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PubMed2004

New woody and ambery notes from cedarwood and turpentine oil.

The development of a new product in the chemical industry is still driven by needs like technical properties, price/performance ratio, biodegradability, or product safety. However, in terms of improving more and more on ecological criteria, summarized under such catchphrases as sustainable development or green chemistry, another important aspect is to use renewable resources as starting materials. This is not significantly new in fragrance chemistry, and there are a lot of raw materials in the perfume oils that are derived from molecules of renewable resources. Two commonly used materials are: longifolene (from turpentine oil) and cedrene (from cedarwood oil). These compounds are very suitable for the synthesis of woody and ambery notes, and even though it seemed that all possibilities were exhausted, it is actually still feasible to discover new molecules with excellent olfactory properties such as Ambrocenide (50a), which is available in three steps from alpha-cedrene. Some of these molecules will be treated in this review, both with respect to synthesis as well as structural and sensory aspects.

Oils, Volatile↗
PubMed1975

Comparison of the effect of various antisera and cobra venom factor on inflammatory reactions in guinea-pig skin. I. Non-specific inflammation due to the intradermal injection of turpentine.

Guinea-pigs were treated with agents which lowered the serum complement levels and the effect on the inflammatory reaction to intradermal turpentine was studied. A comparison was made between two antisera to beta1C/beta1A globulin which had been prepared in different ways. One was made using C3 fixed to zymosan particles as the antigen, and the other using chemically extracted beta 1C/beta1A globulin. The antisera to beta1C/beta1A globulin (zymosan) was found to have the greater anti-inflammatory activity. The effect of each on the parameters of complement studied, and on the circulating platelet count, was much the same. An antiserum to serum factors fixed to zymosan during C3 activication was prepared free of anti-beta1C/beta1A globulin antibodies. This was found to have some of the anti-inflammatory activity of the anti-beta1C/beta1A globulin (zymosan), as well as lowering total complement levels. Anti-gamma globulin andheterologous immune complexes also lowered serum complement levels and were antiinflammatory. However, all the above agents were also found to reduce the number of circulating platelets. This was in contrast to CVF which reduced complement levels by 90 per cent. but had no effect on platelet numbers. CVF also reduced the inflammatory response but was no more effective than the other agents. In view of these findings a role for the participation of the complement system, possibly involving the alternate pathway of activation of C3, is discussed as well as the participation of platelets in the reaction.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Effect of adrenalectomy on cadmium- and turpentine-induced hepatic synthesis of metallothionein and alpha 2-macrofetoprotein in the rat.

Recent reports have strongly implicated glucocorticoids in the induction of hepatic metallothionein synthesis and hypozincemia which occurs in certain pathophysiologic conditions. Studies were performed in rats to determine the effect of adrenalectomy and glucocorticoid treatment on the hepatic accumulation of metallothionein subsequent to the administration of cadmium and turpentine, two diverse substances known to induce hypozincemia and hepatic synthesis of metallothionein as well as alpha 2-macrofetoprotein in intact rats. By 24 h, both substances induced significant hypozincemia, hepatic metallothionein accumulation, and a severe tissue inflammatory response in adrenalectomized rats. Adrenalectomy only prevented the increase in plasma alpha 2-macrofetoprotein concentration. Results indicate that hepatic synthesis of alpha 2-macrofetoprotein, but not metallothionein, is mediated by adrenal hormones. Thus, glucocorticoids do not play a "vital" role in hepatic metallothionein accumulation or hypozincemia induced by inflammatory stress, as previously postulated.

Abscess↗
PubMed1989

Inflammatory competence of fetal rat: acute-phase plasma protein response of the fetus treated by turpentine in utero.

Using crossed immunoelectrophoresis, immunoelectrodiffusion, autoradiography, and equilibrium binding techniques, we demonstrate that the rat fetus, directly challenged in utero at 18 days by a single subcutaneous turpentine injection, presents a complex acute-phase plasma inflammatory response. A number of fetal serum proteins, 48 h after the injection, increase in concentration by factors of about 2-5. These positive acute-phase reactants (APR) are alpha 1-acute-phase globulin (alpha 1-AP), alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2-M), alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1-AG), haptoglobin (Hp), and hemopexin (Hpx). A number of proteins decrease, behaving like negative APRs. These are albumin, alpha 1-fetoprotein (AFP), transferrin, GHR-P63, thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA), and transcortin (CBG). The marked fall in concentration of two of the high-affinity hormone-binding proteins of the fetal rat, i.e., the estrophilic AFP and TBPA, induce significant decreases (by 25-40%) of the estrogen- and thyroxine-binding abilities of the fetal serum. While the plasma inflammatory response of the fetus is qualitatively similar to that of the adult, the fetal reactions are, as a rule, quantitatively weaker. The characteristics of the plasma inflammatory response of the fetus are discussed in relation to the highly dynamic state of its development.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed2005

Effects of chronic exercise conditioning on thermal responses to lipopolysaccharide and turpentine abscess in female rats.

