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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1970

Purkinje cells in the cerebellum: their responses to postural stimuli in cats.

The responses of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum produced by various positions of the limbs were studied in decerebrated unanesthetized cats. The majority of units located in the intermediate zone of the anterior lobe selectively reacted to definite postures of the limbs: some of them were active when a given limb was in an extended position and were silent when it was in flexion; the other ones, on the contrary, were active when the limb was flexed and silent when it was extended. The rate of discharges was in both cases the same and amounted to 40 to 80 per second. It did not change with the lapse of time, and remained the same when flaxedil was administered. These results, in connection with some other data, seem to explain the problem of how the cerebellum transforms the information about the tensions of tendons and muscles, delivered by the tendon organs and muscle spindles, respectively, into the information about movements.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Peripheral neuromuscular dysfunction and falls in an elderly cohort.

In a prospective study of 169 tenants of senior citizen housing in New Jersey in 1986-1987, the relations between tests of peripheral sensory and motor functions in the lower extremities and the rate of first falls were evaluated. The mean age of the cohort was 79.8 years. Fifty-seven persons fell at least once during the follow-up period (mean, 5.6 months). After adjustment for history of stroke, heart failure, emphysema, and use of a walker or cane, rate ratios for first falls were elevated in subjects with reduced toe joint position sense (rate ratio (RR) = 2.2) and sharp-dull discrimination (RR = 2.0), but to a lesser extent for reduced ankle strength (RR = 1.5). Presence of one or more of these three deficits was defined as a peripheral neuromuscular dysfunction and was associated with first falls after adjustment for multiple covariates (RR = 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.3-4.5). Having two or all three sensory or motor deficits increased the rate of falling 3.9 times (95% confidence interval 2.1-7.0) compared with persons without these deficits. These data suggest that impaired sensory and motor function of the lower extremities plays an important role in falls in the elderly.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1988

Anatomy of the ankle and foot.

The ankle and foot complex at times must be mobile and at other times must be quite stable. The bony, ligamentous, and muscular structures of the ankle and foot are presented with respect to their mobility and stability functions. Innervation and vascular supply are discussed. Normal anatomy provides a basis and a reference point for discussion of dysfunction of the ankle and foot.

Ankle↗
PubMed1975

Resection of the forefoot in rheumatoid arthritis.

A long-term review of 272 resections of the metatarsal heads and bases of the phalanges in 128 patients with severe rheumatoid feet is presented. The longest follow-up is 11 years and the average follow-up was 4.7 years. Recurrent deformity and callus formation was usually due to a long metatarsal shaft. The operation, when properly performed, can correct severe deformities of the forefoot with a high percentage of satisfactory results.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Reverse anterior tibial artery flap for reconstruction of foot donor site.

The foot offers numerous useful options for hand reconstruction. Hallux transfer, dorsalis pedis flap, second toe transfers, and toe joint transfers offer good functional results in reconstructed hands. However, when the donor site is repaired with skin grafts, delayed wound healing, scarring, and contractures often result. Poor cosmesis of the donor site and altered gait are the main drawbacks of the procedures. The authors propose a new concept of primary reconstruction of the donor foot using a reverse-flow anterior tibial flap from the same leg. Two flaps are raised from the same anterior tibial vessel system in continuity as a distal free flap for hand reconstruction and as a proximal reverse-flow pedicled flap to resurface the donor defect. This technique allows good flap reconstruction of the foot donor site, reducing morbidity and limiting the operation to the same limb. The authors report their experience of 33 cases. There were no failures. Primary wound healing was achieved in the foot donor site, with acceptable cosmesis and satisfactory function.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging techniques in the equine digit.

An anatomic study of the equine digit using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed. Seventeen isolated forelimbs and one hindleg of nine warmblood horses were imaged in transverse, sagittal, and dorsal planes with a 1.5 Tesla magnet using T1-, T2- proton density-weighted spin echo sequences as well as T2 gradient echo sequences. One scan plane in each horse was compared with corresponding anatomic and histologic sections. The best imaging planes to visualize various anatomic structures were determined. Fibrocartilage was visualized in the insertion of the deep digital flexor tendon and the suspensory ligament as well as in the distal sesamoidean ligaments. The correlation of MRI images with anatomic and histologic sections confirmed that all of the anatomic structures in the equine digit could be evaluated in PD and T2 studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Unresponsive afferent nerve fibres in the sural nerve of the rat.

