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PubMed2002

Effects of endurance training on activity and expression of AMP-activated protein kinase isoforms in rat muscles.

The effects of endurance training on the response of muscle AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) to moderate treadmill exercise were examined. In red quadriceps, there was a large activation of alpha 2-AMPK and inactivation of ACC in response to exercise. This response was greatly reduced after training, probably because of reduced metabolic stress. In white quadriceps, there were no effects of exercise on AMPK or ACC, but alpha 2-activity was higher after training because of increased phosphorylation of Thr(172). In soleus, there were small increases in alpha 2-activity during exercise that were not affected by training. The expression of all seven AMPK subunit isoforms was also examined. The beta 2- and gamma 2-isoforms were most highly expressed in white quadriceps, and gamma 3 was expressed in red quadriceps and soleus. There was a threefold increase in expression of gamma 3 after training in red quadriceps only. Our results suggest that gamma 3 might have a special role in the adaptation to endurance exercise in muscles utilizing oxidative metabolism.

AMP-Activated Protein Kinases↗
PubMed2003

Increased prefrontal and parietal activity after training of working memory.

Working memory capacity has traditionally been thought to be constant. Recent studies, however, suggest that working memory can be improved by training. In this study, we have investigated the changes in brain activity that are induced by working memory training. Two experiments were carried out in which healthy, adult human subjects practiced working memory tasks for 5 weeks. Brain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before, during and after training. After training, brain activity that was related to working memory increased in the middle frontal gyrus and superior and inferior parietal cortices. The changes in cortical activity could be evidence of training-induced plasticity in the neural systems that underlie working memory.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Effect of a periodized exercise training and active recovery program on antitumor activity and development of dendritic cells.

AIM: Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that promote antitumor immunity in vivo when pulsed with tumor antigen. No studies have indicated that exercise training affects DC function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a 5-week periodized exercise training and active recovery program on the development of DCs, and to test their effect on the antitumor immunity of mononuclear cells (MNC) from blood and spleen against human leukemic U937 and murine lymphoma Yac-1 cells, respectively. METHODS: Male Fisher 344 rats were divided into 2 groups: exercise and non-exercise group. The training protocol consisted of running on a motor-driven treadmill 6 days a week for consecutive 5 weeks, during which the running time, treadmill speed, and incline gradient were increased weekly. Active recovery parameters were set at 30% of the intensity of the previous day. RESULTS: DC numbers increased significantly (P<0.05) in the exercise group compared to controls, but there were no significant changes in the expression of surface antigens CD80 and CD86. In exercise group MNC-conditioned medium (CM) prepared with 50 microg/mL phytohemagglutinin (PHA) significantly inhibited proliferation of U937 cells, and splenocyte-CM with PHA at 20 and 40 microg/mL significantly inhibited proliferation of YAC-1 cells greater than control group. CONCLUSIONS: The 5-week periodized exercise training with active recovery promotes the number of DCs and enhances the activity of DCs against tumor cells.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A systems analysis of the defensive behavior of Wistar rats during bilateral active avoidance training].

Formation of the new behavioral act (active avoidance in shuttle box), its relationship with other forms of defensive behavior were studied in Wistar rats. During learning all the forms of defensive behavioral and motor activity were recorded. In result of the cluster-analysis (ISODATA) some tactics of defensive behavior were described. The results are discussed according to Anokhin's theory of the functional system.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1996

Effect of sprint cycle training on activities of antioxidant enzymes in human skeletal muscle.

The effect of intermittent sprint cycle training on the level of muscle antioxidant enzyme protection was investigated. Resting muscle biopsies, obtained before and after 6 wk of training and 3, 24, and 72 h after the final session of an additional 1 wk of more frequent training, were analyzed for activities of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Activities of several muscle metabolic enzymes were determined to assess the effectiveness of the training. After the first 6-wk training period, no change in GPX, GR, or SOD was observed, but after the 7th week of training there was an increase in GPX from 120 +/- 12 (SE) to 164 +/- 24 mumol.min-1.g dry wt-1 (P < 0.05) and in GR from 10.8 +/- 0.8 to 16.8 +/- 2.4 mumol.min-1.g dry wt-1 (P < 0.05). There was no significant change in SOD. Sprint cycle training induced a significant (P < 0.05) elevation in the activity of phosphofructokinase and creatine kinase, implying an enhanced anaerobic capacity in the trained muscle. The present study demonstrates that intermittent sprint cycle training that induces an enhanced capacity for anaerobic energy generation also improves the level of antioxidant protection in the muscle.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Public food service in Milan city and Hinterland: food-handlers training level (Part 2)].