Chronic exercise conditioning has been shown to alter basal thermoregulatory processes as well as the response to inflammatory agents. Two such agents, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and turpentine (TPT) are inducers of fever in rats. LPS, given intraperitoneally (i.p.), involves a systemic inflammatory response whereas TPT given intramuscularly (i.m.) elicits a localized inflammation. We assessed if chronic exercise training in the rat would alter the thermoregulatory response to LPS and TPT. Core temperature (T (c)) and motor activity were monitored by radiotelemetry. Female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups (trained and sedentary) and housed at an ambient temperature of 22 degrees C. Animals voluntarily trained on running wheels for 8 weeks. In the first study, trained and sedentary female rats were injected i.p. with LPS (50 microg/kg) or an equal volume of 0.9% normal saline. In another study, trained and sedentary female rats were injected i.m. with TPT (10 microl)/rat or an equal volume of 0.9% normal saline. The time course of the LPS fever was very short compared to TPT. TPT injected animals displayed a smaller but more prolonged fever compared to LPS; however, training accentuated the febrile response to LPS (DeltaT (c)=0.6 degrees C in sedentary and 1.2 degrees C in trained). Training had a slight suppression on TPT-induced fever during the daytime but had no effect on motor activity or nighttime T (c). In contrast, exercise training led to a marked increase in the pyrogenic effects of LPS. We conclude that the effect of exercise training and source of infection (i.e., systemic versus localized in muscle) on fever is directly linked to type of pyrogenic agent.

Abscess↗
PubMed1983

Turpentine-induced decrease of alpha 1-foetoprotein in the serum of the developing rat: a novel parameter of the inflammatory response.

The acute phase of an inflammation induced in young rats, at various ages between 1 and 21 days after birth, by a single subcutaneous turpentine injection, is accompanied by a 35%-45% decrease of the alpha 1-foetoprotein serum concentrations. This fall is demonstrated with equilibrium dialysis binding methods, evidencing the loss of about 1/3 of the high affinity estrogen binding sites characteristic for the rat foetoprotein, as well as by specific immunoassay of the foetoprotein concentrations. This negative response is coincidental with classical inflammatory changes of the plasma proteins, similar to those defined in adults: in particular we evidence 5 to 10 fold rises of haptoglobin, as early as the first post-natal day. We discuss the implications of these findings for ontogenic and mechanistic aspects of the inflammatory response.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Transcortin and alpha 2u-globulin messenger RNA activities during turpentine-induced inflammation in the rat.

Previously we have shown that the serum concentration of transcortin and alpha 2u-globulin markedly decreases during turpentine-induced inflammation. In the present study transcortin and alpha 2u-globulin mRNA from healthy rats and from animals with inflammation was translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. Female rats had higher levels of translatable transcortin mRNA than male animals and the level of mRNA for transcortin and alpha 2u-globulin decreased rapidly during inflammation. These results indicate that the sex difference in the serum level of transcortin and the changes in serum transcortin and alpha 2u-globulin during inflammation are mainly determined by differences in the mRNAs in the liver.

Alpha-Globulins↗
PubMed1990

Toxicology of selected pesticides, drugs, and chemicals. Petroleum distillates and turpentine.

Companion animal exposures to volatile hydrocarbons and turpentine accounted for 2% of all calls received by the IAPIC in 1987. Volatile hydrocarbons are also used as vehicle solvents (e.g., pesticides), and both vehicle and active ingredients pose a significant hazard to companion animals. The most significant clinical effects of the hydrocarbons are related to aspiration pneumonia. The likelihood of aspiration is generally related to the compound's viscosity, with more volatile and most widely available compounds posing the greatest risk. Treatment generally is conservative. Gastrointestinal decontamination methods (e.g., emetics and activated charcoal administration) are used only in massive ingestions or when other toxicants are present in conjunction with the hydrocarbons. Oxygen therapy and cage rest are recommended for the dyspneic animal. Close monitoring of an exposed animal and symptomatic care as needed are also recommended for at least 12 hours after exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Antioxidant and analgesic activities of turpentine of Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallsiana (Lamb.) Holmboe.

