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PubMed2002

Trans fatty acids affect lipoprotein metabolism in rats.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of oleic (CIS), palmitic (SAT) and trans fatty acids (TRANS) on cholesterol metabolism. Rats fed the TRANS diet had lower plasma total cholesterol (P < 0.005) and non-HDL-cholesterol (non HDL-C) concentrations (P < 0.005) compared with their CIS-fed counterparts. Plasma HDL-C was highest in rats fed the SAT diet (P = 0.01). An in vivo assay of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) was performed whereby radiolabeled cholesterol was delivered to the liver as acetylated LDL and the reappearance of label into plasma and HDL was determined. Plasma radioactivity in TRANS-fed rats was lower than in their SAT-fed counterparts (P = 0.01), and consistent with the cholesterol distribution in plasma, the difference was due to lower [(3)H]-cholesterol in lower density lipoproteins. Despite diet-induced differences in the cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations and fatty acid composition of HDL, the amount of label in HDL did not differ among groups, suggesting that consumption of these diets resulted in HDL populations with similar capacity to participate in RCT. The present findings suggest that dietary trans fatty acids regulate the metabolism of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in rats and that the effect may be masked in species possessing high plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity. These results reinforce the important role of CETP activity in determining the distribution of plasma cholesterol in response to dietary trans fatty acids.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Trans-fatty acids intake and risk of myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Concern that trans-fatty acids formed in the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils may increase the risk of coronary disease has existed for several decades, but direct evidence on this relation in humans is limited. METHODS AND RESULTS: With a case-control design, we studied the association between intake of trans-fatty acids and a first acute myocardial infarction among 239 patients admitted to one of six hospitals in the Boston area and 282 population control subjects. Intake of trans-fatty acids was estimated using a previously validated food frequency questionnaire. After adjustment for age, sex, and energy intake, intake of trans-fatty acids was directly related to risk of myocardial infarction (relative risk for highest compared with lowest quintile, 2.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.42, 4.19; for trend P < .0001). This relation remained highly significant after adjustment for established coronary risk factors, multivitamin use, and intake of saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, linoleic acid, dietary cholesterol, vitamins E and C, carotene, and fiber. Intake of margarine--the major source of trans-isomers--was significantly associated with risk of myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the hypothesis that intake of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils may contribute to the risk of myocardial infarction.

Boston↗
PubMed2005

A rapid method for the quantification of fatty acids in fats and oils with emphasis on trans fatty acids using Fourier Transform near infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR).

A rapid method was developed for classifying and quantifying the FA composition of edible oils and fats using Fourier Transform near infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR). The FT-NIR spectra showed unique fingerprints for saturated FA, cis and trans monounsaturated FA, and all n-6 and n-3 PUFA within TAG to permit qualitative and quantitative comparisons of fats and oils. The quantitative models were based on incorporating accurate GC data of the different fats and oils and FT-NIR spectral information into the calibration model using chemometric analysis. FT-NIR classification models were developed based on chemometric analyses of 55 fats, oils, and fat/oil mixtures that were used in the identification of similar materials. This database was used to prepare three calibration models-one suitable for the analysis of common fats and oils with low levels of trans FA, and the other two for fats and oils with intermediate and high levels of trans FA. The FT-NIR method showed great potential to provide the complete FA composition of unknown fats and oils in minutes. Compared with the official GC method, the FT-NIR method analyzed fats and oils directly in their neat form and required no derivatization of the fats to volatile FAME, followed by time-consuming GC separations and analyses. The FT-NIR method also compared well with the official FTIR method using an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) cell; the latter provided only quantification of specific functional groups, such as the total trans FA content, whereas FT-NIR provided the complete FA profile. The FT-NIR method has the potential to be used for rapid screening and/or monitoring of fat products, trans FA determinations for regulatory labeling purposes, and detection of contaminants. The quantitative FT-NIR results for various edible oils and fats and their mixtures are presented based on the FT-NIR models developed.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2001

