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PubMed1995

Long-term experience with nipple-areola tattooing.

Although nipple-areola tattooing is now a well-accepted step in breast reconstruction, little is known about its long-term effectiveness. A retrospective study of our 6-year experience in tattooing 151 patients was thus carried out. Patients were surveyed regarding color match, satisfaction, and complications. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 75 months (mean, 25.2 months). Fifty-seven percent of respondents said their tattoo looked similar to the normal areola. There were five (3%) infections, one rash, and one slough. Ten percent of tattoos needed a touch-up later to correct for excessive fading. Nearly 60% of tattoos were ultimately lighter than the normal. Eighty-four percent of the tattoos were rated as satisfactory, and 86% of the patients said they would repeat the procedure if given the same choice again. Nipple-areola tattooing done with iron oxide and titanium dioxide pigments thus appears to be a reasonably safe and effective procedure in most patients but may require one or more subsequent touch-ups for appropriate color match.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Randomized comparative study of indocyanine green and India ink for colonic tattooing: an animal survival study.

Indocyanine green has been reported previously as a useful agent for colonic tattooing, but its durability, ease of use, cost, and safety have not been compared with India ink. Eight pigs were randomized to colonic tattooing using sterile indocyanine green or India ink injected through tandem filters. The animals were recovered and killed after 2 weeks and were examined. All animals survived the study period with no complications. We identified 17 of 29 (59%) indocyanine green tattoos and 48 of 52 (92%) India ink tattoos at autopsy (p = 0.0003). Histologic reactions were mild and were distributed similarly in each group and the intensity of the tattoos diminished similarly in both groups. Although indocyanine green was slightly more expensive, it was easier to handle compared with India ink. Both indocyanine green and India ink tattoos cause only mild histologic reaction in the swine colon when examined 2 weeks after injection. India ink is superior to indocyanine green, when used for colonic tattooing.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Commercial tattooing as a potentially important source of hepatitis C infection. Clinical epidemiology of 626 consecutive patients unaware of their hepatitis C serologic status.

Tattooing in commercial tattoo parlors is known to transmit blood-borne viral infections, including hepatitis C virus (HCV), in other countries, but its contribution to the high population prevalence of HCV infection in the United States has been incompletely evaluated. Risk factors for blood-borne infection were assessed by physician's interview of 626 consecutive patients undergoing medical evaluation for spinal problems in 1991 and 1992 while unaware of their HCV status. Later all were screened for HCV infection with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA-1 and EIA-2), and positives were confirmed with second-generation recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA). Forty-three patients were seropositive for HCV (sample prevalence 6.9%, population-standardized prevalence 2.8%). Logistic regression analysis identified 4 independent risk factors for HCV infection: injection-drug use (adjusted prevalence odds ratio [OR] = 23.0; 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 7.5-70.6), ancillary hospital jobs held by men (OR = 9.6; 95% CI = 3.8-24.3), tattoos from commercial tattoo parlors (OR = 6.5; 95% CI = 2.9-14.8), and drinking > or = 3 6-packs of beer per month (OR = 4.0; 95% CI = 1.8-8.7). If causal, these 4 risk factors account for 91% of HCV infections, with tattooing explaining 41%, heavy beer drinking 23%, injection-drug use 17%, and ancillary health care jobs for men 8%. Transfusions, promiscuous sexual activity, bone grafts, acupuncture, perinatal or intimate transmission in families, and other modes were not independently associated with serologic evidence of HCV infection. Unlikely to be explained by confounding or incomplete disclosure of other risk factors, tattooing in commercial tattoo parlors may have been responsible for more HCV infections than injection-drug use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

In vivo imaging of intradermal tattoos by confocal scanning laser microscopy.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a new method for high-resolution imaging of intact skin in situ. Horizontal mapping of the outer skin is provided (magnification x 1000). OBJECTIVES: Tattooing is popular all over the world; however, tattooed skin has not been studied in using CLSM. RESULTS: Tattoos in two volunteers were studied using the Vivascope1500 of Lucid Inc. Subepidermal massive deposits of dense, clustered pigment granules up to about 3 mum in size corresponding to black tattoos, and more scarce and diffuse deposits, corresponding to red, blue and green tattoos, were observed. Diffuse pigment granules tended to accumulate in the outer dermis underneath the level of the basement membrane zone. CONCLUSIONS: Dermal pigments from tattoos can be imaged in vivo using CLSM. This application of CLSM has an important future potential for pre-evaluation of tattoos before laser removal, predicting good or poor outcome of laser removal.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Thin tangential excision of tattoos.

