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PubMed1977

Teichoic acids of group D streptococci with special reference to strains from pig meningitis (Streptococcus suis).

Immunoelectrophoresis revealed in phenol extracts from S. faecalis and S. faecium a mixture of free and lipid-bound teichoic acids, both reactive with Group D antisera. In phenol extracts from S. suis only lipid-bound teichoic acid, also reactive with Group D antiserum, was seen. This difference probably accounts for the low yield of Group D antigen from S. suis as compared with S. faecalis and S. faecium when heating at pH 2 is used for extraction. When phenol is used good yields are obtained from S. suis as well as from S. faecalis and S. faecium. Lipoteichoic acids from S. faecalis and S. faecium have a backbone structure the same as or similar to that of Group A streptococcal teichoic acid. Lipoteichoic acid from S. suis has a structure differing from that of S. faecalis and S. faecium, e.g., possibly in the attachment of its glucosyl substituents. Precipitation reactions between S. suis lipoteichoic acid and Group D antisera were specifically inhibited by glucose. Reactions between S. bovis phenol extracts and some Group D antisera were also specifically inhibited by glucose, but extracts from S. faecalis and S. faecium were not. This may indicate a monosaccharide glucosyl substituent in teichoic acid from S. suis and S. bovis instead of the di- or trisaccharide previously postulated as the glucosyl substituent in the teichoic acid of S. faecalis.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Teichoic acid antibody determination by agar-gel diffusion: effect of using dilute antigen preparations.

Because the reported frequency of teichoic acid precipitins in controls and various patient groups has varied considerably among laboratories, we studied the effect of using various concentrations of staphylococcal extracts in agar-gel diffusion tests for teichoic acid antibodies. Of 25 normal sera, only 1 was positive against an undiluted extract, but 4 were positive against a 16-fold-diluted extract. Of nine sera from patients with staphylococcal bacteremia, two were positive at a higher titer against the diluted extract. A false-positive serum against the undiluted extract had a twofold titer increase against the diluted extract. Because human immune serum globulin is generally used as a positive teichoic acid antibody control, the variability of five different lots was studied. Three lots ahd teichoic acid antibody titers of 1:4, whereas one each had titers of 1:2 and 1:8. Based on this study, we feel that staphylococcal extracts should not be diluted. If immune serum globulins are used to determine the adequacy of ultrasonic extracts, newly acquired globulin lots should be standarized against an ultrasonic extract of proven sensitivity and specificity.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Lytic action of lysoamidase from Xanthomonas sp. correlates with the presence of the target ribitol teichoic acids in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria].

Lysoamidase, a bacteriolytic complex from the culture liquid of Xanthomonas sp., hydrolyzed the cells walls of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptomyces chrysomallus, and Streptomyces azureus, which contain ribitol teichoic acids in addition to peptidoglycan. The cell walls of Streptomyces roseoflavus, Glycomyces harhinensis, and Nocardiopsis dassonvillei, containing glycerol teichoic acids, were not hydrolyzed by lysoamidase. The extent of the hydrolysis of 20-h Str. chrysomallus cells and cell walls, containing 40% ribitol teichoic acids, was considerably higher than that of 40-h cells and cell walls, containing 15% teichoic acids. Homogeneous bacteriolytic enzymes of the lysoamidase complex (muramidase and two bacteriolytic peptidases) most efficiently hydrolyzed S. aureus and Str. chrysomallus cell walls, characterized by the highest content of ribitol teichoic acids, and did not hydrolyze purified peptidoglycan.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

Structure of teichoic-acid--glycopeptide complexes from cell walls of Bacillus cereus AHU 1030.

From lysozyme digests of N-acetylated cell walls of Bacillus cereus AHU 1030, two acidic polymer fractions with molecular weights of about 24000 and 45000 were isolated by ion-exchange chromatography and gel chromatography. These polymer fractions, containing glycerol, phosphorus and glucose in a molar ratio of 1.00:1.00:0.85 together with small amounts of glycopeptide components and mannosamine, were characterized as teichoic-acid-glycopeptide complexes with one and two teichoic acid chains made of 60-65 repeating glycerol phosphate units that were mostly glucosylated. Mild alkali treatment of the complexes yielded a disaccharide-linked glycopeptide. The disaccharide was liberated from the glycopeptide by mild acid treatment and identified as N-acetylmannosaminyl(beta 1 leads to 4)N-acetylglucosamine. On the other hand, the same disaccharide linked to the teichoic acid chain was obtained by direct heating of the cell walls at pH 2.5. These results lead to a conclusion that in the cell walls of this strain the glycerol teichoic acid chain is attached to the glycan chain of peptidoglycan through this disaccharide unit. The disaccharide is linked at its reducing and nonreducing ends to the glycan chain and the teichoic acid chain, respectively, through phosphodiester bridges.

