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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Choroidal vascular changes in toxemia of pregnancy.

Twenty-seven patients with toxemia of pregnancy were examined during a postpartum period of two days to eight months. Five of these manifested abnormal photographic and angiographic findings including disk and retinal edema, retinal striae, deep retinal yellow-white focal lesions, choroidal nonfilling, leakage of dye from the optic disk and deep retinal lesions, and retinal pigment epithelial window defects. The location and configuration of the leakage correlated with the defects seen on color photography. The normal retinal, and predominantly abnormal choroidal vascular patterns provide evidence implicating choroidal vascular insufficiency as the primary basis for secondary retinal detachments seen in toxemia of pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Cellular hyperreactivity to placenta in toxemia of pregnancy.

It is generally assumed that maternal immune response may be involved in some pathological conditions of pregnancy, such as toxemia. The activity of cell-mediated immunity to placenta was studied in women with gestosis. The leucocyte inhibition technique was employed to test reactivity of peripheral blood leucocytes from postpartum women. The results indicated that leucocyte migration was significantly inhibited in the presence of placental microsomal fraction when blood from toxemic women was used. Thus, about 87% out of 30 studied cases of toxemia showed positive results. At the same time, in only 22% of women with uncomplicated pregnancy was such a positive leucocyte migration inhibition test found. There was no correlation between the severity of the toxemic symptoms and the extent of inhibition. In further experiments the leucocyte migration inhibition test with the microsomal fraction antigens from cadaver kidneys was performed; only 1 out of 6 patients showed positive leucocyte migration inhibition. These findings may suggest that the normal status of the mother is altered towards cellular hyperreactivity to placental antigens in toxemic pregnancy.

Female↗
PubMed1977

Drugs used in the management of toxemia of pregnancy.

Drugs used in the management of pregnancy-induced hypertension have been reviewed, and their value and adverse effects on both mother and fetus have been considered. Although magnesium and hydralazine remain the stalwarts of therapy, a number of other drugs have potential that may be realized in the future. Several new medications have promise in correcting the derangements of toxemia, but safety for the fetus has yet to be demonstrated. For the physician confronted with the complexities of old and new drugs in toxemia of pregnancy, the prayer of Lord Berkely may be just as appropriate in 1977 as it was dicades ago: From inability to let well enough alone, From too much zeal for the new, From too much contempt for what is old, From putting knowledge before wisdom and science before art, From making the cure of the disease more grievous than its endurnace, Good Lord, deliver us.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed1983

Residual glomerular lesions in postpartal women with toxemia of pregnancy.

Renal biopsies from 10 patients who had residual symptoms of toxemia of pregnancy were examined by light, electron and immunofluorescent microscopy. The biopsies were performed 1 month to 3 months postpartum. The glomeruli showed a similar lesion, even though to a lesser degree, to that found in toxemia of pregnancy. Subepithelial swellings and endothelial cytoplasmic microtubular structures were also observed. Mesangial and monocyte-like cells contained lysosomes, cholesterol clefts and lipid-containing vacuoles with or without myelin figures, suggesting reparative process in the glomeruli. The present study indicates that the glomerular injury persists for a few months after delivery, together with the concurrent reparative process.

Adult↗
PubMed1970

Sex ratio of newborns: preponderance of males in toxemia of pregnancy.

The ratio of males to females in 1061 babies born to mothers with toxemia of pregnancy is 1.24. The ratio increases as the severity of the disease increases, being 1.71 in cases in which the urinary output of protein is equal to or greater than 3 grams per 24 hours. Histoincompatibility of the fetus and mother, including incompatibility due to an antigen (or antigens) dependent on the Y chromosome, is suggested to function in the pathogenesis of pregnancy toxemia.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1977

Fat-containing uterine smooth muscle cells in "toxemia": possible relevance to atherosclerosis?

Uterine smooth muscle cells in "toxemia of pregnancy" contain varying amounts of fat--a feature to date believed to characterize only the arterial smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic lesions. Thus, the smooth muscle cells at these two sites do not differ essentially in their reactivity to certain forms of injury: hypoxia may represent an injurious factor common to both "toxemia" and atherosclerosis. These observations imply that the view that the arterial smooth muscle cells are biologically different than are those elsewhere may no longer be tenable.

Arteries↗
PubMed1985

Urinary kallikrein in normal pregnancy, pregnancy with hypertension, and toxemia.