BACKGROUND: There are many techniques used to remove professional tattoos. Each method can be complicated by hypertrophic scarring, pigmentary changes, and/or insufficient pigment removal. OBJECTIVE: To study the results of precise, thin, tangential excisions of professional tattoos. The posttreatment migration of dermal tattoo pigment was also evaluated. METHODS: Five healthy white males had their professionally placed tattoos excised at a depth of 0.008 in (0.2 mm) using a Brown dermatome. Pre- and posttreatment biopsies were used to measure the depth of the tattoo pigment. RESULTS: At 3 months posttreatment, four patients had no significant scarring and three patients retained only scattered flecks of tattoo pigment. Each patients demonstrated migration of the deeper dermal pigment to a more superficial level. CONCLUSION: A superficial, tangential excision of a professional tattoo by a Brown dermatome is a viable, low-risk, inexpensive procedure.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Risks of black henna tattoos].

Temporary henna tattoos have become increasingly popular in the last few years, because of their apparent harmlessness and disappearance in few weeks. Black henna contains paraphenylenediamine (PPD), a synthetic colorant which is used in hair dyes and can cause sensitization. Many cases of allergic contact dermatitis occurring after tattooing have been reported, especially in children and teenagers during the summer time, since there are many tattoo-painters at holiday places and the parents are unaware of the risks of these tattoos. Clinicians, particularly pediatricians, primary care physicians and dermatologists should seek to remedy this misinformation. We can be the first person to be consulted before the tattoo painting and we will treat patients with lesions. We present our experience of eight cases of allergic contact dermatitis after tattooing and briefly review the literature on the risks of black henna tattoos.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Behavioral and self-concept differences in tattooed and nontattooed college students.

235 college students rated themselves on a series of bipolar adjectives and answered questions about their involvement in a variety of "risky" behaviors, including tattooing and body piercing. 29 tattooed students rated themselves as more adventurous, creative, artistic, individualistic, and risky than those without tattoos. The 98 tattooed males considered themselves more attractive. Behaviorally, those with tattoos reported smoking more cigarettes. Tattooed men also reported more sexual partners, were more likely to report they had been arrested, and were more likely to have body piercings. The 21 tattooed women were more likely to report use of drugs other than alcohol, shoplifting, and body piercings in places other than their ears.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Treating traumatic tattoo by micro-incision.

OBJECTIVE: To design a micro-incision operation for treating traumatic tattoo. METHODS: With an 11-gauge blade, a micro-incision was made on each side of the small tattoo spot and the tattoo skin was removed. For a longer tattoo particle, a longer incision was needed. The skin incision was sutured with 6-0 silk. For a complex tattoo, dermabrasion could be used first to remove the superficial one so as to expose the deep one which was removed in the same way as mentioned above. When there was a large number of tattoo particles, many operations were needed. RESULTS: Fourteen patients were treated by this method with good to excellent result. CONCLUSION: Micro-incision for treating traumatic tattoo is an effective method.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Behavioral risks associated with tattooing.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Tattoos are an increasingly prevalent form of self-expression, especially for adolescents. This study was conducted to determine health-risk behaviors associated with tattoos in young men and women entering military service. METHODS: We surveyed a cohort of 550 military recruits using a modification of the Youth Risk Behavioral Survey (YRBS), a validated instrument used to assess health risk behaviors in adolescents. All individuals entering basic training in the US Marine Corps or the US Air Force from June through September 1999 were eligible to participate. The primary outcome variables of interest were tobacco use, alcohol use, seatbelt use, suicidal behaviors, depression, and physical violence. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 91% (n = 499 of 550). Overall, 27% of respondents had tattoos (n = 125) when entering military service. Women entering military service were more likely to have a tattoo than men. Controlling for age and gender, individuals with tattoos were more likely to smoke, drink heavily, use smokeless tobacco, and ride in a vehicle with someone who had been drinking than non-tattooed individuals. CONCLUSIONS: In a population of military recruits, tattoos were associated with predictable adverse health-risk behaviors. This represents an important opportunity for targeted preventive counseling.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Endoscopic tattoo of the colon might be standardized to locate tumors intraoperatively.

BACKGROUND: Small colonic lesions which are identified during endoscopy are usually difficult to locate intra-operatively. Endoscopic tattoo of the colon seems the most efficient method, however it does fail in some cases to identify the lesion peroperatively. We studied this method to evaluate its efficacy. METHODS: Nineteen patients were tattooed during colonoscopy with "India ink" (drawing ink Rotring ). These patients had lesions in which difficulties were anticipated when retracing them again during colorectal surgery. Seventeen patients underwent colonic surgery. One patient underwent laparoscopic polypectomy and the other TEM (Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery). RESULTS: The visibility of the "India ink" peroperatively and afterwards during histological examination were evaluated. The tattoos were visible in 68.4 % patients intraoperatively. Histopathological macroscopic examination of the specimens showed ink in 73.6 % patients. In 31.5 % patients the tattoo could not be recognised peroperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopy assisted tattooing of the colon has been reported to be a safe method to landmark lesions in the colon. In the majority of our patients the tattoo was obvious during surgery. Endoscopic tattoo seems an efficient technique in identifying small colonic lesions intraoperatively.

