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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

The value of a single Widal test in the diagnosis of acute typhoid fever.

During an outbreak of typhoid fever in A1-Salt town, Jordan a study was made to correlate patient's positive blood culture for Salmonella typhi with a single Widal agglutination test during the acute stage of the disease. 24/26 (92%) of the patients with positive blood culture developed TO, TH or both agglutinin titres of 1/80 and more. This study indicates that a single Widal test is probably highly diagnostic in acute cases of typhoid fever.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Efficacy of various antimicrobial agents in the treatment of epidemic typhoid fever].

During superepidemic of a typhoid fever in Tadjikistan the efficiency of application in clinics and of 14 antimicrobial agents representing almost all basic chemical classes was investigated. Remarkable variation of frequency and type of S. typhi resistance to these preparations up to epidemic and especially in its process was demonstrated. The absence of absolute (100%) efficacy of the investigated agents in vivo and in vitro was shown. The reasons of low efficacy of etiotropic treatment of the patients with typhoid fever are analysed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Randomized comparison of aztreonam and chloramphenicol in treatment of typhoid fever.

Patients with clinical typhoid fever plus a blood, bone marrow, or bile positive for Salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi were included in an open clinical trial to compare the efficacy of aztreonam (6 g/day [2 g intravenously every 8 h]) given for 10 days with that of chloramphenicol (50 mg/kg of body weight per day [intravenously or orally]) administered for 14 days. A total of 44 patients, 22 in each group, were included in the study, and both groups were comparable in terms of baseline parameters. All patients randomized to receive chloramphenicol completed the 14 days of treatment, while two patients randomized to receive aztreonam developed an intestinal hemorrhage, and a third patient elected to withdraw from the trial. Defervescence occurred more quickly in the subjects receiving chloramphenicol than in those receiving aztreonam (P < 0.05). All patients in the chloramphenicol group were clinically cured during therapy, while four patients (21%) in the group receiving aztreonam were declared clinical treatment failures. None of the 19 patients receiving aztreonam, compared with 7 of 22 (32%) patients receiving chloramphenicol, had a positive blood culture after 24 h of therapy (P < 0.05). Adverse experiences were unusual and mild. In the study, aztreonam was less effective than chloramphenicol with regard to clinical effectiveness and time of defervescence but was more effective in the elimination of the infecting Salmonella organisms from the bloodstream.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Fluoroquinolones in the treatment of typhoid fever and the carrier state.

Typhoid fever remains an important public health problem throughout the world with a higher morbidity and mortality rate in the developing countries. Early establishment of the diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment with chloramphenicol, ampicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is not necessarily followed by complete resolution of the infection. Between 1% and 6% of patients with typhoid fever become chronic biliary carriers of Salmonella typhi. These carriers are potential factors in the continued transmission of the disease. The increasing emergence worldwide of strains showing multiple resistance to the agents traditionally used in therapy has encouraged investigators to seek alternatives such as third generation cephalosporins and recently the new 4-quinolones, which have greater activity against Salmonella typhi including multi-resistant strains. The fluoroquinolones seem to be the treatment of choice in those regions where resistant strains of Salmonella typhi are prevalent.

4-Quinolones↗
PubMed1995

Retrospective review of dot enzyme immunoassay test for typhoid fever in an endemic area.

Typhoid fever remains a common problem in Malaysia, but for its diagnosis both blood culture and the Widal test have drawbacks. A dot enzyme immunoassay (EIA) has been developed which detects IgM and IgG antibodies to a specific 50 kDa outer membrane protein on Salmonella typhi. This study was performed among outpatients attending the university hospital in Kelantan, a state on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia where typhoid is endemic. The dot EIA was done on 149 outpatients of all ages in whom typhoid was suspected. Of these, 60 were not analysable due to insufficient data. The other 89 were retrospectively classed as typhoid (total = 21), or not typhoid (total = 68). The criteria for diagnosis of typhoid was either, blood culture was positive, or with blood culture negative, temperature was at least 38 degrees C and Widal O and/or H titer greater than or equal to 1/160. We then compared the diagnosis with the EIA result. For the result where either IgM or IgG was positive, sensitivity was 90%, specificity 91% and negative predictive value 97%. For IgM positive, specificity was 100%. But the specificity of IgG positive alone was reduced by six false positives, which were probably due to persistence of IgG after acute infection. Other cases were found where IgG positive alone appeared in the first week of typhoid fever, probably due to rapid response in a second or subsequent infection. We also found that IgM-producing patients were significantly younger than those showing IgG alone positive.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Transient, acquired glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Thai children with typhoid fever.

Seventy nine children with typhoid fever were studied, 45 were males and 34 were females. There were 9 out of 45 males patients (20%) who had definite G-6-PD deficiency of whom 3 had acute intravascular hemolysis. The rest of the patients had transient low enzyme activity during the first few weeks of their illness, with reticulocytopenia. Their G-6-PD activities rose up to normal level later in the course of the disease while the reticulocytes were also increased. This study demonstrated that even in normal G-6-PD subjects, typhoid fever can cause transient, acquired low G-6-PD level due to bone marrow suppression. It was suggested from this study that quantitative G-6-PD assay was more useful and sensitive than the screening method and that long term follow up is needed in the case that had unexplained low G-6-PD activity.

Child↗
PubMed1993

Epidemiology of typhoid fever in Singapore.

A total of 1452 cases of typhoid fever was notified in Singapore from 1980-9. The morbidity rates of indigenous cases showed a steady decline from 5.9 per 100,000 population in 1980 to 1.2 per 100,000 population in 1989. The mean case fatality was 0.8%. Children, adolescents and young adults were most susceptible to typhoid fever. There was no significant difference in morbidity rates between the major ethnic groups. The vast majority of indigenous cases were sporadic while outbreaks accounted for almost one third of them. Food was the main vehicle of transmission. The commonest indigenous phage types were B1, D1 and A. Antimicrobial resistance was infrequently seen. The proportion of imported cases rose from 32% in 1980 to 72% in 1989. Almost half (48.5%) of all imported cases were local residents who contracted typhoid fever while travelling in endemic countries. As imported cases assume greater importance in the epidemiology of typhoid fever in Singapore, further drop in typhoid fever incidence would require reduction of travel-related cases through greater awareness of food hygiene and effective vaccination.

Adolescent↗