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PubMed1983

The influence of tin, nickel, and cadmium on the intestinal absorption of iron.

The influence of increasing doses of cadmium, nickel, and tin on the net absorption of fluid as well as upon the absorption of 59Fe, administered as 59Fe-(FeSO4), from tied-off jejunal segments of male Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated. The three metals examined decreased the net absorption of fluid from the jejunal segments progressively with increasing metal doses. Cadmium was the most potent inhibitor of fluid absorption followed by tin and nickel. Tin, cadmium, and nickel diminished the absorption of 59Fe with increasing doses. The content of 59Fe of the jejunal tissue was not statistically significantly influenced by nickel, whereas tin as well as cadmium diminished the content of 59Fe significantly. Cadmium decreased the content of 59Fe to a greater extent than tin. Obviously nickel influences the rate-limiting process of iron absorption, i.e., the transfer of iron from mucosal cells into blood. Tin and cadmium appear to interact with the process of iron uptake on the surface within the mucosal cells as well as with the iron-releasing process at the contraluminal side. Cadmium as compared with tin is a stronger inhibitor for the processes involved in iron absorption.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Electron microscopic detection of tin accumulation in biliopancreatic concrements after induction of chronic pancreatitis in rats by di-n-butyltin dichloride.

The organotin compound di-n-butyltin dichloride (DBTC) is able to induce an acute and later a chronic pancreatitis in rats. In previous papers the authors demonstrated this DBTC pancreatitis as a rat model for an interstitial pancreatitis with tendency to transduction to the chronic form. DBTC is excreted according to its lipophilic nature by liver and bile. Therefore, the bilio-pancreatic main duct is necrotized by the tin-loaded bile. The duct system is blocked by cell debris and later by epithelial proliferations. In the chronic phase, numerous rats develop concrements in the main duct. In the present paper, the authors report about bacterial growth in some bilio-pancreatic concrements. Whereas the electron microscopic detection of tin by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) in SEM or electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in TEM was negative in the parenchyma of pancreas and liver, some concrements with bacterial cells were positive for this element. Tin mapping with energy spectroscopic imaging (ESI) in TEM demonstrated the congruency of tin signals and electron-dense particles inside these bacteria and of electron-dense accumulations in the matrix of these concrements. The low content of tin in pancreatic and liver tissue and the higher quantity of tin inside the bacterial contaminated concrements were supported by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The paper discusses the long time preservation of tin in the concrements as an action of heavy-metal- accumulating bacteria, which should be classified in the future by bacteriological methods.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effects of dietary tin on zinc, copper, iron, manganese, and magnesium metabolism of adult males.

The effects of dietary tin on zinc, copper, iron, manganese, and magnesium metabolism were determined in eight adult males. Subjects were fed mixed diets containing 0.11 mg tin daily (control diet) and 49.67 tin daily (test diet) in this 40-day study. The level of tin in the control diet was typical of the levels of tin found in diets that contain only fresh and frozen foods; the level of tin in the test diet was typical of the amount of tin in diets that contain 2 cups of certain canned foods. When subjects were fed the test diet they lost significantly more zinc (p less than 0.01) in their feces and significantly less zinc (p less than 0.05) in their urine. Subjects retained significantly less zinc (p less than 0.01) when fed the test diet rather than the control diet. The fecal and urinary losses of copper, iron, manganese, and magnesium were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Nested case-control study of lung cancer in four Chinese tin mines.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relation between occupational dust exposure and lung cancer in tin mines. This is an update of a previous study of miners with high exposure to dust at four tin mines in southern China. METHODS: A nested case-control study of 130 male lung cancer cases and 627 controls was initiated from a cohort study of 7855 subjects employed at least 1 year between 1972 and 1974 in four tin mines in China. Three of the tin mines were in Dachang and one was in Limu. Cumulative total exposure to dust and cumulative exposure to arsenic were calculated for each person based on industrial hygiene records. Measurements of arsenic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and radon in the work sites were also evaluated. Odds ratios (ORs), standard statistic analysis and logistic regression were used for analyses. RESULTS: Increased risk of lung cancer was related to cumulative exposure to dust, duration of exposure, cumulative exposure to arsenic, and tobacco smoking. The risk ratios for low, medium, and high cumulative exposure to dust were 2.1 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.1 to 3.8), 1.7 (95% CI 0.9 to 3.1), and 2.8 (95% CI 1.6 to 5.0) respectively after adjustment for smoking. The risk for lung cancer among workers with short, medium, and long exposure to dust were 1.9 (95% CI 1.0 to 3.5), 2.3 (95% CI 1.3 to 4.1), and 2.3 (95% CI 1.2 to 4.2) respectively after adjusting for smoking. Several sets of risk factors for lung cancer were compared, and the best predictive model included tobacco smoking (OR=1.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.4) and cumulative exposure to arsenic (ORs for different groups from low to high exposure were 2.1 (95% CI 1.1 to 3.9); 2.1 (95% CI 1.1 to 3.9); 1.8 (95% CI 1.0 to 3.6); and 3.6 (95% CI 1.8 5 to 7.3)). No excess of lung cancer was found among silicotic subjects in the Limu tin mine although there was a high prevalence of silicosis. Exposures to radon were low in the four tin mines and no carcinogenic PAHs were detected. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide little support for the hypothesis that respirable crystalline silica induces lung cancer. Ore dust in work sites acts as a carrier, the exposure to arsenic and tobacco smoking play a more important part in carcinogenesis of lung cancer in tin miners. Silicosis seems not to be related to the increased risk of lung cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The effect of tin on the corrosion behavior of the Ag-Hg phase of dental amalgam and dissolution of mercury.

