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PubMed1984

Issues in the growth of cities of the USSR in light of the decisions of the 26th party congress.

The author discusses "varying strategies of urbanization and city growth for the Soviet macroregions--European USSR, Siberia, and Central Asia." Several important research areas are outlined, including global aspects of urbanization, forecasts of urban growth in the USSR, formulation of a theory and methods for categorizing urban formation, urbanization and environmental concerns, mathematical modeling of urban systems, and research on specific urban systems.

Demography↗
PubMed1986

Regional population redistribution in the USSR: 1979-84.

"The primary purpose of this paper is to assess very broadly the regional growth and redistribution of the total, urban and rural populations of the USSR, as well as aggregate, regional and city size patterns of urbanization for the 1979-84 period. In order to investigate the continuity or reversal of trends, comparisons with preceding intercensal periods will also be undertaken, particularly with the 1970-79 period." It is found that "regional rates of population change between 1979 and 1984 were generally lower than those of 1970-79, primarily due to a general decline in natural increase rates. In addition, regional variations in rates of population change for the 1979-84 period were similar to those of the 1970-79 period.... The USSR has apparently reversed its long-term trend of deconcentration in the sense that the population as a whole is becoming more concentrated again, but this time in a new area of concentration, Central Asia, which is now the most populous economic region."

Demography↗
PubMed1992

Three types of birthrates in the USSR: stages of demographic transition.

"Regional differences in birthrate indicators, which are primarily associated with different stages of the demographic transition, are examined in three typical USSR republics: post-transitional (Estonia), transitional (Azerbaijan), and pre-transitional (Tajikistan). Demographic transition theory in the explanation and forecasting of birthrate trends is discussed. It is concluded that the experience of the USSR supports the universal nature of this theory."

Asia↗
PubMed1988

Soviet fertility as viewed by Soviet authors: the Franco-Soviet demographic meeting of Suzdal (USSR).

The author reports on the Franco-Soviet Seminar of Demography, held in Suzdal, USSR, in 1986. She examines "how the problem of fertility is viewed by Soviet authors, why and when they began to study its theoretical aspects, and what means they propose to raise fertility." Topics considered include sources of information on fertility in the USSR; analysis of fertility and reproductive behavior; the study of selected determinants of fertility, including geographical and ethnic differences, female labor force participation, and the relationships among family planning, health, and reproductive behavior; and means of developing an effective population policy.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed1992

Analysis of mortality data from the former USSR: age-period-cohort analysis.

The objective of this article is to review research on age-period-cohort (APC) analysis of mortality and to trace the effects of contemporary and historical factors on mortality change in the former USSR. Several events in USSR history have exerted a lasting influence on its people. These influences may be captured by an APC model in which the period effects measure the impact of contemporary factors and the cohort effects the past history of individuals which cannot be attributed to age or stage in the life cycle. APC models are extensively applied in the study of mortality. This article presents the statistical theory of the APC models and shows that they belong to the family of generalized linear models. The parameters of the APC model may therefore be estimated by any package of loglinear analysis that allows for hybrid loglinear models.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Assessment of major carcinogens and alkaloids in the tobacco and mainstream smoke of USSR cigarettes.

Tobacco and mainstream smoke of USSR cigarettes were analyzed for carcinogens. The pH values of suspensions of the tobacco (5.4-5.6) and the nitrate content of the tobaccos (0.4-1.7%) were as expected for flue-cured and sun-cured tobaccos and mixtures thereof. The nicotine levels of the cigarette tobaccos (0.76-0.94%) and total alkaloid content (0.85-1.08%) were relatively low compared with tobaccos used in Western European and US cigarettes. The concentrations of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in the cigarette tobaccos were also low (N'-nitrosonornicotine 0.36-0.85 microgram/g) compared with those in bright, oriental and blended cigarette tobaccos in Western countries (0.3-19 microgram/g). The 2 non-filter and 4 filter cigarettes from the USSR had slow burning rates and yielded 14.0-16.7 puffs/cigarette, while puff yields for commercial cigarettes in Western countries average less than or equal to 11 puffs/cigarette. Consequently, tar and benzo(a)pyrene yields in the smoke of all cigarettes as well as nitrosamine yields were high, especially in the smoke of the filter cigarettes. It appears that an increase in the burning rates of these cigarettes should lead to lower smoke yields.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1991

Scientific and clinical biofeedback in the USSR.