The 24-hour urinary excretion of kallikrein (K) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which reflects their intrarenal synthesis, was measured in 7 normal women (NW), 10 women with essential hypertension (EH), 26 normal pregnant women (NP), 12 women with hypertension in pregnancy (HP), and 4 women with toxemia. All pregnant women were in the last trimester of their pregnancy (week 24-40). K was raised in NP (99.6 +/- 8.1 KU/24 h) and HP (106.5 +/- 8 KU/24 h) compared to NW (57 +/- 8.23 KU/24 h) (p less than 0.05). PGE2 excretion was decreased in EH (403.25 +/- 90.6 ng/24 h) compared to NW (508.6 +/- 80.26 ng/24 h). During pregnancy PGE2 was increased to 1,088 +/- 93.2 ng/24 h in NP and significantly more in HP, 1,885 +/- 40 ng/24 h (p less than 0.002). In this regard it differed from K. These data may suggest that, in addition to K, other factors (as angiotensin II and/or antidiuretic hormone) possibly activate renal PGE2 production in HP. In toxemia, K (23 +/- 6.1 KU/24 h) and PGE2 (583 +/- 172.83 ng/24 h) were markedly decreased. The above results suggest that the renal kallikrein-kinin and prostaglandin systems may play a role in sodium homeostasis during pregnancy. Their exact influence on the pathogenesis of hypertension in nonpregnant, pregnant, and toxemic subjects awaits further investigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Cerebral vasoconstriction in toxemia.

Three patients with toxemia developed acute neurologic deterioration postpartum. In all, cerebral angiography revealed widespread arterial vasoconstriction. Cerebral vasoconstriction may be an important cause of neurologic complications in toxemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats as a model for toxemia of pregnancy and aggravating and preventive effects of maternal modifications during pregnancy on offspring's growth.

Genetical differences in changes in blood pressure (BP) were chronologically investigated during pregnancy in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP), Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Especially, the early stages were carefully studied. Maternal conditions in SHRSP were modified by the treatments with NaCl and taurine, respectively. BP in SHRSP and WKY rose significantly at the early stage of pregnancy compared to prepregnancy levels (SHRSP; 208 +/- 2 mmHg vs 197 +/- 5 mmHg, WKY; 133 +/- 2 mmHg vs 126 +/- 1 mmHg) (p less than 0.05). In contrast, no such changes were observed in SD rats. Differences in 24-hour urinary epinephrine excretion before and during pregnancy ran parallel with such BP changes among these strains. NaCl-loaded SHRSP died during pregnancy with severe pathohistological changes in their kidneys and severe proteinuria. Taurine treatment had a marked prophylactic effect on these maternal pathological changes during pregnancy, resulting in better growth in offsprings. These results suggest that SHRSP could be one of the suitable animal models for the studies on toxemia of pregnancy and also suggest an important role of hypertensive genetical disposition in the development of toxemia of pregnancy.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Evaluation of the relationship of sodium in drinking water and toxemia of pregnancy.

This study is a retrospective case comparison analysis of the relationship of water-borne Na+ and toxemia of pregnancy as a part of a continuous investigation at our facility on the role of various water constituents in human chronic disease. Five hundred thirty-seven toxemic pregnant women delivered at Jefferson Davis Hospital, Houston, Texas, during 1976 were matched by age, race, obstetrical history, and month of delivery to 537 non-toxemic controls. Sodium concentration in each patient's drinking water was derived, based on her address, from earlier prepared maps of sodium distribution in Houston's water supplies. Paired t-tests were performed to compare the Na+ levels, which varied from 19 to 250 mg/l in water supplies of cases and controls. Odds ratio analysis was used to test for the presence of a gradient in occurrence of toxemia in parallel with the gradient of Na+. No significant impact of water-borne Na+ in the indicated range was observed. Further studies incorporating still higher ranges are contemplated.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1988

Hemorrhage, infection, toxemia, and cardiac disease, 1954-85: causes for their declining role in maternal mortality.

Hemorrhage, infection, toxemia, and cardiac disease are no longer the leading causes of maternal death. We studied factors causing their decline in incidence using data collected by the Committee on Maternal Welfare of the Massachusetts Medical Society between 1954 and 1985. The dramatic decline in incidence of these conditions in the Commonwealth during the study period appears to have been due to both legislative actions and improvements in medical practice. The legislative actions included licensing of maternity services, blood banks, and legalization of abortion. Cardiac-related mortality has declined due to a reduction in the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease. Changes in clinical practice that stand out were the aggressive control of the hypertensive component of toxemia leading to a reduced incidence of intracranial hemorrhage, the prompt recourse to blood transfusion for hemorrhage, and the use of broad spectrum antibiotics.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Pregnancy toxemia in a flock of sheep.