Association between trans fatty acid intake and 10-year risk of coronary heart disease in the Zutphen Elderly Study: a prospective population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Evidence on the relation between trans fatty acid intake and coronary heart disease is limited. We investigated this relation in a Dutch population with a fairly high trans fatty acid intake, including trans fatty acids from partly hydrogenated fish oils. METHODS: We prospectively studied 667 men of the Zutphen Elderly Study aged 64-84 years and free of coronary heart disease at baseline. We used dietary surveys to establish the participants' food consumption patterns. Information on risk factors and diet was obtained in 1985, 1990, and 1995. After 10 years of follow-up from 1985-95, there were 98 cases of fatal or non-fatal coronary heart disease. FINDINGS: Between 1985 and 1995, average trans fatty acid intake decreased from 4.3% to 1.9% of energy. After adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking, and dietary covariates, trans fatty acid intake at baseline was positively associated with the 10-year risk of coronary heart disease. The relative risk for a difference of 2% of energy in trans fatty acid intake at baseline was 1.28 (95% CI 1.01-1.61). INTERPRETATION: A high intake of trans fatty acids (all types of isomers) contributes to the risk of coronary heart disease. The substantial decrease in trans fatty acid intake, mainly due to industrial lowering of trans contents in Dutch edible fats, could therefore have had a large public-health impact.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Trans-fatty acids and sudden cardiac death.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is usually due to ventricular fibrillation and can occur as a first manifestation of heart disease. Prevention of ventricular fibrillation and SCD with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is well documented. Trans-fatty acids (TFA) in the diet and cell membranes might affect the risk of SCD as well. We review evidence from an observational study that high levels of trans-18:2 (9 cis-, 12 trans- and 9 trans-, 12 cis-isomers of linoleic acid) in red blood cell membranes are associated with markedly higher risk of SCD. In contrast, cell membrane levels of trans-18:1 (trans-isomers of oleic acid), the major TFA in foods, do not appear associated with higher risk of SCD. While further studies are needed to investigate possible effects of trans-18:2 on arrhythmia, it would be prudent to limit dietary intake of trans-18:2.

Death, Sudden, Cardiac↗
PubMed1990

Conjugated diene and trans fatty acids in tissue lipids of rats fed an hepatocarcinogenic choline-devoid diet.

Groups of male Fischer-344 rats were fed two pairs of semi-purified choline-devoid and choline-supplemented diets, one set containing 5% corn oil and 10% partially hydrogenated fat, and the other only corn oil (15%). Analyses were performed on lipids extracted from whole liver, liver nuclei and adipose tissue of the rats. The analyses consisted of quantitation of conjugated dienes by UV spectrophotometry, separation of fatty acids with conjugated dienes by HPLC and quantitation of trans fatty acids by IR spectrophotometry. Conjugated dienes and conjugated diene and trans fatty acids were observed in adipose tissue total lipids, at concentrations that reflected those in the diets fed. The same was true of trans fatty acids in liver lipids. However, no conjugated dienes, or fatty acids with conjugated dienes, were detected in liver lipids of rats fed the diets formulated with only corn oil. In contrast, conjugated dienes were detected in total and neutral lipids, but not in phospholipids, of whole liver and liver nuclei of rats fed the diets formulated with partially hydrogenated fat. The neutral lipids contained fatty acids with conjugated dienes that eluted with the retention time of conjugated diene fatty acids, present in the dietary partially hydrogenated fat. It is concluded that a choline-devoid diet, which is hepatocarcinogenic in the rat, does not induce a peroxidation of liver cell membrane lipids, and that not only trans fatty acids, but also fatty acids with conjugated dienes present in a partially hydrogenated fat, are absorbed and assimilated in rat tissue lipids.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Plasma phospholipid trans fatty acids, fatal ischemic heart disease, and sudden cardiac death in older adults: the cardiovascular health study.

