unmarried or 'too young'. Only 11 adopted children were not blood relatives of the adoptive mother; 10 children had been abandoned and 1 had been bought for cash. 97 adoptive mothers were married. The majority (61%) had no formal education and 95% were not in paid employment. Compared with the mothers of the control children fewer adoptive mothers had received any formal education and more of them smoked cigarettes, drank alcohol or chewed betelnut. Social characteristics of the adoptive fathers were similar to the fathers of the control children. Of the 66 living biological mothers for whom information was available, 39 (59%) were married, 16 (24%) single, 8 (12%) divorced and 3 (5%) widowed. For 21 (32%) of the biological mothers the adopted baby was their first. 19 adopted babies were breastfed, 8 exclusively, 6 with the addition of non-human milk and 5 with additional solid feeds. Two-thirds of the adopted children and only 5 controls were bottle-fed. There were no significant differences in nutritional status between the two groups and immunization status was similar. There was widespread ignorance about legal adoption procedures. Only 8 adoptive mothers had any knowledge of and only 2 had followed formal adoption procedures. In this group of adopted children it appeared that most were well cared for, as their nutritional status and immunization status were similar to non-adopted children. There have, however, been suggestions that adoption is a risk factor for child abuse in Papua New Guinea and adoption has recently been associated with severe malnutrition and mortality in a highlands hospital inpatient population. Information relating to formal adoption processes should be more widely disseminated throughout Papua New Guinean communities to protect the rights of adopted children and their adoptive parents.

Adoption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Beyond marital status: relationship type and duration and the risk of low birth weight.