Colonic Neoplasms↗
PubMed1991

[Destruction of tattoo by ruby laser].

The originality of tattoo destruction by ruby laser is to selectively treat the tattooed areas without injuring the surrounding normal cells, in order to obtain better healing. Therefore, we selected a red laser (ruby, emitting at 694.3 nm), with very short flashes (100 ns with self Q switched ruby laser). Ruby laser spots of about 1 cm diameter are delivered to on the area to be treated. As the black particles of the tattoo absorb more laser energy than the surrounding pale-pink skin (140 Mw/cm2, i.e. 14 j/cm2), we can obtain quite localized destruction and better healing. The beam is focussed on one point of the tattoo with a sighting neon-helium laser. In view of the very short impact, the energy absorbed by the pigmented particles diffuses minimally to adjacent tissues. After the crust falls, carrying away some tattoo pigment on its deeper surface, a pale-pink scar forms, then gradually fades in several months. With thick tattoos, it is necessary to proceed in layers and to plan a course of several treatments about one month apart. Compared with the other methods of tattoo removal (dermabrasion, salt, CO2 laser), ruby laser gives the best cosmetic results, even in keloid prone areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Tattooing. A review with special reference to adverse side effects].

Intentional and non-intentional (ornamental and accidental) tattoos are reviewed. First, a survey of the history of tattooing is given and the different motives for being tattooed are discussed. The technique of tattooing and the histological pattern of ornamental tattoos are described. Typical risks are presented in detail. Various methods for the treatment of tattoos are discussed. In the second part, non-intentional (accidental) tattoos are reviewed in respect to etiology, complications and special therapeutic methods.

Dermabrasion↗
PubMed1988

[A laser surgery procedure in the treatment of tattooing with the argon ion laser].

A laser surgery procedure for treating tattoos using argon ion laser is described. The epithelial changes during continuous radiation are land marks for laser surgery procedure: 1. The coagulation zone, 2. its bubble-like rise, 3. its breaking, 4. the beginning of the carbonisation zone and 5. setting of a decreasing coagulation zone for smoothing the edges. From the very onset of the carbonisation zone radiation is discontinued and continued only in the periphery producing a decreasing coagulation zone. Punctiform and line-pattern laser application is employed; the untreated areas in between are treated in the following session. The average time between the sessions is 7 weeks and the average number of sessions for a tattoo is 3.1. The observation time is on an average 2 years and 1 month. 134 tattoos of 43 patients are treated by this technique. In 18.6% of the tattoos very good results are achieved, in 51.5% a good result, in 28.4% a satisfactory result and in 1.5% an unsatisfactory result. Hypopigmentations are seen in 19.4%, atrophic scars in 12.7%, hypertrophic scars in 14.9% and a rest of tattoos in 8.9%. Keloids are not seen. Using this argon laser technique for treating tattoos you will obtain better results with fewer side effects than in those studies which are accomplished treating tattoos with argon lasers and described in literature up to now.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Tattoo removal using the alexandrite laser.

BACKGROUND: Until the recent development of the Q-switched lasers, it was not possible to remove tattoos without causing scarring, sometimes very disfiguring. Variations in wavelengths and pulse widths used may result in different clinical effectiveness or risks. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the alexandrite laser in removing professional and amateur tattoo pigment without adverse tissue response. RESULTS: We describe the clinical and histologic effects of the use of a new Q-switched laser for treatment of tattoos, the alexandrite laser (wavelength, 755 nm; pulse width, 100 nanoseconds). The results of treatment of 17 patients with professional tattoos and eight patients with amateur tattoos are analyzed. Greater than 95% removal of tattoo pigment averaged 8.9 treatment sessions. Transient hypopigmentation occurred in approximately 50% of patients, and transient textural surface changes occurred in 12%. CONCLUSIONS: The alexandrite laser is a safe and effective treatment modality for removal of black and blue-black tattoo pigment.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

Morphogenesis of the truncus arteriosus of the chick embryo heart: movements of autoradiographic tattoos during septation.