BACKGROUND: Intake of trans fatty acids is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease. Whether different classes of trans fatty acids show similar associations is unclear. We previously reported an association of sudden cardiac death with red cell membrane trans-18:2 but not trans-18:1 fatty acids. To extend these findings, we investigated the associations of plasma phospholipid trans fatty acids with fatal ischemic heart disease (IHD) and sudden cardiac death. METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a case-control study nested in the Cardiovascular Health Study. We identified 214 cases of fatal IHD (fatal myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease death) between 1992 and 1998. We randomly selected 214 controls, matched to cases on demographics, prevalent cardiovascular disease, and timing of blood draw. Plasma phospholipid fatty acids were assessed in blood samples collected earlier. Higher levels of plasma phospholipid trans-18:2 fatty acids were associated with higher risk of fatal IHD (odds ratio [OR] for interquintile range 1.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21 to 2.33) after adjustment for risk factors and trans-18:1 levels. Trans-18:1 levels above the 20th percentile were associated with lower risk (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.63). In analyses limited to cases of sudden cardiac death (n=95), higher levels of trans-18:2 fatty acids were associated with higher risk (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.27 to 4.31) and higher trans-18:1 with lower risk (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.54). CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of trans-18:2 and lower levels of trans-18:1 fatty acids are associated with higher risks of fatal IHD and sudden cardiac death. If confirmed, these findings suggest that current efforts at decreasing trans fatty acid intake in foods should take into consideration the trans-18:2 content.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Effect of dietary trans fatty acids on the delta 5, delta 6 and delta 9 desaturases of rat liver microsomes in vivo.

This study was conducted using three groups of male rats to assess the effects of trans fatty acids on the desaturases of rat liver microsomes in vivo. The trans fatty acids fed rats showed significant decrease in the activities of delta 9 (p less than 0.001) and delta 6 (p less than 0.01) desaturase was normal as compared to the control group. The group of rats fed hydrogenated coconut oil showed only significant decrease in their liver microsomal delta 9 desaturase (p less than 0.05), whereas delta 5 and delta 6 desaturases were within the normal level of the control group. The level of trans fatty acids accumulated into the microsomal lipids of trans-fed rats reached to about 15.6% of their total fatty acids, of which 12.6% were represented as trans-18:1 acid. The trans-delta 9, delta 10, delta 11 and delta 12 18:1 isomers were the major isomers accumulated into the microsomes. The trans- delta 5, delta 6, delta 7, delta 15, and delta 16 18:1 isomers were detected only in small amounts ranging from 0.9 to 2.0%. This study shows that the dietary trans fatty acids are differentially incorporated into the liver microsomal lipids and act as inhibitors for delta 9 and delta 6 desaturases. The delta 6 desaturase is considered as the key enzyme in the conversion of the essential fatty acids to arachidonic acid and prostaglandins. This indicates that the presence of trans fatty acids in the diet may induce some effects on the EFA metabolism through their action on the desaturases.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Bakery foods are the major dietary source of trans-fatty acids among pregnant women with diets providing 30 percent energy from fat.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate intake and identify major dietary sources of trans-fatty acids consumed by healthy, pregnant women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional prospective study using a food intake questionnaire designed specifically to estimate trans-fatty acid intakes calculated from a trans-fatty acid food database developed by food analysis. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Healthy, pregnant women (n=60) were recruited in Vancouver, BC, Canada. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 9.0, descriptive statistics were applied to all variables and paired t tests were used to determine differences in intakes between second and third trimester of pregnancy. RESULTS: The mean fat intakes (in g/person/day) for the second and third trimesters, respectively, were: 85.8 and 73.9 total fat, 31.5 and 26.4 monounsaturated, 29.7 and 26.3 saturated, 13.6 and 12.2 polyunsaturated, and 3.8 and 3.4 trans. Fat represented 28% of dietary energy in both trimesters. The major sources of trans-fatty acids were bakery foods (33% of trans-fatty acid intake), fast foods (12%), breads (10%), snacks (10%), and margarines/shortenings (8%). APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Women following diets providing about 30% energy from fat consumed about 90% of trans-fatty acids as invisible fat, with less than 10% from table spreads. Dietitians should educate pregnant clients about hidden sources of trans-fatty acids and emphasize the importance of dietary fat composition.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Effect of trans fatty acids on plasma lipids, platelet function and systolic blood pressure in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.