The prevention and control of foodborne diseases play an important role in public health and the responsibility of food-handlers is of great concern: their training on food safety is particularly required in the critical sector of public food service establishments. The food-handlers knowledge has been evaluated by a questionnaire filled up in two Public Health Units (PHU) in Milan City and Milan hinterland. Only 11.5% of food-handlers turned at to be good trained; the wrong answers are concentrated on the section titled "temperatures management" (68 and 59% in Milan City and in Milan hinterland, respectively). Only for 31.4% of food-handlers the attendance to training courses is well documented, although the knowledge level seems to be partially influenced by training activity: exclusively in Milan City food-handlers an highly significant difference has been found among "trained" and "no-trained" workers in correct answers about temperatures management (p= 0.0046). The frequency of exact answers isn't associated to the satisfaction level revealed during inspection of restaurants. Focusing the attention on the insufficient efficacy of training courses and the lacking connection between knowledge and behaviour, a critical revision of training activity quality seems to be necessary. In future some professional training activities in the field should be promoted.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed2005

Effects of an active ergonomics training program on risk exposure, worker beliefs, and symptoms in computer users.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an active ergonomics training (AET) program in computer users. Two constructs from the social-cognitive theory were adopted to provide a more comprehensive assessment of the proximal markers of behavior change. METHOD: Eighty-seven symptomatic and asymptomatic employees who worked at a computer for a minimum of 10 hours per week took part in a prospective randomized controlled study. Subjects participated in a six-hour training intervention at their workplace. Key elements of the AET intervention were skill development in workstation analysis, active participation, and implementation of multiple prevention strategies. RESULTS: After receiving AET, risk factor exposure was significantly reduced for participants at higher risk [F(1,82) = 6.42, p < 0.01]. Significant increases in knowledge [F(1,74) = 8.39, p < 0.01], self-efficacy [F(1,73) = 6.95, p < 0.01], and outcome expectations [F(1,75) = 8.75, p < 0.01] were found in the intervention group. When the participants were stratified according to the presence of symptoms at baseline, the group with pain that received the AET intervention had significantly less upper back pain intensity (z = -2.03, p < 0.05), pain frequency (z = -2.70, p < 0.01), and pain duration (z = -3.25, p < 0.01) post-intervention than the control group with pain. CONCLUSION: Results from this study provide evidence that participative training in workstation ergonomics can improve work postures, work practices, risk factor exposure, and pain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Effects of exercise training and activity restriction on 6-minute walking test performance in patients with chronic heart failure.

Eighteen hospitalized patients with severe chronic heart failure (ejection fraction [mean +/- SEM] 21% +/- 1%) underwent 3 weeks of exercise training (interval bicycle ergometer and treadmill walking training exercises) and 3 weeks of activity restriction in a random-order crossover trial. Before and after exercise training and after activity restriction, a 6-minute walking test was performed to determine the maximum distance walked, hemodynamic and cardiopulmonary responses, norepinephrine levels, and ratings of leg fatigue and dyspnea while walking. A ramp test on bicycle ergometer (increments of 12.5 W/min) was performed before and after exercise training and activity restriction to determine peak oxygen uptake. After training, the maximum distance walked was increased by 65% (from 232 +/- 21 m at baseline to 382 +/- 20 m; p < 0.001), whereas after activity restriction (253 +/- 19 m) there was no significant difference compared with baseline. No significant differences in hemodynamic and cardiopulmonary parameters (with the exception of the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide and perceived exertion) or norepinephrine levels were observed during walking tests. Improvement in maximum distance walked correlated significantly with training-induced increase in peak oxygen uptake measured during bicycle ergometry (r = 0.47, p < 0.05). The lower the maximum distance walked at baseline, the more pronounced the training-induced prolongation of maximum distance (r= -0.73; p < 0.001). These data support the value of exercise training in patients with severe chronic heart failure for improving maximum distance walked, as documented by the 6-minute walking test. The impairment of walking test performance during activity restriction suggests a need for long-term exercise training programs.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Training trauma teams in the Nordic countries: an overview and present status.