A high prevalence of metabolic disease was evident in a large flock of sheep early in the lambing season. Pregnancy toxemia and secondary hypocalcemia were diagnosed on the basis of history, physical examination findings, and results of serum biochemical analyses. To decrease costs to the owner, pooled serum samples were used to determine the metabolic health status of the flock. Ewes close to the time of lambing were found to be in severe negative energy balance, which resulted in excessive fat mobilization as well as clinical signs associated with pregnancy toxemia and hepatic lipidosis. By nutrient analysis, it was determined that the ewes had an inadequate amount of fermentable carbohydrates, which provide glucose to support the additional nutrition required during late gestation. The diet provided to sheep during late gestation should contain sufficient glucose precursors to maintain adequate glucose availability to maternal and fetal tissues. To minimize the physiologic decline in dry-matter intake during late gestation (which results in accentuation of negative energy balance), high-quality feed ingredients should be fed to ewes during this period.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1976

Urography and renography in the follow-up of patients with toxemia of late pregnancy.

We have studied 129 patients with toxemia of pregnancy two months post partum by urography and renography. The same investigations were performed on 17 healthy parturients post partum. 49 patients (38.8%) had an abnormality either in urography or renography. 20 patients (15.5%) had an abnormal urogram and 42 (32.6%) an abnormal renogram. The findings correlated so that 7 patients had an abnormal urogram with a normal renogram and 13 patients had an abnormality in both investigations. 29 patients had only an abnormal renogram. In the control series 3 patients had an abnormal urogram and the same patients also had an abnormal renogram. We divided the studied patients into groups according to the clinical severity of toxemia. Urographic and renographic findings were divided evenly in the series so that abnormalities were no more common in the severe cases. Renography cannot be considered merely as a screening method when compared with urography in the follow-up of toxemic patients, but these investigations are complementary.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The choice of anesthesia during abdominal delivery in patients with severe forms of late pregnancy toxemias].

Sixty eight anesthesia procedures during abdominal delivery in patients with late toxemia of pregnancy have been analysed. In 32 cases the diagnosis was preeclampsia, in 8 cases--eclampsia, in 28 cases III degree nephropathy. Depending on the variant and method of anesthesia the subjects were divided into 3 clinical groups. Group I comprised 31 women to whom cesarean section was performed under general endotracheal anesthesia. In group II (24 pregnant women) analgesia was achieved by prolonged epidural anesthesia (PEA). In group III (13 patients) a combination of PEA and superficial endotracheal anesthesia was used. Analysis of the anesthesia techniques in patients with severe late toxemia of pregnancy has established that in endotracheal anesthesia it is sometimes impossible to block completely pathological and operation-induced nociceptive pulsation. PEA has a good analgetic effect but ensures no neuroautonomous protection, and upon discontinuation of action of the local anesthetic there is a danger of the onset of the convulsion syndrome and signs of preeclampsia or eclampsia. Taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of endotracheal anesthesia and PEA, a technique based on the combination of both variants has been selected, which ensures optimal anesthesiological protection in abdominal delivery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Pregnancy toxemia in a ferret.

A late-gestation jill was presented for depression, anorexia, and weakness. The working diagnosis became pregnancy toxemia. Supportive care was initiated and an emergency cesarian section performed. Twelve live kits were delivered; however, all soon perished despite home care. Surgery and recovery are discussed, including information regarding pregnancy toxemia in general.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1990

[Study on serotonin metabolism in toxemia of pregnancy].

To evaluate the serotonin (5-HT) metabolism in toxemia of pregnancy, plasma free 5-HT, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), tryptophan and platelet 5-HT content were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. The mean plasma free 5-HT concentrations in the severe preeclamptic group (S) and the mild preeclamptic group (M) were significantly higher than those in the normal group (N). A significant correlation was found between plasma free 5-HT values and Gestosis Index scores. However, there was no significant difference between plasma 5-HIAA level and platelet 5-HT content in the preeclamptic groups and the N. The mean plasma beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG) concentrations in the preeclamptic groups were significantly higher than those in the N. The mean platelet counts in the S were significantly lower than those in the N. The mean plasma 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio in the preeclamptic groups were significantly lower than those in the N. In conclusion, it is suggested that the higher plasma free 5-HT level in the toxemia of pregnancy seems to be attributed to the excess release of 5-HT from platelets in addition to the lower monoamine oxidase activity.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMed1991

[Retinochoroidopathy and systemic state in toxemia of pregnancy].

We carried out a retrospective study of 74 patients with toxemia of pregnancy with reference to retinochoroidal complications. Thirty-two patients (43.2%) had overt retinochoroidal disease; 23 cases (group A) showed retinal hemorrhages and cotton-wool spots compatible with hypertensive retinopathy, while 9 cases (Group B) had widespread serous retinal detachment associated with choroidal vasculopathy. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the severity of toxemia of pregnancy, in the hematologic examinations or in the fetal prognosis, although Group A showed a higher rate of fetal mortality, and Group B had a more significantly decreased platelet count and lower concentration of fibrinogen that may indicate a mild form of chronic disseminated intravascular coagulopathy.

Adult↗