To investigate the effect of trans fatty acids on plasma lipid levels and systolic blood pressure, hydrogenated corn oil was fed to SHRSP (stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats) and WKY (Wistar-Kyoto) rats for 30 days. Significantly lower systolic blood pressure and plasma total cholesterol were observed in SHRSP rats fed trans fatty acids when compared with rats fed cis fatty acids from olive oil. In addition, higher HDL cholesterol and lower VLDL plus chylomicron cholesterol levels were found in SHRSP rats fed trans fatty acids. Although no significant changes of systolic blood pressure and plasma total cholesterol levels were observed in WKY rats after trans fatty acids treatment, WKY rats fed trans fatty acids had lower plasma LDL cholesterol and higher HDL cholesterol levels. In addition, platelet aggregation induced by collagen was decreased in WKY rats fed trans fatty acids. It is interesting that trans fatty acids increased the activity of plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) in both SHRSP and WKY rats. The observed influence of trans fatty acids on plasma lipid levels, systolic blood pressure and platelet aggregation suggests that trans fatty acids might prevent thrombotic disorders in SHRSP rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Trans fatty acids and plasma lipoproteins.

Perceptions of the health effects of trans fatty acids, particularly in the form of margarine, have undergone several changes during the past 10 years. What was once heralded as the healthy alternative to butter now assumes the role of coconspirator. A new study finds that consumption of trans fatty acids, such as those found in stick margarine and shortening, have negative effects on lipoprotein profiles that are comparable to those of saturated fatty acids. In the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, therefore, it is recommended that consumers reduce intakes of both saturated and trans fatty acids.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2001

Trans fatty acids and cholesterol metabolism: mechanistic studies in rats and rabbits fed semipurified diets.

Studies were conducted in rabbits and rats to investigate the effects of diets rich in oleic (CIS diet), palmitic (SAT diet) and trans fatty acids (TRANS diet) on plasma lipids and lipoprotein metabolism. An important difference between these species is that rabbits possess plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity while rats are devoid of transfer activity. In the presence of dietary cholesterol (0.2% w/w) the change in plasma low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration from baseline was significantly higher in rabbits fed the TRANS diet compared with those fed the CIS diet (P < 0.01). Despite this difference, the hepatic LDL-receptor activity was similar in all groups. Also, the fatty acid composition of hepatic phospholipids was affected by diet with lower proportion of palmitic (11%) and higher (19%) linoleic acid despite a similar content in the diet. These effects may represent the maintenance of membrane fluidity within narrow limits to ensure optimal function. The studies in rats showed that the plasma total cholesterol concentration was 20% lower (P < 0.01) in TRANS-fed rats compared with those fed the CIS diet. The results of an in vivo assay of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) suggested that the three diets gave rise to high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles with similar capacity to accept cellular cholesterol. The differential effects of dietary trans fatty acids in these animal models provide another line of evidence that reinforces the significant role of CETP activity in determining the distribution of plasma cholesterol in response to dietary trans fatty acids.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

Trans fatty acids in subcutaneous fat of pregnant women and in human milk in the Czech Republic.

Using capillary gas chromatography, we determined total content of trans fatty acids (TFA) and C18:1 trans fatty acids in human milk and subcutaneous fat in 35 healthy Prague women. The average content of TFA in human milk fat was 4.22% (SD = 1.87%) of all fatty acids, and the value of trans C18:1 isomers was 3.63% (SD = 1.81%). The average concentration of total trans fatty acids in subcutaneous fat was 4.41% (SD = 0.79%) and the average content of C18:1 trans isomers was 2.81% (SD = 0.61%).

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

Adipose tissue isomeric trans fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction in nine countries: the EURAMIC study.

Dietary isomeric trans fatty acids-mainly produced by hydrogenation of oils-are suspected of increasing the risk of coronary heart disease. Dietary trans fatty acid intake is reflected in the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue. In an international multicentre study in eight European countries and Israel (EURAMIC), adipose tissue aspiration samples were obtained from 671 men with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), aged 70 years or less, and 717 men without a history of AMI (controls). The proportion of fatty acids, including isomeric trans monoenoic fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms (C18:1), was determined by gas chromatography. Although there were considerable differences between countries in mean (SD) proportion of adipose tissue C18:1 trans fatty acids, there was no overall difference between cases (1.61 [0.92]%) and the controls (1.57 [0.86]%). The risk of AMI did not differ significantly from 1.0 over quartiles of adipose C18:1 trans fatty acids: the multivariate odds ratio was 0.97 (95% CI 0.56-1.67) for the highest versus lowest quartile. After exclusion of subjects from Spanish centres because they had far lower proportions of adipose trans fatty acids than subjects from other countries, there was a tendency to increased risk of AMI in the upper quartiles of C18:1 trans; however, the trend was not statistically significant. Our results reflect considerable differences between countries in dietary intake of trans fatty acids but do not suggest a major overall effect of C18:1 trans fatty acids on risk of AMI. We cannot exclude the possibility that trans fatty acids have a significant impact on risk of AMI in populations with high intake.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Non-detectable levels of trans-fatty acids in peanut butter.