Bacillus cereus↗
PubMed1984

Production and release of peptidoglycan and wall teichoic acid polymers in pneumococci treated with beta-lactam antibiotics.

Autolysin-defective pneumococci treated with inhibitory concentrations of penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics continued to produce non-cross-linked peptidoglycan and cell wall teichoic acid polymers, the majority of which were released into the surrounding medium. The released cell wall polymers were those synthesized by the pneumococci after the addition of the antibiotics. The peptidoglycan and wall teichoic acid chains released were not linked to one another; they could be separated by affinity chromatography on an agarose-linked phosphorylcholine-specific myeloma protein column. Omission of choline, a nutritional requirement and component of the pneumococcal teichoic acid, from the medium inhibited both teichoic acid and peptidoglycan synthesis and release. These observations are discussed in terms of plausible mechanisms for the coordination between the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan and cell wall teichoic acids.

Kinetics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of teichoic acid antibodies in children with staphylococcal infections.

The presence of serum antibodies to teichoic acid was evaluated by gel diffusion and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 14 patients with deep-seated staphylococcal infection, in 5 patients with superficial staphylococcal infections, in 10 patients with Gram-positive infections other than staphylococcal and in 12 age-matched, uninfected patients. Serum samples were obtained on admission and serially each week during hospitalization. Teichoic acid antibodies were detected by gel diffusion in only 5 of 14 patients with deep-seated staphylococcal infections, in 1 of 10 patients with other Gram-positive infections and in none of the other patients. With the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method all patients with deep-seated staphylococcal infections had concentrations of teichoic acid antibodies of 1:1600 or greater, and these titers were significantly larger than those in the other groups of patients. Using a titer of 1:3200 or greater as a diagnostic level in children with deep-seated Staphylococcus aureus infections, the sensitivity was 93% and the specificity was 89%. For all staphylococcal infections the sensitivity was 79% and the specificity was 96%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Regulation of teichoic acid synthesis during phosphate limitation.

Bacillus subtilis W-23, when placed in phosphate-free medium, ceases to synthesize teichoic acid and synthesizes teichuronic acid. The enzymatic basis for the cessation of teichoic acid synthesis is the irreversible inhibition of the first membrane-bound enzyme involved in teichoic acid synthesis which catalyzes the reaction Undecapenol-P + UDP-GlcNAc leads to undecaprenol-P-P-GlcNAc + UMP.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1977

Environmental origin of natural antibodies to teichoic acid.

In an effort to determine the origin of natural antibodies to teichoic acid, rats were fed a sterile liquid diet free of detectable teichoic acid and virtually free of gram-positive bacteria. Both germ-free and conventional Sprague-Dawley rats raised on this diet failed to produce antibodies to polyglycerophosphate, whereas 100% of their counterparts fed the usual teichoic acid-containing diet did produce these antibodies. The intestinal flora was similar in both groups of animals. When the test animals were immunized intraperitoneally or orally with gram-positive bacteria, 100% displayed immunocompetency by producing significant levels of antibody. These results demonstrate the environmental nature of the antigenic stimulus for these antibodies and suggest the importance of food as the major source of stimulation. The experimental model described here furnishes a valuable tool for studies of immunologic responses where a single known specificity and a controlled system would be advantageous.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Structural features of cell wall teichoic acid and peptidoglycan of Actinomadura cremea INA 292.

The teichoic acid from the cell wall of Actinomadura cremea INA 292 has an unusual structure, being a poly(galactosylglycerol phosphate) chain with glycerol phosphate groups. Monomeric units of 1-O, beta-D-galactopyranosylglycerol monophosphate are joined in the polymer by phosphodiester links involving the glycerol C3 and the galactose C6 atoms. Approximately every second galactosyl substituent has a glycerol phosphate residue at its C3 atom. The teichoic acid structure was established by chemical analysis and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. There also is a peptidoglycan belonging to the A1 gamma type: as well as meso-2,6-diaminopimelic acid it contains small amounts of the LL form and glycine.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1972

Regulation of the bacterial cell wall: analysis of a mutant of Bacillus subtilis defective in biosynthesis of teichoic acid.