BACKGROUND: During the last decade there has been an increased interest in the organisation and quality of trauma care in the Nordic countries. Still, most patients are initially cared for at hospitals with low caseloads of severe trauma. More than 200 hospitals offer initial care to trauma patients. Training of trauma teams using simulators or simulated patients has evolved in the same period, as one important factor to overcome lack of practical training. This overview describes the present state of trauma team training in the Nordic countries. METHODS: Members of a Nordic working group on the use of simulation in medicine reviewed present literature on training with simulation and described the present use of team training in their own countries during winter 2004. RESULTS: There is an increasing amount of evidence indicating that training of teams with simulation reduces treatment errors and improves performance. The training activities do not need to be complex, but skilled debriefing seems necessary. Few Nordic hospitals train their trauma teams. The training activities vary considerably between and within countries. CONCLUSION: There is considerable evidence supporting an increased use of experience gained in other high-risk domains where training in communication, leadership and decision-making is the focus for safety and improvement efforts. There is a need for more widespread training of trauma teams. The different training activities actually undertaken should be scientifically evaluated.

Emergency Service, Hospital↗
PubMed2000

[Exercise training improves activities of daily living in elderly patients with congestive heart failure].

Exercise training which is one of the multidisciplinary interventions for elderly patients with congestive heart failure, plays an important role for improving the quality of life and reducing the re-admission rate of these patients. We assessed the validity of exercise training for the improvement of patient's skeletal muscle functions and activities of daily living along with monitoring cardiac functions. Exercise training programs were performed in 12 patients with congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association class III or IV), including 5 with valvular disease, 4 with dilated cardiomyopathy and 3 with ischemic cardiomyopathy (mean 79 +/- 9 years). All patients were admitted because of exacerbation of congestive heart failure and were treated conventionally. The exercise training program was started after stabilization of their cardiac condition. The medication was not changed during the training period. After exercise training programs, the cardio-thoracic ratio decreased from 63.8 +/- 7.9% to 60.1 +/- 6.9% (p < 0.01), ejection fraction on echocardiography increased from 47.4 +/- 18.2% to 56.0 +/- 17.5% (p < 0.01), and brain natriuretic peptide decreased from 404.8 +/- 267.5 pg/ml to 313.6 +/- 239.5 pg/ml (p < 0.05). The quadriceps muscle power increased from 0.77 +/- 0.36 Nm/kg to 0.97 +/- 0.41 Nm/kg (p < 0.01). The maximum walking distance on flat surface increased from 149 +/- 164 m to 456 +/- 394 m (p < 0.05). In most patients, the activities of daily living, especially mobility, improved. Appropriate exercise training for the elderly patients with congestive heart failure improves activities of daily living and also reduces the amount of required care by the patients.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1994

Effect of endurance training on activators of glycolysis in muscle during exercise.

Endurance training attenuates exercise-induced increases in blood lactate at the same submaximal work rate. Three intramuscular compounds that influence muscle lactate production were measured in fasted non-trained (NT) and endurance-trained (T) rats. The T rats were subjected to a progressive endurance-training program. At the end of the program (11 wk), they were running 2 h/day at 31 m/min up a 15% grade 5 days/wk. NT and T rats were fasted for 24 h and then anesthetized (pentobarbital, iv) at rest or after running for 30 min at 21 m/min (15% grade). Blood lactate levels were significantly lower in the T rats than in the NT rats after 30 min of running (2.3 +/- 0.2 vs. 3.9 +/- 0.2 mM). The lower blood lactate concentration was accompanied by lower plasma epinephrine (2.8 +/- 0.4 vs. 6.0 +/- 0.8 nM), adenosine 3', 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (0.36 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.50 +/- 0.03 pmol/mg), mg), glucose 1,6-diphosphate (26 +/- 2 vs. 40 +/- 5 pmol/mg), and fructose 2,6-diphosphate (3.2 +/- 0.2 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.3 pmol/mg) in white quadriceps muscle in T than in NT rats. Red quadriceps muscle glucose 1,6-diphosphate and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate were also lower in T than in NT rats. These adaptations may be responsible in part for the lower exercise-induced blood lactate in fasted rats as a consequence of endurance training.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Three days fast in sportsmen decreases physical work capacity but not strength or perception-reaction time.