The fatty acid composition of 11 brands of peanut butter and paste freshly prepared from roasted peanuts was analyzed with emphasis on isomeric trans-fatty acids. No trans-fatty acids were detected in any of the samples in an analytical system with a detection threshold of 0.01% of the sample weight. Hydrogenated vegetable oils are added to peanut butters at levels of 1--2% to prevent oil separation. Some hydrogenated vegetable oils are known to be sources of trans-fatty acids in the human diet. The addition of these products was not found to result in measurable amounts of trans-fatty acids in the peanut butters analyzed.

Arachis↗
PubMed2000

Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease risk.

Recent studies continue to confirm previous observations that trans fatty acids elevate low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and at relatively high intakes decrease high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Considerable interest is focused on the potential benefits of trans-free margarines. Both adipose and plasma trans fatty acid levels reflect dietary intake. Current estimates of trans fatty acid intake in developed countries range from 0.5 to 2.6% of energy, contributed to primarily by differences in food availability and preference, and partly by the methodological differences used to calculate the data.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Home use of margarine is an important determinant of plasma trans fatty acid status: a biomarker study.

The contribution of the home use of margarines, made with partially hydrogenated vegetables oils, to total trans fatty acid intake is difficult to determine using dietary assessment because food composition databases are incomplete for trans fatty acids; moreover, hidden fats in manufactured foods may be the predominant sources of trans fatty acids. The objective of our study was to determine, using plasma phospholipid trans fatty acid composition as a surrogate measure of exposure, whether the home use of margarine or butter is an important determinant of trans fatty acid status. We conducted a community-based (Dunedin, New Zealand), cross-sectional survey of people who consumed either margarine (n 65) or butter (n 64) but not both for home use. The levels of the 18:1 trans isomers commonly found in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils were all significantly higher in the plasma phospholipids of margarine compared with butter consumers, with the exception of 18:1n-7t, which did not differ. Among margarine consumers, the percentage of total fat from margarine was significantly correlated with levels of phospholipid 18:1n-6t, 18:1n-8t and 18:1n-12/9t isomers (r 0.57-0.63, P<0.001) but only weakly with 18:1n-7t (r 0.30, P=0.016). The intake of fat from fast foods, bakery products or meat and meat products was not associated with plasma phospholipid trans isomeric composition. The home use of margarine, made with partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, is an important determinant of trans fatty acid exposure in New Zealand.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Influence of trans fatty acids on infant and fetus development.

Trans isomers are formed from cis unsaturated fatty acids during biohydrogenation by rumen microorganisms and by commercial partial hydrogenation during the processing of vegetable and fish oils. Recent estimates indicate that consumers in Western countries may receive from 0.5-2.1% to 2.5% of total energy intake as trans fatty acids. In recent years special attention has been given to the potential impairment of essential fatty acids metabolism to their long-chain metabolites by trans isomers in humans. These long-chain polyunsaturates metabolities are of great physiological importance during prenatal and postnatal development, as essential membrane components and precursors for synthesis of prostaglandins and other eicosanoids. Humans do not synthesise trans isomers of fatty acids so their presence in human milk is based on the maternal diet. Trans fatty acids content in human milk varied between countries from 0.35% in Africa to 7.2% of total fatty acids in Canada as a result of variation in dietary exposure to trans isomers. Although the negative effect of the human milk trans fatty acids on breast-fed infants is not yet well documented, ingested levels of trans fatty acids by infants may reflect current breastfeeding mothers diet and also the early consumed diet during pregnancy.

Breast Feeding↗