This paper describes the history of biofeedback research and application in the USSR. The approach of USSR scientists to the study of basic mechanisms of biofeedback and the status of clinical applications of biofeedback in the Soviet Union are described. Trends in the publication of biofeedback-related papers in Russian are presented, and the present "state of the art" described. Promising prospects for biofeedback research and application are discussed.

Biofeedback, Psychology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Plague and Glasnost. First information about human cases in the USSR in 1989 and 1990.

In October 1989 the first case of plague death in the USSR was reported to WHO. This occurrence in man did not surprise plague experts. The country has extensive enzootic areas and the persistence of natural foci, which can be silent for many years, has been well studied. It is known that the plague bacillus can survive and multiply in the soil of rodent burrows and restart local or more extensive transmissions in carrier animals. Isolated cases in man can remain accidental or they may signal a larger epizootic outbreak. The official policy of the comprehensive antiplague services was to eradicate the natural foci by antirodent activities which proved impossible. The present report from the Central Asian part of the USSR in the wake of Glasnost augurs well for the surveillance of plague worldwide as for a period of over fifty years the occurrence of cases in man in this country had been denied.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Preliminary results on the frequency of the delta F508 mutation in cystic fibrosis patients from the USSR.

The frequency of the delta F508 mutation in a sample of 29 cystic fibrosis (CF) families from the USSR is equal to 44.8%, in agreement with previously reported haplotype data. If confirmed on a larger sample of CF patients from the USSR, this result might be indicative of the presence of a larger heterogeneity of CF mutations in the Soviet population than in other European populations.

Cystic Fibrosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immune status against diphtheria among immigrants from the former USSR who arrived in Israel during 1990-1991.

Large outbreaks of diphtheria occurred recently in the former USSR. Between 1989 and 1994, a total of about 600,000 Soviet immigrants arrived in Israel. The immune status against diphtheria in a sample of 992 men aged 17-49 and 195 women aged 17-19, who arrived in Israel during 1990-91, was studied in order to evaluate the need for vaccination. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire and diphtheria antitoxin antibody levels were measured by means of ELISA. At age 17-19, the prevalence of antitoxin antibody levels below the protective level of 0.01 IU/ml was 4.8% in the men and 2.1% in the women. Among the men, the percentage lacking protection declined from 4.8% at age 17-19 years to 1.6% at age 20-24, and increased to 18.2% at age 35-49. In the oldest group, the prevalence of those lacking protection was considerably higher than for the general Israeli population. In the multivariate analysis, age, mother's education and republic of origin were significantly associated with the absence of protection. Immigrants from the former USSR appear to be more susceptible to diphtheria, thus increasing the possibility of clinical disease, and it is recommended that they receive booster doses of diphtheria toxoid.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biogeochemical regioning problems and the biogeochemical selenium provinces in the former USSR.

Current trends in biogeochemical research in the former USSR are exemplified for the trace element selenium (Se). Vast regions of the former USSR are low in Se, giving rise to selenium deficiency diseases in animals and to Kaschin-Beck disease in humans, whereas isolated high-Se regions are comparatively rare. The Se content of plants depends on geological soil-type and secondary processes such as weathering and leaching. In general, a direct correlation between the Se content of feedstock and of the blood in animals is observed, whereas corresponding data for humans remain to be accumulated.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Geographic variation in cancer incidence in the USSR: estimating the proportion of avoidable cancer.

BACKGROUND. The Soviet Union offers a unique frame in which to study geographic variation in cancer incidence because of its uniform registration system of all newly diagnosed cancer cases throughout its 15 republics and 162 oblasts (administrative units). Variation in cancer rates is stronger when examined by oblasts than it is when examined by republics. In 1986, the age-standardized all-site cancer incidence rate for both sexes, in the Soviet republic having the highest overall rate (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic for males, Lithuania for females) was about twice that of the Soviet republic with the lowest all-site cancer rate (Georgia). Within Soviet oblasts (data are from 1979), the ratio of the highest to the lowest rates was about 4 for all sites, 144 for male oesophageal cancer, and 303 for female oesophageal cancer. The excess incidence in the entire USSR compared with the republic having the lowest all-site incidence rate was 59% for males and 49% for females. CONCLUSION. Although the observed differences between republics or between oblasts are partially due to uneven quality of data recording or to statistical variability related to population sizes, there is a strong geographic variation of cancer incidence rates in the USSR that suggests a potentially important role of environmental factors in cancer etiology.

Environment↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A survey of the occurrence of deoxynivalenol in wheat from 1986-1988 harvests in the USSR.

The occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON; vomitoxin) in wheat from 1986-1988 harvests in the USSR was surveyed. A significant frequency of DON contamination (81.3% of samples analyzed) was observed. A correlation between levels of DON contamination and percentage of Fusarium-damaged kernels was demonstrated. It was shown that DON contamination did not exceed the maximum tolerated level (MTL) established in the USSR (1.0 mg/kg) if samples contained no more than 0.6% of Fusarium-damaged kernels.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Roles of the wolf and the raccoon dog in the ecology and epidemiology of rabies in the USSR.

At the end of the 1960s, the roles of the wolf and the raccoon dog in the ecology and epidemiology of rabies in the USSR increased rapidly. This increase was caused by a lack of attention to measures of wolf control and by the introduction of the raccoon dog into the European part of the USSR. The intensification of control measures led to a decrease in the role played by these animals in the ecology and epidemiology of rabies.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Reproductive patterns and cancer incidence in women: a population-based correlation study in the USSR.

Many of the known or suspected risk factors of sex hormone-dependent cancers in women (low parity, delay in childbearing, etc) are typical features of modern reproductive behaviour. Within the USSR regional variations in principal reproductive characteristics and the incidence of breast and cervical cancers have been studied using standard correlation and regression analysis. The associations identified in previous analytical studies are generally present in the overall USSR population. However, the demographic peculiarities of this country (low mean ages at marriage and first birth, high rate of induced abortions, etc) introduce specificity into these relationships. The principal findings are: prevailing influence of parity versus age at first birth on regional variation of breast cancer incidence; consistent association between abortion rates (total, out-of-hospital and in primigravidas) and incidence of both breast and cervical cancers; suggested positive associations of early marriage and first birth with cervical cancer risk. Most of the reproductive variables studied affect the incidence of breast and cervical cancers in opposite ways.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Sunlight and breast cancer incidence in the USSR.

Epidemiological and laboratory evidence suggest that vitamin D may play a role in reducing risk of breast cancer. Lack of exposure to ultraviolet sunlight can increase the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, and may place some populations at higher risk of breast cancer. The association between total average annual sunlight energy striking the ground and age-adjusted breast cancer incidence rates in the USSR was evaluated. Breast cancer had a threefold range of incidence. Sunlight levels varied from 210 to 400 calories per cm2 per day. A statistically significant negative association was found between breast cancer incidence rates and total sunlight levels (R = -0.75, p = 0.001). The slope of the regression line corresponded to two additional cases per 100,000 per year for each reduction of 35 calories per cm2 of sunlight. The pattern of increased breast cancer incidence in regions of low solar radiation in the USSR is consistent with the geographical pattern seen for breast cancer mortality in the US and worldwide. A positive relationship between socioeconomic status and breast cancer incidence was also present in the Soviet Union, based on an approximate socioeconomic measure, the number of doctors per 1000 population (R = +0.89, p = 0.0001). The possibility that correlates of socioeconomic status, such as dietary, ethnic, or behavioural factors, could account for the association is discussed.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1988

Lyme borreliosis in the Soviet Union: a cooperative US-USSR report.

We identified 90 patients with tick-borne erythema migrans in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in areas from the western Baltic Republics to the Maritime Territory on the Pacific Ocean. Symptoms associated with the erythema included fever, malaise and fatigue, headache, myalgias, arthralgias, or regional lymphadenopathy. Within two weeks to four months, 58 (64%) of the patients developed neurological abnormalities, particularly radicular pain, cranial neuritis, or lymphocytic meningitis, and four (4%) patients developed monoarticular or oligoarticular arthritis. We tested the sera from 35 Soviet patients by using an isolate from the United States. The serological data showed elevated IgM and/or IgG antibody titers to Borrelia burgdorferi in 2 of 10 patients with erythema migrans, 15 of 21 with neurological abnormalities, and 2 of 4 with arthritis. Our observations suggest that Lyme borreliosis occurs in diverse areas of the USSR.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

"East side story": on being an epidemiologist in the former USSR: an interview with Marcus Klingberg.

Marcus Klingberg was born on 7 October 1918, in Warsaw, Poland, into a Hasidic, rabbinical family. After the Nazi invasion of Poland, he escaped to the USSR where he trained and worked as an epidemiologist from 1939 to 1945. For 35 years after the war, he continued his professional work in Israel. The harsh conditions within the Soviet Union during World War II provided a challenging setting for epidemiologic work-a setting that has remained largely hidden from Western view. In this interview, Klingberg describes his work as an epidemiologist in the USSR and his subsequent encounter with Western epidemiology.

Emigration and Immigration↗