The aim of this study is to examine possible antioxidant and analgesic activities of turpentine exudes from Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallsiana (Lamb.) Holmboe (TPN). Total antioxidant activity, reducing power, superoxide anion radical scavenging, free radical scavenging, metal chelating, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities were studied. The total antioxidant activity increased with the increasing amount of extracts (100, 300, and 500 microg) added to linoleic acid emulsion. All of the doses of TPN showed higher antioxidant activity than alpha-tocopherol. The samples showed 49, 70, and 91% inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively. On the other hand, the 300 microg of alpha-tocopherol showed 40% inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion. There is correlation between antioxidant activity and the reducing power, superoxide anion radical scavenging, free radical scavenging, metal chelating, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities. Like antioxidant activity, the reducing power, superoxide anion radical scavenging, free radical scavenging, metal chelating, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities of TPN depending on concentration and increasing with increased concentration of TPN. These properties may be the major reasons for the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the TPN has a potential source of natural antioxidant. In addition, analgesic effect of TPN was investigated in present study and TPN had strong analgesic effect. The analgesic effect of TPN compared with metamizol as a standard analgesic compound.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1999

Effects of alimentary intact proteins and their oligopeptide hydrolysate on growth, nitrogen retention, and small bowel adaptation in inflammatory turpentine rat.

The effects of dietary proteins given as whole proteins (WP) or as a peptide hydrolysate (PH) on growth, nitrogen retention, and small bowel adaptation were assessed using two groups of male Wistar rats. Measurements were made 18, 42, and 66 h after acute inflammation induced by subcutaneous injections of 0.125 mL turpentine and in two control groups (n = 12). The two diets had the same caloric, nitrogen, vitamin, and mineral content. The WP diet resulted in better weight gain, nitrogen retention, and small intestinal adaptation by control rats than did the PH diet. Loss of body weight after 18 h of acute inflammation was significantly lower and nitrogen retention significantly higher in animals on the WP diet than in those on the PH diet. Small intestine morphology was maintained with the WP diet, whereas villus height was significantly lower after 66 h, and there were fewer mitoses per crypt in the rats on the PH diet. Glucoamylase activity at all times, and N-aminopeptidase activity at 18 h, were significantly higher in rats on the WP diet. The putrescine (at 42 h) and spermidine (at 18 h) concentrations in the mucosa were higher in the rats on the WP diet. These data suggest that synthetic diets should be tested for their nutritional value during acute inflammation before they are used in human nutrition.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

Upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 gene by turpentine oil-induced localized inflammation: involvement of interleukin-6.

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is the inducible isoform of an enzyme family responsible for heme degradation and was suggested to be involved in the acute phase response in the liver. However, the mechanisms of the HO-1 regulation under inflammatory conditions are poorly understood. Therefore, the purpose of the current work was to study the expression of HO-1 in the liver and other organs of rats with a localized inflammation after intramuscular injection of turpentine oil (TO). Since interleukin-6 (IL-6) is known to be a principal mediator of inflammation, the levels of this cytokine were also estimated in the animal model used. HO-1 and IL-6 expression was evaluated by Northern blot, in situ hybridization, Western blot, immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In the liver and injured muscle, the HO-1 mRNA levels were dramatically increased 4-6 h after TO administration. HO-1 protein levels in the liver were elevated starting from 6-12 h after the treatment. In other internal organs such as the heart, kidney and large intestine, only a slight induction of HO-1 mRNA was observed. IL-6-specific transcripts appeared only in the injured muscle and were in accordance with serum levels of IL-6. In turn, temporal expression of IL-6 in the muscle and circulatory IL-6 levels correlated well with HO-1 expression in the liver and injured muscle. In the liver of control rats HO-1 protein was detected in Kupffer cells, while in TO-injected rats also hepatocytes became strongly HO-1 positive. Conversely, in the injured muscle, HO-1 immunoreactivity was attributed only to macrophages. Our data demonstrate that during localized inflammation HO-1 expression was rapidly and strongly induced in macrophages of injured muscle and in hepatocytes, and IL-6 derived from injured muscle seems to be responsible for the HO-1 induction in the liver.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗
PubMed2002

Larvicidal effects of mineral turpentine, low aromatic white spirits, aqueous extracts of Cassia alata, and aqueous extracts, ethanolic extracts and essential oil of betel leaf (Piper betle) on Chrysomya megacephala.

