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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Characterization of two cDNAs encoding serine proteinases from the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis.

Host vaccination against tick infestation is at present the most practical and sustainable alternative tick control method to the current acaricide use which has serious limitations. However the success of this approach to control ticks depends upon the identification of target vaccine antigens. Members of the serine proteinase gene family may represent an interesting group of proteins to target as candidate antigens because of their involvement in regulation of many physiological functions and development processes in a wide range of organisms. We used RT-PCR with the 3' and 5' RACE to clone two cDNAs encoding full-length serine proteinases from the hard tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis. RT-PCR degenerate primers were designed from amino acid sequences surrounding active sites, His(57) and Ser(195) conserved among most known serine proteinase. Gene specific primers designed from nucleotide sequences of the RT-PCR products were used to prime the 3' and 5' RACE. Southern blotting analysis showed that both HLSG-1 and -2 are single copy. The 2 cDNAs, HLSG-1 and -2 are 1.2 and 1.0 kb long in size with open reading frames encoding polypeptides with 37.7 and 31.2 kDa predicted molecular mass respectively. Northern blotting analysis of total RNA from unfed and partially fed whole ticks showed that the expression of mRNAs for both HLSG-1 and -2 was induced by blood feeding. Expression analysis by RT-PCR showed that both HLSG-1 and -2 are expressed in other tick organs in addition to salivary glands and midguts. The 6 serine proteinase consensus cyteine residues are well conserved in both HLSG-1 and -2. We have discussed our findings with respect to tick vaccine development research.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of 16S, map1 and pCS20 probes for detection of Cowdria and Ehrlichia species.

A panel of 16S ribosomal RNA gene probes has been developed for the study of the epidemiology of heartwater; five of these detect different cowdria genotypes, one detects five distinct genotypes; one detects any Group III Ehrlichia species other than Cowdria and one detects any Group II Ehrlichia species. These probes have been used on PCR-amplified rickettsial 16S rRNA genes from over 200 Amblyomma hebraeum ticks. Control ticks were laboratory-reared and either uninfected or fed on sheep experimentally infected with different cowdria isolates, field ticks were collected from animals in heartwater-endemic areas. All tick-derived DNA samples were also examined by PCR amplification and probing for two other cowdria genes (map1 and pCS20) which have previously been used for heartwater epidemiology. This paper describes the first direct comparison of all currently available DNA probes for heartwater-associated organisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Comparative evaluation of 16S, map1 and pCS20 probes for the detection of Cowdria and Ehrlichia species in ticks.

We have developed a panel of 16S ribosomal RNA gene probes for heartwater epidemiology; five of these detect different Cowdria genotypes (Ball3, Senegal, Omatjenne, Crystal Springs, and Mara 87/7); one detects all five of these genotypes; one detects any Group III Ehrlichia species other than Cowdria; one detects any Group II Ehrlichia species. We have used these probes on PCR-amplified rickettsial 16S rRNA genes from over 200 Amblyomma ticks. Control ticks were laboratory-reared and either uninfected or fed on sheep experimentally infected with different Cowdria isolates, field ticks were harvested from animals in heartwater-endemic and heartwater-free areas. All the samples were also examined by PCR amplification and probing for two other Cowdria genes (map1 and pCS20) which have been used for heartwater epidemiology. This paper describes the first direct comparison of all the currently available DNA probes for heartwater-associated organisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Strategies for the control of one-host ticks and relationship with tick-borne diseases in South America.

A variety of hemoparasites occurs in ruminants of South America (12 degrees 00'N-56 degrees 00'S), but there is consensus on the significant economic impact of babesiosis (Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina) and anaplasmosis (Anaplasma marginale). The tick vector for the Babesia spp. for the whole region is Boophilus microplus which has been the most important target in control/eradication programs. Boophilus microplus and many different hematophagous diptera species are considered vectors of A. marginale. In areas where babesiosis and anaplasmosis are present, the wide range of climates (tropical, subtropical, temperate), husbandry practices (subsistence, extensive, intensive), and tick control strategies has led to the concepts of enzootic stability and instability. Within this framework, six control strategies for Boophilus microplus can be identified: (1) absolute tick control--with the establishment of quarantine areas and the implementation of state legislation; (2) absolute tick control in marginal areas--using local epidemiological knowledge, strategic treatments, quarantine areas and the intervention of the state; (3) prophylactic treatment--with a predetermined acaricide treatment schedule aimed at reducing tick burdens to an acceptably low level; (4) threshold treatment--acaricides are applied by the farmer whenever the number of ticks on cattle exceed a threshold level; (5) opportunistic treatment--acaricides are applied when cattle are assembled for other purposes; (6) integrated tick control--principally involving the combination of acaricides with the use of tick-resistant crossbred cattle.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed2000