Bacillus subtilis 168ts-200B is a temperature-sensitive mutant of B. subtilis 168 which grows as rods at 30 C but as irregular spheres at 45 C. Growth at the nonpermissive temperature resulted in a deficiency of teichoic acid in the cell wall. A decrease in teichoic acid synthesis coupled with the rapid turnover of this polymer led to a progressive loss until less than 20% of the level found in wild-type rods remained in spheres. Extracts of cells grown at 45 C contained amounts of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and glucosylation of teichoic acids that were equal to or greater than those found in normal rods. Cell walls of the spheres were deficient also in the endogenous autolytic enzyme (N-acyl muramyl-l-alanine amidase). Genetic analysis of the mutant by PBS1-mediated transduction and deoxyribonucleic acid-mediated transformation demonstrated that the lesion responsible for these effects (tag-1) is tightly linked to the genes which regulate the glucosylation of teichoic acid in the mid-portion of the chromosome of B. subtilis.

Alanine↗
PubMed1975

Organization of teichoic acid in the cell wall of Bacillus subtilis.

The phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A (Con A), interacts specifically and reversibly with the polyglucosyl glycerol phosphate teichoic acid of Bacillus subtilis 168 cell walls. Advantage has been taken of this interaction to examine the organization of the surface teichoic acid at the ultrastructural level. Con A-treated whole cells and cell walls contain an irregular, fluffy layer 25 to 60 nm thick which is absent in untreated or alpha-methyl glucoside-treated preparations. This discontinuous layer is present only on the outer profile of Con-A-treated cell walls. The surface teichoic acid is proposed to be oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the cell. Fixation and embedment for electron microscopy result in condensation of this layer which then contributes to the stainable portion of the wall. Con A treatment binds adjacent teichoic acid molecules in their native configuration producing the irregular, fluffy layer visualized.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1981

The biosynthesis of wall teichoic acid by toluenised cells of Bacillus subtilis W23.

Toluenised cells of Bacillus subtilis W23 synthesized the teichoic acid, poly(ribitol phosphate), from exogenous precursors. The synthesis was dependent on concomitant synthesis of the linkage unit that joins teichoic acid to peptidoglycan. Under conditions that reduced cell autolytic activity, a large proportion of the teichoic acid became linked to the cell wall, independently of peptidoglycan synthesis. The specific activity of the system was more than 30 times that of isolated membranes, so that activity could be measured readily in the cells from 2 ml of an exponential culture of bacteria.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1983

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies against teichoic acid in patients with staphylococcal infections.

A highly purified teichoic acid preparation was used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure the specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM response in staphylococcal disease. Antibody determination in a normal population, showing a difference of up to 20-fold in the mean IgG titers between the youngest children and adults, was used to establish age-correlated upper normal values. IgM antibodies were found to be of little diagnostic value since their response was often low or absent. Increased IgG titers were found in 24 of 27 (89%) patients with endocarditis, in 11 of 14 (79%) with complicated septicemia, and in 10 of 20 (50%) with uncomplicated septicemia with serum samples drawn between days 7 and 30 of disease. With paired samples, the numbers of patients with increased IgG titers were 17 of 17, 3 of 4, and 6 of 7, respectively, in the same patient groups. Increased IgG titers were less often demonstrated in patients with chronic osteomyelitis (7 of 22). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for teichoic acid antibodies was found to be a sensitive and specific method for diagnosing staphylococcal endocarditis and septicemia. For optimal results, both the substantial age-correlated variation in normal titers and the importance of adequately spaced samples should be considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Teichoic acids in the cell walls of Microbispora mesophila Ac-1953t and Thermobifida fusca Ac-1952t].

The cell walls of Microbispora mesophila strain Ac-1953T (the family Streptosporangiaceae) and Thermobifida fusca Ac-1952T (the family Nocardiopsiceae) were found to contain teichoic acids of a poly(glycerol phosphate) nature. The teichoic acid of M. mesophila (formerly Thermomonospora mesophila) represents a poly(glycerol phosphate) containing 5% of substituent 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-galactosaminyl residues. The teichoic acid of such kind was found in actinomycetes for the first time. The cell wall of T. fusca (formerly Thermonospora fusca) contains two teichoic acids, namely, unsubstituted 1,3-poly(glycerol phosphate) and beta-glucosylated 1,3-poly(glycerol phosphate).