The anodic polarization behavior of the Ag-Hg matrix phase of dental amalgam (gamma 1) and the rate of mercury dissolution were examined as a function of the tin content. The objectives were to determine the effect of tin on the electrochemical behavior and dissolution of mercury and to provide evidence on whether tin dissolves in the gamma 1 phase or precipitates as a tin-rich phase. Anodic polarization curves were recorded for specimens of the gamma 1 phase containing 0-1.5% Sn and for the gamma 2 phase and a gamma 2-containing dental amalgam, in synthetic saliva. Mercury dissolved in synthetic saliva in 24 h was determined for the gamma 1 phase containing 0-1.0% Sn, with cold-vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry used for mercury analysis. Tin induced passive behavior of the gamma 1 phase and suppressed mercury dissolution. The passive gamma 1 phase did not exhibit a breakdown of passivity occurring at the gamma 2 phase. The results were consistent with the tin presence in gamma 1 in a solid solution, rather than in tin-rich precipitates, and indicated that at least 1.5% Sn can be dissolved in gamma 1 at 37 degrees C.

Corrosion↗
PubMed2006

Disinfection of secondary effluents using tin oxide anodes.

Direct current applied to a tin oxide anode submersed in water has the potential to generate hydroxyl radicals, a strong chemical oxidant. Tin oxide anode systems, which may represent a viable alternative disinfectant, were investigated for the disinfection of secondary effluents. Coliform bacteria in the effluent were effectively inactivated in a bench-scale tin oxide disinfection system. The number of anodes in the tin oxide disinfection system influenced the steady-state concentration of hydroxyl radicals and, consequently, the contact time necessary to achieve a specified dose. The life expectancy of the anodes was greater than 30 days and no appreciable loss of tin was observed over a 5-day period. A preliminary estimate of the capital and operating costs of a pilot- or full-scale tin oxide disinfection system designed to meet a discharge requirement of 23 most probable number/100 mL at a 3 785-m3/d (1-mgd) facility was comparable to UV and chlorination/dechlorination facilities. Based on this preliminary assessment, tin oxide disinfection systems are a promising alternative disinfectant for secondary effluents.

Disinfectants↗
PubMed1980

Silver-tin alloys and amalgams: electrochemical considerations.

The corrosion potential and anodic polarization profiles of a representative number of silver-tin alloys and their corresponding amalgams in a physiological solution were determined and compared to their microstructures. For the alloys with tin-content greater than 27%(wt) and for all amalgams, the corrosion process is related to the attack of free tin for the alloys and to the gamma-2 tin for the amalgams. The gamma-2 concentration in the amalgams increases with an increase in tin-content. For alloys with tin-content less than 27%, the corrosion process is even more restricted than for the process observed with pure silver. From a developed theory based upon the potential-time and polarization results, association of the O2 reduction process on a SnO cathodic film to an intermediate specie of H2O2 is made. The rate of H2O2 decomposition on a SnO surface in a four electron process is thought to control the O2 reduction overvoltage. The O2 reduction overvoltage decreases with increases in the silver-content of the amalgam, particularily seen with the 8 and 12% tin compositions. Due to the polarization induced corrosion process, a phase with high silver and high mercury concentrations was observed over the unreacted particles.