BACKGROUND: Many methods have been employed, with variable success, in the treatment of cutaneous myiasis caused by Chrysomya species. AIMS: Experiment 1: to assess the larvicidal effect of mineral turpentine (MT) and the main ingredient of MT, low aromatic white spirits (LAWS), on Chrysomya megacephala larvae in vitro. Experiment 2: to assess the larvicidal effects of aqueous extracts of winged senna (Cassia alata), and aqueous extracts, ethanolic extracts and essential oil of betel leaf (Piper betle). METHODS: In experiment 1, two samples of LAWS were obtained from two industrialists (samples 1 and 2). Adult flies of C. megacephala were bred in the insectory of the Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo. Petri dishes were prepared with pads of cotton wool. These cotton pads were soaked separately in MT, LAWS samples 1 and 2, and normal saline as a control. Ten larvae were placed in each Petri dish. The activity of the larvae was observed and recorded half-hourly. MT and the two samples of LAWS were analyzed by chromatography. In experiment 2, volatile essential oil of betel was prepared using a standard steam distillation process. An ethanolic extract of betel was obtained after boiling the crushed leaf with water, and mixing the stock with ethanol. Betel oil dilutions of 1-4% were prepared using 1% Tween 80 (v/v aq) as a solvent, with 0.05 g/100 mL sodium lauryl sulphate (as stabilizer) and 0.01 g/100 mL methyl paraben (as a preservative). Cotton wool swabs soaked in 1, 2, 3 and 4% essential oil of betel in 1% Tween 80 (v/v aq) prepared as above, 1, 2, 3 and 4% ethanolic extract of betel, 50 and 25% aqueous extract of C. alata, and 50 and 25% aqueous extract of betel were placed in separate Petri dishes. Ten larvae were placed in each Petri dish. 1% Tween 80 solvent with the stabilizer and the preservative, but without betel essential oil, was used as a negative control and MT was used as a positive control. Larval motility was assessed as before. RESULTS: MT and the two LAWS samples killed the larvae in vitro within 4 h. Chromatography showed more unidentified constituents in MT than in pure LAWS, indicating additional substances in MT. The 4 and 3% preparations of the essential oil of betel were effective in killing 100% of the larvae of Chrysomya within 3 h 30 min. The 2% extract of betel essential oil killed 96.7% of larvae in 4 h. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of betel, the aqueous extract of C. alata, normal saline and the Tween 80 solvent were not larvicidal. CONCLUSIONS: MT and LAWS, the main ingredient of MT, were effective in killing Chrysomya larvae. Essential oil obtained from betel leaves also showed a dose-dependent larvicidal effect on Chrysomya larvae. This natural product may be effective in the treatment of wound myiasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Analysis of chromatin structure of rat alpha1-acid glycoprotein gene; changes in DNase I hypersensitive sites after thyroid hormone, glucocorticoid hormone and turpentine oil treatment.

Transcription of the ratalpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) gene is activated by glucocorticoid, thyroid hormone (T3) and cytokines. Following these treatments, the chromatin structure of this gene was analyzed by means of digestion with DNase I or micrococcal nuclease. Four DNase I hypersensitive sites were observed in the 5'-upstream region of the rat AGP gene of liver cells. They were designated HS1, HS2, HS3 and HS4 (3'-->5'). After T3treatment the sensitivity of HS1 and HS2 increased and after dexamethasone (Dex) treatment that of all four sites did so. Three new sites appeared after turpentine oil treatment, while the sensitivities of HS3 and HS4 increased. We conclude that transcriptional activation of the gene by T3and Dex have very similar mechanisms, but that at the inflammation stage they become slightly different. The increase in sensitivity at HS1 and HS2 after T3treatment in vivo was successfully reproduced in a cell-free system by in vitro treatment with T3. HS1, HS2 and HS3 were also sensitive for micrococcal nuclease.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Involvement of interleukin-6 in activation of lysosomal cathepsin and atrophy of muscle fibers induced by intramuscular injection of turpentine oil in mice.