CONTEXT: Unmarried women have higher rates of low birth weight than married women. However, assumptions that unmarried women are uniformly at a disadvantage may be unfounded. A woman's relationship characteristics may be more relevant for infant health than her formal marital status. METHODOLOGY: Data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth were used to analyze associations between relationship characteristics and low birth weight among U.S. women aged 15-44 with a recent singleton live birth. Unadjusted odds ratios were generated to indicate the crude effects of independent variables, including relationship type and relationship duration at the time of conception. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to assess the impact of relationship variables on the likelihood of low birth weight, taking into account the effects of other covariates. RESULTS: In multivariate models of all women and non-Hispanic black women, relationship type and duration were not associated with low birth weight. However, low birth weight was almost six times as likely among Hispanic women in nonmarital, noncohabiting relationships as among those who were married. Surprisingly, among non-Hispanic white women, low birth weight was less likely among those in nonmarital, noncohabiting relationships than among those who were married. Unexpected associations also were found among low birth weight, race and ethnicity, and relationship duration: Low birth weight was more likely among non-Hispanic white women in relationships of from five to 10 years in length than among those in relationships of longer than 10 years and less likely among Hispanic women in relationships of one year or less than among those in a relationship for more than 10 years. CONCLUSION: Although unmarried women in the United States have higher rates of low birth weight than married women, many unmarried women are at no greater risk of low birth weight than their married counterparts. The findings confirm the need to consider the characteristics of relationships when examining the association of mother's "union status" and birth outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Births: final data for 1997.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents 1997 data on U.S. births according to a wide variety of characteristics. Data are presented for maternal demographic characteristics including age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, and educational attainment; maternal lifestyle and health characteristics (medical risk factors, weight gain, and tobacco and alcohol use); medical care utilization by pregnant women (prenatal care, obstetric procedures, complications of labor and/or delivery, attendant at birth, and method of delivery); and infant health characteristics (period of gestation, birthweight, Apgar score, abnormal conditions, congenital anomalies, and multiple births). Also presented are birth and fertility rates by age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, and marital status. Selected data by mother's State of residence are shown including teenage birth rates and total fertility rates, as well as data on month and day of birth, sex ratio, and age of father. Trends in fertility patterns and maternal and infant characteristics are described and interpreted. METHODS: Descriptive tabulations of data reported on the birth certificates of the 3.9 million births that occurred in 1997 are presented. RESULTS: Birth and fertility rates declined very slightly in 1997. Birth rates for teenagers fell 3 to 5 percent. Rates for women in their twenties changed very little, whereas rates for women in their thirties rose 2 percent. The number of births and the birth rate for unmarried women each declined slightly in 1997 while the percent of births that were to unmarried women was unchanged. Smoking by pregnant women overall dropped again in 1997, but continued to increase among teenagers. Improvements in prenatal care utilization continued. The cesarean delivery rate increased slightly after declining for 7 consecutive years. The proportion of multiple birth continued to rise; higher order multiple births (e.g., triplets, quadruplets) rose by 14 percent in 1997, following a 20 percent rise from 1995 to 1996. Key measures of birth outcome--the percents of low birthweight and preterm births--increased, with particularly large increases in the preterm rate. These changes are in large part the result of increases in multiple births.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Births: final data for 1998.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents 1998 data on U.S. births according to a wide variety of characteristics. Data are presented for maternal demographic characteristics including age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, and educational attainment; maternal lifestyle and health characteristics (medical risk factors, weight gain, and tobacco and alcohol use); medical care utilization by pregnant women (prenatal care, obstetric procedures, complications of labor and/or delivery, attendant at birth, and method of delivery); and infant health characteristics (period of gestation, birthweight, Apgar score, abnormal conditions, congenital anomalies, and multiple births). Also presented are birth and fertility rates by age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, and marital status. Selected data by mother's State of residence are shown including teenage birth rates and total fertility rates, as well as data on month and day of birth, sex ratio, and age of father. Trends in fertility patterns and maternal and infant characteristics are described and interpreted. METHODS: Descriptive tabulations of data reported on the birth certificates of the 3.94 million births that occurred in 1998 are presented. RESULTS: Birth and fertility rates increased in 1998 by about 1 percent, the first increase since 1990. Birth rates for teenagers fell 2-5 percent. Rates for women in their twenties increased 1-2 percent each, whereas rates for women in their thirties rose 2-4 percent. All measures of childbearing by unmarried women increased in 1998; the number of births rose 3 percent, the birth rate increased about 1 percent while the percent of births that were to unmarried women rose to 32.8 percent. Smoking by pregnant women overall dropped again in 1998, but continued to increase among teenagers. Improvements in prenatal care utilization continued. The cesarean delivery rate increased for the second year after declining for 7 consecutive years. The proportion of multiple births continued to rise; higher order multiple births (e.g., triplets, quadruplets) rose by 13 percent in 1998, following a 14 percent rise from 1996 to 1997. Key measures of birth outcome--the percents of low birthweight and preterm births--increased. These changes are in large part the result of increases in multiple births.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Births: final data for 1999.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents 1999 data on U.S. births according to a wide variety of characteristics. Data are presented for maternal demographic characteristics including age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, and educational attainment; maternal characteristics (medical risk factors, weight gain, tobacco and alcohol use); medical care utilization by pregnant women (prenatal care, obstetric procedures, complications of labor and/or delivery, attendant at birth, and method of delivery); and infant characteristics (period of gestation, birthweight, Apgar score, abnormal conditions, congenital anomalies, and multiple births). Also presented are birth and fertility rates by age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, and marital status. Selected data by mother's State of residence are shown, as well as data on month and day of birth, sex ratio, and age of father. Trends in fertility patterns and maternal and infant characteristics are described and interpreted. METHODS: Descriptive tabulations of data reported on the birth certificates of the 3.96 million births that occurred in 1999 are presented. RESULTS: Overall birth and fertility rates changed less than 1 percent in 1999. Teenage birth rates fell 2 to 6 percent. The rate for women aged 20-24 years declined slightly, while rates for women in their late twenties and their thirties rose 2 to 3 percent each. The number of births to unmarried women, the birth rate, and the percent of births that were to unmarried women each rose 1 percent or less. Smoking by pregnant women overall dropped again, but rose among women aged 18-24 years. Improvements in prenatal care utilization continued. The cesarean delivery rate increased for the third year after declining for 7 consecutive years. The proportion of multiple births continued to rise; however, higher order multiple births (e.g., triplets, quadruplets) declined for the first time in over a decade, following increases of 13 percent per year during 1990-98. The percent low birthweight remained at 7.6 percent, while preterm births rose to 11.8 percent. These trends are in large part the result of increases in multiple births.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Family and community support for urban adolescent mothers.