Calcium Chloride↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of tin plating systems for a high-noble alloy.

The tensile bond strength of Panavia EX to a high-noble alloy prepared by abrasive spraying and tin plating was measured. Two different intraoperatory tin plating systems were compared. Disk-shaped specimens were cast in type III gold, abrasive sprayed with aluminum oxide, and divided into three groups of 30 specimens each. Specimens in one group were tin plated by using a Kura Ace Mini unit, those in the second group were tin plated by using a Micro Tin unit, and those in the third group were not tin plated and served as the control group. Disks within each group were luted to each other with Panavia EX. The specimens were thermocycled and tested in tension. There was no significant difference between the two tin plated groups; however, the luting bond of both experimental groups was significantly stronger than was that of the control (P < .05).

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1976

Toxicologic studies of tin needles at the intrathoracic site of mice.

Male Marsh mice which received a single intrathoracic injection of 4 mg of tin needles at 3 months of age were compared with controls given isotonic saline. The form and size of most of the tin needles were similar to those of asbestos needles which produced mesotheliomas and lung neoplasms in rodents. Water and food intake was markedly reduced for 24 hrs after the injection of tin. Survival rates (followed for 19 months), pathology of the bladder, liver, and kidney, as well as local and general cancer development were not adversely associated with the tin treatment as compared with the tin treatment as compared with controls. The local reaction to the tin included giant cell phagocytosis, nodular fibroplasia, and capillary formation. The failure of the tin needles to induce local neoplasms may relate to their high density as compared with silicates and/or their lack of the unique potential of the silicate particles to stimulate avascular fibrosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The effect of surface chemistry and nanotopography of titanium nitride (TiN) films on 3T3-L1 fibroblasts.

The cell-material interaction of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts with TiN films was studied in vitro. TiN films were deposited onto glass substrates to thicknesses of 0.2 and 1.0 microm by pulsed dc reactive magnetron sputtering. For comparison TiN films were deposited by closed field unbalanced magnetron sputter ion plating by Teer Coatings Ltd. (Hartlebury, UK) to result in TiN films with similar surface chemistries but having increased topographical features. TiN films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The cell-material interaction was examined morphologically by monitoring fibroblast attachment and growth and comparing to a control substrate. At early time points increased numbers of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts were found to preferentially attach to TiN films with an increase in the percentage of surface interstitial nitrogen and also with decreased topographical features. At later time points the presence of nanotopography appeared to play a greater role than the effects of surface chemistry and resulted in increased numbers of attached 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. The results show that by changing the deposition route and parameters to produce TiN films, the resultant films can be used to investigate the cellular response to surfaces of differing chemistry and topography.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed1997

A novel mechanism of virus-virus interactions: bacteriophage P2 Tin protein inhibits phage T4 DNA synthesis by poisoning the T4 single-stranded DNA binding protein, gp32.

P2 prophages have been known to inhibit DNA replication and growth of T-even phages. We show here that this inhibition is due to poisoning of the T-even single-stranded DNA binding protein gp32 by the product of the nonessential P2 tin gene. Synthesis of Tin protein from a gene cloned in a multicopy plasmid is necessary and sufficient to completely prevent de novo DNA replication and growth of wild-type T2 or T4 phage. We isolated more than 20 independent mutants that render T-even phages resistant to poisoning by the P2 Tin protein. In all of these mutants, which we call asp, Asp codon 163 of gene 32 is changed to a Gly or Asn codon. The mutant alleles are recessive; i.e., when wild-type and asp mutants coinfect the same host cells, most DNA replication is poisoned by P2 Tin protein. To explain our results, we propose that the P2 Tin protein interacts with T-even gp32 at position 163 and distorts the helical filament of gene 32 protein on single-stranded DNA. Thereby Tin protein inhibits either assembly or function, or both, of the T4 replisome. The inhibition of late gene expression by P2 Tin protein may be an indirect consequence of inhibition of DNA replication.