In vitro assessment of Metarhizium anisopliae isolates to control the cattle tick Boophilus microplus.

Metarhizium anisopliae is a filamentous fungus used for tick control. The in vitro effects of 12 M. anisopliae isolates on engorged Boophilus microplus females were analysed. The most pathogenic isolate (E6S1) caused a 100% death rate when 10(7) spores/ml were used to infect ticks. Isolates of M. anisopliae taken from experimentally infected ticks proved to be more pathogenic than fungus maintained on culture media. A comparison between dsRNA mycovirus-free and infected M. anisopliae isolates suggested that, in general, virus free isolates were more infective. The results showed that the biological control of B. microplus by M. anisopliae infection might constitute an additional method to integrated tick control management.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Efficiency of control of Ixodes ticks, vectors of natural and focal infections in the south of the Tyumen Region].

There are synchronous undulating variations in the number of ticks and in the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis and Ixodes tick-borne borreliosis in the south of the Tyumen Region. Since 1990s, there has been an increase in the incidence of tick-borne infections and in the number of ticks. The highest epidemic risk areas of 1418 have been treated with acaricides due to the additional financing made by the Tyumen Region in 2002-2004. The treatments with the agents Sipaz-super and Briz (25% c.e. cipermethrin) have ensured 98-100% freedom of the areas from ticks. In Tyumen and in the south of the Tyumen Region, the number of human suction of ticks has reduced from 601 and 1231 per 100,000 in 2001 to 424 and 658 cases in 2004, respectively. The authors have developed guidelines for tick-controlling measures in large areas of the Tyumen Region.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Chemical control of ticks on cattle and the resistance of these parasites to acaricides.

Toward the end of the nineteenth century a complex of problems related to ticks and tick-borne diseases of cattle created a demand for methods to control ticks and reduce losses of cattle. The discovery and use of arsenical solutions in dipping vats for treating cattle to protect them against ticks revolutionized tick and tick-borne disease control programmes. Arsenic dips for cattle were used for about 40 years before the evolution of resistance of ticks to the chemical, and the development and marketing of synthetic organic acaricides after World War II provided superior alternative products. Most of the major groups of organic pesticides are represented on the list of chemicals used to control ticks on cattle. Unfortunately, the successive evolution of resistance of ticks to acaricides in each chemical group with the concomitant reduction in the usefulness of a group of acaricides is a major reason for the diversity of acaricides. Whether a producer chooses a traditional method for treating cattle with an acaricide or uses a new method, he must recognize the benefits, limitations and potential problems with each application method and product. Simulation models and research were the basis of recommendations for tick control strategies advocating approaches that reduced reliance on acaricides. These recommendations for controlling ticks on cattle are in harmony with recommendations for reducing the rate of selection for acaricide resistance. There is a need to transfer knowledge about tick control and resistance mitigation strategies to cattle producers.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Evaluation of the potential of systemic slow release chemical treatments for control of the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) using ivermectin.

Stall and field trials with cattle infested with various acaricide-resistant strains of cattle tick, have demonstrated the potential of ivermectin as a systemic tickicide. A dosage of 200 micrograms/kg, administered subcutaneously to animals naturally infested in the field, gave satisfactory tick control for 21 days, after an initial lag period of 2 days immediately following treatment, during which significant numbers of ticks survived. Daily subcutaneous treatments, administered so as to simulate slow release, indicated that a dosage of 15 micrograms/kg/day should give complete tick control if the chemical could be released continuously from a subcutaneous implant. The potency of ivermectin assessed by in vitro tests against engorged adults, suggests that the tickicidal activity could be associated with the parent compound per se rather than a metabolite.

Animals↗