1. The proportion of primary afferent nerve fibres in a skin nerve of the rat that responded or failed to respond to mechanical or thermal stimulation of the skin in the noxious and non-noxious range was analysed. 2. Activity of afferent nerve fibres was recorded from the dorsal roots. Units projecting into the sural nerve were selected using supramaximal electrical stimulation of the nerve stem. All other hindleg nerves were cut. 3. The receptive fields were searched by carefully examining the hindleg skin with noxious and innocuous mechanical, cooling and warming stimuli. Probing of the intrinsic foot muscles and manipulation of the ankle and toe joints was employed to recruit units projecting to deeper tissues. 4. In a first series of twenty-two experiments, eighty-nine rapidly conducting myelinated A beta units, thirty slowly conducting myelinated A delta units and 101 unmyelinated C units were investigated. Most units were identified as belonging to one of the established classes of cutaneous sensory units and this was also ascertained by a collision test. 5. Two A beta, eight A delta and forty-six C fibres did not respond to any one of the stimuli. Electrical thresholds and conduction velocities of the unresponsive C fibres were not significantly different from those of the units responding to natural stimulation of their receptive fields. In the A delta group unresponsive and high threshold mechanoreceptive units were preferentially found among the units with the slowest conduction velocities. 6. In a second series of seven experiments, one single nerve filament containing responsive and unresponsive C fibres was tested repetitively at 30 min intervals. Twenty unresponsive units and seven units responding to noxious mechanical and/or heat stimuli were studied. Ten of the twenty initially unresponsive units became activated by mechanical and/or heat stimuli after observation times of 30-150 min. Some of these units had mechanical thresholds as low as 64 mN (tested with calibrated von Frey hairs), or thermal thresholds down to 42 degrees C. 7. Two of the ten C units which became responsive in the course of an experiment later lost their responsiveness again. On the other hand, two of the C units which were initially responsive to noxious heat and/or noxious mechanical stimuli became completely unresponsive after repetitive stimulation, whereas one unit initially only responding to noxious heat became responsive to mechanical stimuli, suggesting that mechanical and heat responsiveness may be separately gained or lost by sensory C fibres.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Interobserver reliability of rheumatologists performing musculoskeletal ultrasonography: results from a EULAR "Train the trainers" course.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the interobserver reliability among 14 experts in musculoskeletal ultrasonography (US) and to determine the overall agreement about the US results compared with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which served as the imaging "gold standard". METHODS: The clinically dominant joint regions (shoulder, knee, ankle/toe, wrist/finger) of four patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases were ultrasonographically examined by 14 experts. US results were compared with MRI. Overall agreements, sensitivities, specificities, and interobserver reliabilities were assessed. RESULTS: Taking an agreement in US examination of 10 out of 14 experts into account, the overall kappa for all examined joints was 0.76. Calculations for each joint region showed high kappa values for the knee (1), moderate values for the shoulder (0.76) and hand/finger (0.59), and low agreement for ankle/toe joints (0.28). kappa Values for bone lesions, bursitis, and tendon tears were high (kappa = 1). Relatively good agreement for most US findings, compared with MRI, was found for the shoulder (overall agreement 81%, sensitivity 76%, specificity 89%) and knee joint (overall agreement 88%, sensitivity 91%, specificity 88%). Sensitivities were lower for wrist/finger (overall agreement 73%, sensitivity 66%, specificity 88%) and ankle/toe joints (overall agreement 82%, sensitivity 61%, specificity 92%). CONCLUSION: Interobserver reliabilities, sensitivities, and specificities in comparison with MRI were moderate to good. Further standardisation of US scanning techniques and definitions of different pathological US lesions are necessary to increase the interobserver agreement in musculoskeletal US.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

The foot in chronic rheumatoid arthritis.

The feet of 200 consecutive admissions with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis were studied. 104 were found to have pain or deformity. Clinical involvement of the joints was seen more often than radiological joint damage in the ankle, but the reverse was the case in the midtarsal joints. The metatarsophalangeal joints were involved most frequently both clinically and radiologically. Sixty per cent of the patients required modified shoes but only a third of these had received them. The need for more shoes is clear, and although this is a highly selected group of patients they were all under specialist care. The increased expenditure on special footwear would benefit the patient, firstly by improving ambulation, and secondly perhaps by reducing the number of operations necessary. Hallux valgus was very common and occurred with similar frequency to disease in the other metatarsophalangeal joints. Although not exclusive to rheumatoid arthritis, hallux valgus must have been caused for the most part by the rheumatoid arthritis and if so, then it is suggested that the provision of suitable shoes for patients may be less costly than subsequent surgical treatment.

Ankle Joint↗
PubMed1976

Lisfranc's tarsometatarsal fracture-dislocation.

Lisfranc's fracture-dislocation is an injury at the tarsometatarsal joints. Usually the metatarsals dislocate dorsally and laterally. These frectures can be subtle, and a knowledge of the normal relationships is essential. Review of foot radiographs indicated that the most constant normal relationship of the tarsometatarsal joints is the alignment of the second tarsometatarsal joint, which, fortunately, is involved in most Lisfranc's dislocations. There is more variation in normal alignment of the other tarsometatarsal joints, but gross abnormalities are detectable, and the presence of associated chip fractures and clinical correlation will usually clarify more subtle cases.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Congenital crossover fifth toe correction with soft tissue release and cutaneous Z-plasty.

Congenital overriding of the fifth toe causes symptoms in approximately half of all patients. The results of three patients treated with a simpler procedure involving metatarsal phalangeal capsular release dorsally and medially, oblique lengthening of the extensor tendon, and Z-plasty of the skin is reported. At an average of 33 month follow-up, no recurrence is noted with this simple procedure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Simultaneous open dislocation of the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of the hallux: a case report.

Simultaneous open dislocations of the hallux metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints is previously unreported. Reducibility of the isolated metatarsophalangeal joint dislocation is often implied by the sesamoid separation and/or the existence of a sesamoid fracture. In the open dislocations of the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of the hallux reported in this article, the ease of reduction is related instead to the severe disruption of the capsule.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Arthrography of the metatarsophalangeal joint.

Arthrography has been an extremely useful tool in the diagnosis of various intra-articular disorders of multiple joints. To date, little has been written regarding the technique and value of arthrography of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints of the foot. The purpose of this paper is to briefly describe the technique, demonstrate a normal arthrogram of the MTP joint, and provide case descriptions in which arthrography has been useful in diagnosis of intra-articular problems related to the MTP joint.

Arthrography↗