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1979

Cell wall teichoic acid as a reserve phosphate source in Bacillus subtilis.

Although exponential growth of Bacillus subtilis 168 in a phosphate-limited medium halted with the exhaustion of inorganic phosphate, the bacteria continued to grow at a slower rate for a further 3 to 4 h at 37 degrees C. This postexponential growth in the absence of an exogenous phosphate supply was accompanied by a loss of teichoic acid from the cell walls of the bacteria. Quantitative analysis of walls and culture fluids showed that the phosphate loss from the walls could not be accounted for by an increase in phosphate-containing compounds in the medium, which implied that the cells were using their own wall teichoic acids to supply phosphate necessary for growth. Addition of exogenous teichoic acid to phosphate-starved cultures resulted in stimulation of growth and in the simultaneous disappearance of teichoic acid phosphate from the medium. It is proposed that teichoic acids, which can contain more than 30% of the total phosphorus of exponential-phase cells, can be used as a reserve phosphate source when the bacteria are starved for inorganic phosphate.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1980

Immunochemical analysis of the teichoic acid from Staphylococcus simulans.

The wall teichoic acid of Staphylococcus simulans has been characterized as a glycerol phosphate polymer with glycosidically linked N-acetylglucosamine. Susceptibility to beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and serological similarity to poly C beta from Staphylococcus saprophyticus, showed that the amino sugar is in the beta-configuration.

Immunologic Techniques↗
PubMed2003

A continuum of anionic charge: structures and functions of D-alanyl-teichoic acids in gram-positive bacteria.

Teichoic acids (TAs) are major wall and membrane components of most gram-positive bacteria. With few exceptions, they are polymers of glycerol-phosphate or ribitol-phosphate to which are attached glycosyl and D-alanyl ester residues. Wall TA is attached to peptidoglycan via a linkage unit, whereas lipoteichoic acid is attached to glycolipid intercalated in the membrane. Together with peptidoglycan, these polymers make up a polyanionic matrix that functions in (i) cation homeostasis; (ii) trafficking of ions, nutrients, proteins, and antibiotics; (iii) regulation of autolysins; and (iv) presentation of envelope proteins. The esterification of TAs with D-alanyl esters provides a means of modulating the net anionic charge, determining the cationic binding capacity, and displaying cations in the wall. This review addresses the structures and functions of D-alanyl-TAs, the D-alanylation system encoded by the dlt operon, and the roles of TAs in cell growth. The importance of dlt in the physiology of many organisms is illustrated by the variety of mutant phenotypes. In addition, advances in our understanding of D-alanyl ester function in virulence and host-mediated responses have been made possible through targeted mutagenesis of dlt. Studies of the mechanism of D-alanylation have identified two potential targets of antibacterial action and provided possible screening reactions for designing novel agents targeted to D-alanyl-TA synthesis.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1992

Effects of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall products (teichoic acid, peptidoglycan) and enterotoxin B on immunoglobulin (IgE, IgA, IgG) synthesis and CD23 expression in patients with atopic dermatitis.

The influence of staphylococcal cell wall products (teichoic acid, peptidoglycan) and enterotoxin B on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) was investigated. The parameters studied were spontaneous and interleukin-inducible immunoglobulin (IgA, IgE, IgG) synthesis and CD23 expression. PBL from non-atopic donors served as controls. Teichoic acid and peptidoglycan induced an enhanced synthesis of IgA and IgG in normal donors. However, IgA and IgG synthesis in PBL from patients with AD was significantly suppressed by teichoic acid and enterotoxin B. The incubation of PBL from normal donors with enterotoxin B and interleukin-4 (IL-4) or IL-5 led to a significant suppression of IgA and IgG synthesis. Co-stimulation of PBL with teichoic acid or peptidoglycan and IL-4 led to a pronounced increase in IgE synthesis and CD23 expression in patients with AD. Our data indicate that cell wall products and toxins of staphylococci modulate the cytokine-dependent humoral immunity in patients with AD and may be responsible for allergic skin reactions in AD.

Antigens, Bacterial↗