This study investigates, in young nonobese healthy athletes, the consequences of a 3-day fast coupled, or not, to enhanced physical activity. Eight male subjects, aged 21+/-2 years, fasted for 3 days on two separate occasions, 4 weeks apart. On the first occasion, subjects continued their daily training activities. On the second occasion, a daily physical exercise program was added to these activities. Subjects were evaluated before and after 24 hours and 72 hours of fasting. Evaluation consisted of body composition, basal respiratory exchange ratio, plasma metabolic parameters, perception-reaction time (both simple and discriminant), hand grip strength, and physical work capacity at 170 beats per minute (PWC170). Fasting determined significant reductions in body weight, body fat, and muscle mass. These reductions were not affected by enhanced physical activity. Basal respiratory exchange ratio decreased with fasting but was not influenced by increased training activities. Fasting determined a significant decrease in blood glucose levels, while plasma proteins, urea, uric acid, and free fatty acids increased. Perception-reaction time and hand grip strength were unmodified during fasting. By contrast, PWC170 was significantly and progressively reduced during fasting, and this decrease was not reversed by an increase in training activities.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The effects of the ACTIVE cognitive training trial on clinically relevant declines in health-related quality of life.

OBJECTIVES: The Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study used three cognitive interventions (memory, reasoning, or speed of processing) in order to improve cognitive abilities. In this article, we evaluate ACTIVE's ability to avoid extensive decline in health-related quality of life (HRQoL). METHODS: ACTIVE enrolled 2,802 adults aged 65 or older and randomized them into one of three cognitive interventions or a no-contact control group. Researchers obtained data on 2,147 participants at the 24-month follow-up. We measured HRQoL by using the eight Short Form-36 scales, and we defined clinically relevant decline on each as a drop of 0.5 standard deviations from baseline. We defined extensive HRQoL decline as clinically relevant drops on four or more Short Form-36 scales, and we assessed this by using multiple logistic regression methods that adjusted for sociodemographic, cognitive, and health status covariates, and incorporated propensity score derived weights in order to adjust for potential attrition bias. RESULTS: We found that 25.0% of ACTIVE participants had extensive HRQoL decline. Participants in the speed-of-processing intervention arm were less likely to have extensive HRQoL decline (adjusted odds ratio = 0.643; p =.004) compared with controls, and participants in the memory and reasoning arms were equivalent to controls (adjusted odds ratios = 1.149 and 1.014, respectively; ps =.322 and.919, respectively). DISCUSSION: Although all three intervention arms improved cognitive ability, only the speed-of-processing arm protected against extensive clinically relevant decline in HRQoL.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro strength of the suspensory apparatus in training and resting horses.

Forty-eight limbs of 12 freshly euthanized horses were used to generate data on the strength of the equine suspensory apparatus. The point of failure of the suspensory apparatus of each limb was determined. Immediately before euthanasia, 6 of the 12 horses (thoroughbreds and standardbreds) had been engaged in active training or racing, and six horses in stall and/or pasture activity. In the actively training or racing horses, the point of acute failure of the suspensory apparatus was within the proximal sesamoid bones in 20 (83%) limbs (resulting in 17 apical fractures, 2 basilar fractures, and 1 midbody fracture). In the pasture exercised or stalled horses, the point of failure of the suspensory apparatus was either acutely within the suspensory ligament (10 horses, 42%) or, if no acute failure occurred, insidiously within the suspensory ligament (12 horses, 50%). Active training appeared to have a strengthening effect on the suspensory ligament, causing the weakest point in the suspensory apparatus to become the sesamoid bones rather than the suspensory ligament. An average force of 1338 kg (between 1082 and 1673 kg) was needed to fail the suspensory apparatus in this group of horses. In nontraining horses, the site of failure was most often the suspensory ligament. An average force of 1100 kg (between 918 and 1241 kg) used to fail the suspensory apparatus in this group of horses was significantly (p less than 0.5) less than in the first group.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Weight training to activities of daily living: helping older adults make a connection.