The family and community support of adolescent mothers who returned to school was described. One hundred and nine African American, unmarried, primiparous, postpartum students, enrolled in 20 public high schools of a large midwestern city from 1986 to 1989, completed the questionnaire. The Cronbach alpha for internal consistency was .90 for the Resource Size Scale. Results showed that (a) the support from professionals in community agencies was less frequently mentioned by the postpartum students than support from the family, (b) more than 20% of the students had no one available to provide positive feedback and assist with household tasks, (c) the student's mother and the baby's father were most involved in providing support, but differed by support functions, and (d) the baby's father's family was involved in providing support. The school nurses and other professionals need to assist adolescent mothers in seeking support from both the family and the community systems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Report of final natality statistics, 1996.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents 1996 data on U.S. births according to a wide variety of characteristics. Data are presented for maternal demographic characteristics including age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, and educational attainment; maternal lifestyle and health characteristics (medical risk factors, weight gain, tobacco and alcohol use); medical care utilization by pregnant women (prenatal care, obstetric procedures, complications of labor and/or delivery, attendant at birth, and method of delivery); and infant health characteristics (period of gestation, birthweight, Apgar score, abnormal conditions, congenital anomalies, and multiple births). Also presented are birth and fertility rates by age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, and marital status. Selected data by mother's State of residence are shown including teenage birth rates and total fertility rates, as well as data on month and day of birth, sex ratio, and age of father. Trends in fertility patterns and maternal and infant characteristics are described and interpreted. METHODS: Descriptive tabulations of data reported on the birth certificates of the 3.9 million births that occurred in 1996 are presented. RESULTS: Birth and fertility rates declined very slightly in 1996. Birth rates for teenagers fell 3 to 8 percent. Rates for women in their twenties increased slightly in 1996, the first increase since 1990, while rates for women in their thirties rose 2 to 3 percent. The number and percent of births to unmarried women increased slightly in 1996 while the birth rate for unmarried women declined modestly. Smoking by pregnant women overall dropped again in 1996, but increased among teenagers. Improvements in prenatal care utilization continued. The cesarean delivery rate declined. The proportion of multiple births continued to rise; higher order multiple births (e.g., triplets, quadruplets) rose by 19 percent. Key measures of birth outcome--the percents of low birthweight and preterm births--increased slightly, in large part the result of increases in multiple births.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Unmarried parenthood: new insights from the Millennium Cohort Study.

This study uses information from the Millennium Cohort Study to examine the characteristics of families where children are born within a marriage, within a cohabiting union or outside of a co-residential partnership. For this latter group, for the first time in a national data set, an assessment can be made of the 'strength' of the parent's relationship at the time of the birth. We show that the context of childbearing varies with respect to geography, ethnicity, age, parity and educational status of the mother, and that the socioeconomic wellbeing of families varies according to the partnership status of their parents. A closer look at the non-partnered parents shows that the extent to which the fathers were involved with the mother of the child around the time the baby was born was related to the presence of the father at the birth of the child and whether his name was recorded on the child's birth certificate; as well as to subsequent behaviour, such as, whether they moved in with the mother, saw their children on a regular basis or contributed money to the child's maintenance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Home environment of children in a new Stockholm suburb. A prospective longitudinal study.

Children who were born in the early 1980s in the Stockholm suburb that was studied had a home environment that may be described as follows. The material standards in the area were good, the dwellings were spacious and modern, the outdoor environment was pleasant for children and the municipal service facilities were well developed. The transport services to the city are frequent, comfortable and convenient. In a typical case, the parents are about 30 years old, they are of old Swedish stock and are living together, married or unmarried. They received a good education and usually also occupational training. Generally, both parents have a job outside the home. In quite a few such cases the mother has shift- or nightwork. Although both parents have jobs, the family surprisingly often has financial problems. Thus more than one family in five needed financial assistance from the authorities. The financial difficulties may be due to illness and addiction in the parents. About one in ten of the mothers has been hospitalised for a chronic somatic disease and about one in ten of the fathers is in the records for alcoholism. Criminality is also common, every sixth or seventh father having a police record. About every fourth child born in this suburb will grow up in a home where either the father or the mother is known for an addiction and/or criminality, and/or has been treated for mental illness. To conjure up and describe the atmosphere in a home in this suburb is not easy but in the present study information was obtained supporting the suspicion that many homes are characterised by insecurity, isolation and hopelessness and a serious unsatisfied need for help. Many of the mothers have grown up in rather special social conditions--for instance, in "broken homes", or with an alcoholic father or a mentally ill mother. As a result, nearly every tenth mother had been placed outside the home at an early age (in a foster-home or suchlike). In later years also, many of the mothers have had the burden of sick, malformed or mentally retarded children in their home, or have experienced the serious illness or death of some person close to them. Particularly in the period before their child's birth many women have had reason to feel anxious. About one woman in three has already had a miscarriage and/or abortion, and during pregnancy she may have suffered from serious nausea or depression. Quite a few also needed to take medicines during that time. In many families, it is reported, the man and woman have had trouble in living together, with resultant divorce situations, quarrels and assaults.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Child Development↗
PubMed1972

A study of contraception as related to unwanted pregnancy.

A study was made of 150 women requesting therapeutic abortion. Mechanical failure of the contraceptive method used accounted for unwanted pregnancy in 89 (59%) women. In the remainder no method of contraception was used by either partner. Among women requesting abortion, failure to use contraceptives was commoner in the younger and unmarried than in older and married women.The data obtained were analyzed in an attempt to explain the failure and avoidance of contraception. Suggestions are made as to how to discourage the use of abortion as a method of contraception.

Abortion, Legal↗