Serum IL-6 level increased after the injection of turpentine oil into the right gastrocnemius muscle in mice. The mRNA level of IL-6 was highest in the injected muscle at 12 h after injection, but was not identified in the opposite muscle. The activities of cathepsins B and B+L started to elevate after 12 h in the injected muscle and markedly increased after day 3. Likewise, the mRNA levels of cathepsins B and L markedly increased from day 1 to day 5 in the injected muscle. However, a very mild increase was also observed in the opposite muscle. Immunohistochemical staining of cathepsins B and L exhibited positive reactions as fine granules in myofibers at 12 h and strong positive reactions in the infiltrating macrophages at 3 days. Atrophy of myofibers type 1 and 2 was evident in a time-dependent manner in the injected muscle. Treatment with rat anti-mouse IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody inhibited the increase in cathepsin activities in the injected muscle. We conclude that IL-6 produced in the inflamed muscle is involved in the process of muscle degeneration, especially through the activation of lysosomal cathepsins.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effect of turpentine-induced inflammation on the disposition kinetics of propranolol, metoprolol, and antipyrine in the rat.

Plasma concentrations after oral administration of the high extraction drug propranolol are increased in patients and animals with inflammation. This could be due to increased serum propranolol binding, but also to decreased first-pass metabolism. We studied the pharmacokinetics of 3 drugs in control rats and in rats with turpentine-induced inflammation: propranolol, which is bound extensively to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1-AGP); metoprolol, another high extraction drug, but which is negligibly bound to alpha 1-AGP; and antipyrine, a low extraction drug, not bound to serum proteins. After IV administration of propranolol in rats with inflammation, systemic clearance, volume of distribution, and free fraction decreased, and the area under the curve (AUC) increased, whereas the half-life did not change. As the systemic clearance of a high extraction drug such as propranolol depends on hepatic blood flow only, a fall in hepatic blood flow or transition to a low extraction situation should be postulated. After oral administration of propranolol, the AUC was increased 20-fold in rats with inflammation; as the decrease in free fraction was only 4-fold, it can be concluded that a considerable decrease in hepatic intrinsic clearance was present. For metoprolol, in contrast to propranolol, after IV administration, no changes in pharmacokinetic parameters as a result of inflammation were observed. After oral administration, the AUC was increased about 4 times in rats with inflammation; as metoprolol is only negligibly bound to serum proteins, the increase in AUC can be attributed to a decrease in hepatic intrinsic clearance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1980

Stereological analysis of hamster cheek pouch epithelium after one application of DMBA or turpentine.

Both cheek pouches of two groups of five male hamsters were treated with one application of either 50% turpentine in liquid paraffin (TLP50) or a 0.5% solution of dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene in liquid paraffin (DMBA); animals were killed 48 h later. Five untreated animals served as controls. Mucosal specimens were removed from each pouch, fixed in normal-acetic-alcohol and processed for light microscopy. Sections were cut at 4 micrometer and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. A systematic random sampling method was used to obtain sections for sterological analysis. Grids for point and intersect counting were superimposed on the projection screen of an automatic sampling microscope. Results showed that the epithelial nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear density, nuclear diameter and surface area interface ratios were similar for the experimental groups and, with the exception of the last parameter, differed significantly from controls. The volume proportion of TLP50-treated epithelium was significantly larger than that of DMBA-treated epithelium. Derived values for the average nuclear volume in both experimental groups were almost twice that of controls; the cytoplasmic volumes were more than doubled. At 48 h the epithelial response to a single application of TLP50 or DMBA was essentially similar except that TLP50 probably induced greater hyperplasia.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1988

Glycosylation of chicken haptoglobin: isolation and characterization of three molecular variants and studies of their distribution in hen plasma before and after turpentine-induced inflammation.

Chicken haptoglobin (Hp), a hemoglobin-binding protein isolated from chicken plasma, is composed of three molecular variants that react differently with concanavalin A (ConA). These glycosylation variants of chicken Hp have been isolated by affinity chromatography using Sepharose-bound ConA. They differ in their molecular weight, as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Analysis of the glycopeptides obtained after pronase digestion of these variants yielded two types of structures: one, reactive with ConA, corresponded to a biantennary N-linked carbohydrate unit and one, unreactive with ConA, corresponded to a triantennary unit. The strongly ConA-reactive Hp variant bears only two biantennary units and the nonreactive Hp variant bears only two triantennary units; the weakly reactive Hp variant bears equal amounts of both units. The distribution of Hp glycosylation variant does not show any significant difference when obtained from the plasma of laying hens before and after turpentine-induced inflammation.

Animals↗