In order to trace tissue movements during septation of the embryonic truncus arteriosus into aortic and pulmonary cardiac outlets, the cephalic margin of the developing tubular heart of chick embryos was tattooed at Hamilton-Hamburger Stages 20-22 using diffusion micropipettes filled with 0.5% agarose and radioactive macromolecular precursors (tritiated thymidine, uridine, and leucine). Following further incubation for 2, 48, or 96 hours, the locations of such tattoos were determined by autoradiography of sectioned tissue and computer reconstruction of the developing outflow tract. Two hours after tattooing, radiolabeled cells were clustered at the right distal margin of the myocardial tube, as intended. Two days later, during septation of the outflow tract into the two arterial streams, label was concentrated along the posterior margin of the myocardium, between the developing aortic and pulmonary valve anlagen to the embryo's right and left, respectively. Four days following tattooing, as truncal septation neared completion, remaining label was found primarily to the left of the aortic valve ring posterior to the pulmonary outlet. The movements of thymidine tattoos during septation were demonstrated in a series of 31 embryos, 14 fixed at 2 hours, 12 at 2 days, and 5 at 4 days following tattooing; similar results were seen in uridine and leucine labeled hearts. The motion of such tattoos in the developing chick heart suggests that the left side of the definitive semilunar valve ring derives from the right distal margin of the primitive tubular heart and that normal morphogenesis of the great arterial streams involves both retraction and rotation of the embryonic truncus arteriosus.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A new endoscopic tattooing technique for identifying the location of colonic lesions during laparoscopic surgery: a comparison with the conventional technique.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Knowledge of the exact location of colorectal lesions is necessary but difficult to establish during surgery. Thus, endoscopic tattooing has been used as an important preoperative marker for identification. Using the conventional technique, we injected tattooing agents directly into the colonic wall. However, to make sure that the tattooing agents were adequately injected into the submucosal layer, and to prevent spillage into the peritoneal cavity, we modified the conventional method and developed a new tattooing technique: using India ink with prior and subsequent injection of saline into the submucosa. The aim of this study was to retrospectively assess the clinical utility and potential complications of the above two techniques of endoscopic tattooing using India ink. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 153 patients underwent laparoscopically assisted colectomy at the National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan, between June 1994 and December 1999, and 91 patients underwent preoperative endoscopic tattooing by either the conventional or the new technique. The conventional and new techniques were used from June 1994 to December 1997 (n = 36) and from January 1998 to December 1999 (n = 55), respectively. Informed consent was obtained from all the patients. RESULTS: Using the conventional technique, the exact location of the lesion was identified in 31 of 36 cases (86.1 %) during surgery. The complications of this procedure were silent local peritonitis in two patients and reactive lymph node swelling in one patient (3/36, 8.3 %). Using the new technique, in 54 of 55 cases lesions (98 %) were easily identified (p = 0.034),and in only one there was a small leakage of India ink into the peritoneal cavity (1/55; 1.8 %), no other serious complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that our new technique for endoscopic tattooing is probably better than the conventional technique for clinical use, in terms of diagnostic accuracy and safety, but this would have to be proven in a randomized comparison.

Carbon↗
PubMed2003

Temporary holiday "tattoos" may cause lifelong allergic contact dermatitis when henna is mixed with PPD.

Temporary tattoos are becoming more popular especially among teenagers. For this purpose henna tattoos are usually used. Although pure henna is relatively safe, combining it with other colouring agents such as para-phenylenediamine (PPD), may cause skin sensitisation. Several cases of contact allergy from temporary tattoos have been reported, each with positive reactions to PPD. Six cases of allergic contact reaction to temporary tattoos are reported. In all cases, the responsible agent was PPD. Two were also allergic to black 'henna' hair dye which also contained PPD. They had been sensitised on earlier holidays by their temporary tattoos. Temporary holiday tattoos may cause lifelong contact allergy. Although the allergenicity of pure henna is low, the allergenicity of PPD is high. Holiday 'tattoo' reactions are going to be common until PPD is removed from the mixture.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Removal of amateur blue-black tattoos in Arabic women of skin type (III-IV) with Q-switched alexandrite laser.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Tattoos in Arabic society used to have a cosmetic importance on the face of females. These were usually amateur tattoos done by non-professional women in the tribe. Because Islam as a religion prohibited its practice and its application, people became concerned about removing the old tattoos by any means. Nowadays, laser is considered an effective method of tattoo removal. Here, we report our experience in the removal of tattoos in Arabic women of skin type III-IV using the Q-switched alexandrite laser. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty female subjects aged 35-50 years from similar racial and ethnic background with amateur tattoos were treated using the Q-switched alexandrite laser. Fluence threshold was determined and a spot test was made. Q-switched alexandrite laser with a fluence range 4.0-7.5 J/cm(2) (mean 6.05) was used at 6-12-week intervals. Total treatment numbers ranged from three to six sessions (mean 4.15) with single-pulse technique application. RESULTS: More than 95% lightening was achieved in five patients after three to six sessions at fluence range of 6-7.5 J/cm(2) and > 75% lightening in 10 subjects after three to six sessions of treatment at fluence range of 4-7.5 J/cm(2). Pinpoint bleeding was observed in one case but no pigmentary alteration or scarring was seen. CONCLUSION: Tattoo pigment removal by Q-switched alexandrite laser is an effective method in skin type (III-IV) with minimal side effects, which gives high patient satisfaction.

Journal Article↗