Bacteriophage P2↗
PubMed2006

Contralateral testicular cancer in spite of TIN-negative double biopsies and interval cisplatin chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Current models of tumorigenesis postulate that testicular germ cell cancer uniformly develops through a preinvasive lesion termed testicular intraepithelial neoplasia (TIN). An open testicular biopsy is a simple and highly sensitive method to diagnose TIN, and this procedure constitutes the basis for curative treatment of TIN. Patients with testis cancer carry a significantly increased risk of developing contralateral testicular tumors. Therefore, a contralateral biopsy has been recommended in these patients. A negative biopsy was assumed to exclude the risk of a subsequent germ cell cancer in the testis due to the high sensitivity of the method. Reports on false-negative biopsies gave rise to the idea that TIN is not uniformly distributed throughout the testis. Consequently, double biopsies are thought to increase the diagnostic sensitivity. CASE REPORT: A 24-year-old patient with nonseminomatous testis cancer is reported. The patient had TIN-negative double biopsies in the contralateral testis. He received three cycles of standard PEB (cisplatin, etoposide, bleomycin) chemotherapy for visceral metastasis. 1 year after treatment the patient developed a nonseminomatous contralateral testis cancer which was treated by partial orchiectomy and subsequent local radiotherapy with 20 Gy. CONCLUSION: The case presented here highlights some clinically important aspects: a) even double biopsies of the testis may fail to detect TIN. b) Systemic cisplatin-based chemotherapy may fail to prevent contralateral testicular germ cell cancer. c) A metachronous contralateral testis cancer may-in contrast to common clinical perception-develop even soon after the diagnosis of the first testis tumor. Furthermore, the case could foster the hypothesis that testicular germ cell tumors may in some cases develop without a preceding stage of TIN.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Organo-tins in sediments and mussels from the Sado estuarine system (Portugal).

Analyses of methyl- and butyl-tin levels in freshwater, estuarine and marine sediments from the Sado estuarine system, and in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from its adjacent coast, have been performed in order to detect the contaminated areas. The main inputs of tributyl-tin (TBT), along with degradation products di- and monobutyl-tin (DBT and MBT), were detected in the estuarine zone, due to high discharge from shipyards located in this area. These levels are sometimes very high, ranging from 235 to 12,200 ng g(-1) total butyl-tins in sediments. Such inputs lead to higher bioconcentration values in mussels in the estuarine zone, as well as in a harbour located along the adjacent coast. The bioconcentration of organo-tins in mussel tissues could be enhanced in estuarine turbid waters, due to an ingestion of butyl-tins adsorbed onto fine particles, in comparison with non-turbid coastal waters. Debutylation processes occur in both sediments and mussel tissues; in organisms, these processes may lead to the formation of inorganic tin, which may be methylated differently according to the period of the year.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Regio- and diastereocontrol in carbonyl allylation by 1-halobut-2-enes with Tin(II) halides

Regio- and diastereoselective carbonyl allylations of 1-halobut-2-enes with tin(II) halides are described. Tin(II) bromide in a dichloromethane-water biphasic system is an effective reagent for unusual alpha-regioselective carbonyl allylation of 1-bromobut-2-ene to produce 1-substituted pent-3-en-1-ols. The addition of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr) to the biphasic system produces 1-substituted 2-methylbut-3-en-1-ols via usual gamma-addition which is opposite to the alpha-addition without TBABr. The gamma-addition to aromatic aldehydes exhibits anti-diastereoselectivity, while that to aliphatic aldehydes is not diastereoselective. The allylation of benzaldehyde by 1-chlorobut-2-ene in 1,3-dimethylimidazolidin-2-one (DMI) does not occur with tin(II) chloride or bromide but does proceed with tin(II) iodide and exhibits gamma-syn selectivity which is unusual for a Barbier-type carbonyl allylation. In the carbonyl allylation by 1-chlorobut-2-ene with any tin(II) halide, the addition of tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) accelerates the reaction and enhances gamma-syn selectivity. The use of tin(II) iodide and TBAI produces 2-methyl-1-phenylbut-3-en-1-ol with high yield and high syn-diastereoselectivity. The syn-diastereoselective carbonyl allylation of 1-chlorobut-2-ene using tin(II) iodide, a catalytic amount of TBAI, and NaI in DMI-H(2)O is applied to various aldehydes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Synthesis and characterization of tin containing polyhedral oligometallasilsesquioxanes (POMSS).