PURPOSE: To compare a weight training alone treatment (WT) to an innovative WT plus education treatment (WT + ED) about the use of strength-training gains when performing activities of daily living (ADL) with respect to their effects on ADL self-efficacy and performance. METHODS: Twenty-three men and 41 women (mean age = 74.4 +/- 3.7 yr) were randomly assigned to WT or WT + ED. Both groups performed 12 wk (two sessions per week) of WT targeting eight major muscle groups. WT + ED received behavioral training and associated written materials emphasizing the link between WT and ADL. WT received a placebo educational intervention. Baseline and posttest measures were collected for self-efficacy for performing eight lab-based ADL tasks and performance of the eight ADL tasks. A manipulation check compared participants' knowledge of ADL that might be improved through WT. RESULTS: The WT + ED treatment listed more ADL that could be improved with WT and had greater posttest self-efficacy for performing the ADL lab tasks than the WT treatment. Greater ADL self-efficacy did not translate into better ADL performance. CONCLUSIONS: A targeted educational intervention can help older adults generalize the benefits and confidence obtained through WT to their performance of ADL. Further research is needed to determine the behavioral and psychosocial impact of enhanced ADL self-efficacy on older adults.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Interaction of contractile activity and training history on mRNA abundance in skeletal muscle from trained athletes.

Skeletal muscle displays enormous plasticity to respond to contractile activity with muscle from strength- (ST) and endurance-trained (ET) athletes representing diverse states of the adaptation continuum. Training adaptation can be viewed as the accumulation of specific proteins. Hence, the altered gene expression that allows for changes in protein concentration is of major importance for any training adaptation. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to quantify acute subcellular responses in muscle to habitual and unfamiliar exercise. After 24-h diet/exercise control, 13 male subjects (7 ST and 6 ET) performed a random order of either resistance (8 x 5 maximal leg extensions) or endurance exercise (1 h of cycling at 70% peak O2 uptake). Muscle biopsies were taken from vastus lateralis at rest and 3 h after exercise. Gene expression was analyzed using real-time PCR with changes normalized relative to preexercise values. After cycling exercise, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (ET approximately 8.5-fold, ST approximately 10-fold, P < 0.001), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK-4; ET approximately 26-fold, ST approximately 39-fold), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; ET approximately 4.5-fold, ST approximately 4-fold), and muscle atrophy F-box protein (MAFbx) (ET approximately 2-fold, ST approximately 0.4-fold) mRNA increased in both groups, whereas MyoD (approximately 3-fold), myogenin (approximately 0.9-fold), and myostatin (approximately 2-fold) mRNA increased in ET but not in ST (P < 0.05). After resistance exercise PDK-4 (approximately 7-fold, P < 0.01) and MyoD (approximately 0.7-fold) increased, whereas MAFbx (approximately 0.7-fold) and myostatin (approximately 0.6-fold) decreased in ET but not in ST. We conclude that prior training history can modify the acute gene responses in skeletal muscle to subsequent exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Effect of exercise training on physical activity and substrate utilization in the elderly.

This study examined the effect of training on physical activity and substrate utilization in the elderly. Before the start, in week 6 and week 12 (T0, T6 and T12) data on physical fitness, physical activity and substrate utilization were collected in the exercise (11 males, 11 females; 63 +/- 8yrs) and control group (6 males, 5 females; 59 +/- 4yrs). Physical activity was registered with a tri-axial accelerometer and substrate utilization was calculated from resting respiratory exchange ratio (RER) by indirect calorimetry. At T6 physical activity on training days was significantly higher than on non-training days (33.4 +/- 10.3 vs. 26.5 +/- 7.8 counts x min(-1); p<0.001). At T12, after adjusting for training activity, physical activity on training days was significantly lower than on non-training days (23.7 +/- 8.4 vs. 28.2 +/- 9.3 counts x min(-1); p<0.01). RER decreased significantly (0.02 +/- 0.03; p <0.05), indicating a relatively larger fat oxidation. Changes in RER were negatively correlated with pre-training RER. In conclusion, in elderly an increase in structured training (exercise) is compensated for by a corresponding decrease in non-training physical activity. Training increased relative fat utilization in elderly with a high pre-training RER, whereas elderly with a low pre-training RER decreased their relative fat utilization.

Aged↗