Tin silicate species have shown good catalytic activity in various oxidation reactions. In an attempt to mimic surface tin species, several tin containing silsesquioxanes have been synthesized. Incompletely condensed silsesquioxanes (c-C5H9)7Si7O9(OH)3 and (c-C5H9)7Si7O9(OSiMe3)(OH)2 were reacted with common tin-precursors, which afforded several silsesquioxane ligated tin compounds. Divalent stannasilsesquioxanes form dimers of the type [(c-C5H9)7Si7O11(OX)Sn]2(X=H, SiMe3) with three-coordinated tin centers. The three-coordinated tin(II) are hydrolytically unstable whereas the octahedrally surrounded tetravalent stannasilsesquioxanes [(c-C5H9)7Si7O11(OX)]Sn(acac)2(X=H, OSiMe3) are hydrolytically robust. An unprecedented anionic trimeric cluster, [[(c-C5H9)7Si7O12Sn]3(mu2-OH)3(mu3-OH)]-[HNEt3]+, stabilized by bridging hydroxyl groups was formed when the product formed upon reacting (c-C5H9)7Si7O9(OH)3 with SnCl4 was slowly hydrolyzed. The stannasilsesquioxanes showed no catalytic activity in oxidation reactions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1982

Factors affecting the toxic effect of tin on estuarine microorganisms.

Inorganic tin (SnCl(4).H(2)O) is toxic to microbial populations obtained from estuarine sediments plated on nutrient medium solidified with either agar or purified agar. The use of gelatin as a gelling agent decreased the apparent toxicity of tin, and toxicity was markedly reduced in medium solidified with silica gel. There was no evidence that toxic agar-tin complexes were involved. Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn exhibited similar toxicity patterns; therefore, toxicity levels determined in the laboratory should be extrapolated to the environment with caution. The addition of cysteine to the medium had no effect on tin toxicity. Serine or 3-hydroxyflavone enhanced toxicity, while humic acids or gelatin inhibited toxicity. Replacement of SO(4) with NO(3) did not alter tin toxicity, but replacement of Cl with NO(3) decreased tin toxicity. Thus, the toxic effect(s) of tin depend as much on the chemical speciation of the metal as on the total concentration of the metal in the medium.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Dose-dependent brain tin concentration in rats given stannous chloride in drinking water.

Male Wistar rats were given either 100 mg SnCl2 X 2H2O per litre (0.44 mM), 250 mg/l (1.11 mM) or 500 mg/l (2.22 mM) in their drinking water for 1-18 weeks. Tin detected by a novel atomic absorption spectrophotometric method accumulated in the cerebrum at the highest dose level (2.22 mM) throughout the experiment. In brain, tin concentrations above the 1.11-mM dose were only found after 15 and 18 weeks. Tin did not increase in the brain at the 0.44-mM dose level. Blood tin increased promptly after one week at the highest dose (2.22 mM) without further accumulation. Blood tin at the 0.44 mM dose level did not differ from controls. Tin exposure caused a dose-dependent increase in the cerebral and muscle acetylcholinesterase activity at the two higher doses.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1996

Metallic tin-induced lymphadenopathy in rat strains and hybrids.

Metallic tin powder, injected into Lewis rats obtained from three different sources, caused enlargement of the regional draining lymph nodes. The histopathology featured epithelioid cell granulomas around phagocytosed particles of tin and an intense hyperplasia of plasma cells. The same material injected into August rats enlarged the lymph nodes but the enlargement was caused by granulomas without a major concomitant plasma cell response. In most other strains, tin produced less lymph node enlargement and the plasma cell response was minimal. However, F1 hybrids of Lewis rats with either the August, Brown-Norway (BN), or Dark Agouti (DA) strains developed plasma cell hyperplasia similar to that seen in the parental Lewis strain. The response to tin was the same whether the tin was injected into the feet or into the peritoneal cavity. Thus, the lymph node response to metallic tin varied from a slight, banal response to insoluble foreign particles, to an exuberant granulomatous hyperplasia, to an intense plasmacellular hyperplasia, depending on the genetic characteristics of the subjects.

Animals↗