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PubMedDate not supplied

Measurement of quadriceps muscle thickness and subcutaneous tissue thickness in normal children by real-time ultrasound imaging.

A reproducible ultrasound imaging technique is described for measurement of midthigh muscle and subcutaneous tissue thickness. We studied 276 children including those attending hospital outpatient clinics with non-neurological disorders, newborn babies on the obstetric wards, and children attending a local primary school. There was no significant difference in muscle depth between girls and boys, but girls had a significantly greater subcutaneous tissue depth than boys. The results of this study provide a basis for the study of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy in neuromuscular disease.

Child↗
PubMed2005

A case of peripheral T-cell lymphoma unspecified involving subcutaneous tissue.

A 36-year-old man presented with a 3-year-old red-brown plaque with subcutaneous nodules on his left thigh. Although a similar lesion was observed on his right thigh 3 years earlier, it spontaneously disappeared 1 year later. However, the lesion on the left thigh was growing larger. Histologically, the lesion showed a diffuse and dense infiltration of atypical lymphocytes extending from the superficial dermis to the subcutaneous tissue. Severe lobular panniculitis, composed of small- and medium-sized atypical lymphocytes and large normal histiocytes, was observed in the subcutaneous adipose tissue. Immunohistochemical studies revealed a post-thymic T-cell phenotype. A genetic analysis demonstrated a rearrangement of the T-cell receptor chain gene. The left skin lesion also gradually disappeared after skin biopsy without therapy, and he continues to be in remission.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Growth of mouse ectoplacental cone cells in subcutaneous tissues. Development of placental-like cells.

Ectoplacental cones of mouse embryos collected on day 8 of pregnancy were grafted into the dorsal subcutaneous tissue of host mice. The grafts were collected between days 3 and 8 after transfer and processed for light and electron microscope morphological analysis as well as for cytochemistry of nonspecific alkaline phosphatase. Fragments of normal mouse placentas collected between days 12 and 18 of pregnancy were processed similarly. About 37% of the grafts were nonhemorrhagic nodules formed by different kinds of trophoblastic cells. These cells had many morphological and cytochemical features of cells present in normal mouse placentas. Nonphagocytic giant cells, glycogen cells, as well as cells with a well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum were similar to cells found in the placenta and were always present in the grafts. Cells showing features intermediate between the above-mentioned cells and those whose cytoplasm was poor in organelles also were found in the grafts. The latter resembled cells of layer 1 of the labyrinth of the placenta. These results suggest that trophoblastic cells of the ectoplacental cones had differentiated into placental cells following their transfer to the subcutaneous tissue.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2001

Anatomical study of the venous drainage architecture of the scapular skin and subcutaneous tissue.

Venous anatomy of the skin and subcutaneous adipofascial tissue in the scapular region was examined in 14 specimens of 12 fresh cadavers that had been injected systemically with contrast medium. Three-dimensional analysis was performed by radiographing the specimens stereoscopically and splitting them into the skin and subcutaneous adipofascial tissue layers. From the architecture, most of the venous blood that had perfused the dermis was considered to pool in a polygonal venous network, located in the skin layer; to flow chiefly through some large communicating veins; and to enter the scapular, parascapular, or circumflex scapular veins. Most of the venous blood that had perfused the subcutaneous adipofascial tissue was considered to enter the scapular or parascapular veins directly.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1990

Prediction of temperature profiles in the human skin and subcutaneous tissues.

Exact mathematical solutions in terms of confluent hypergeometric and Airy's functions are obtained to study the steady state temperature distributions in human skin and subcutaneous tissues (SST). It is assumed that the skin is exposed to an air environment and heat transfer from the skin occurs by convection, radiation and evaporation. A mathematical model of the SST, accounting for heat conduction, perfusion of the capillary beds and metabolic heat productions of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues, has been solved to obtain interface temperatures for a wide range of environmental temperatures, rates of evaporation of sweat, wind speeds and relative humidities. The solutions provide inter-relationships between interface temperatures, thermal conductivities, metabolic heat production, blood perfusion, thicknesses of various layers of SST and ambient temperature.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1985

Vascular tumors of the breast. V. Nonparenchymal hemangiomas of mammary subcutaneous tissues.

Nine patients with vascular lesions of the mammary subcutaneous tissue were studied. All were women who ranged in age from 20 to 76 years (average 53 years). The lesions were angiolipomas (three cases), cavernous hemangiomas (three cases), and one example each of juvenile hemangioma, venous hemangioma, and papillary endothelial hyperplasia. The average size of these tumors was 1.8 cm (range, 0.8-3.2 cm). Only one of the excisional biopsy specimens contained breast tissue, and in this case the hemangioma was also extra parenchymal. With follow-up available for seven patients ranging from 5 months to just over 5 years (average 29 months), there were no recurrences. Subcutaneous hemangiomas of the breast do not differ appreciably in their clinical or pathological features from comparable lesions at other anatomic sites. Although mammary subcutaneous hemangiomas are benign and are not prone to recurrence or progression to angiosarcoma, complete excision is recommended to exclude the possibility of an underlying angiosarcoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Interspecific comparison of subcutaneous tissue fluid pressure in the bat wing.

Tissue fluid pressures were recorded from subcutaneous tissues of three bat species by means of an improved servo-micropipet pressure recording system. Experimental animals were restrained but unanesthetized during the procedure by methods which avoided vascular occlusion. Tissue fluid pressures averaged +0.46 +/- 2.08 mm Hg (n = 12) in the Mexican free-tailed bat, +0.21 +/- 0.63 mm Hg (n = 14) in the pallid bat, and -0.31 +/- 1.01 mm Hg (n = 12) in the little brown bat. None of the average values differed significantly (P greater than 0.25) from the others or from atmospheric pressure (P greater than 0.20). Tissue fluid pressures in the subcutis of the bat were near atmospheric in agreement with the results obtained in the bat and other species by earlier investigators using both hypodermic needles and micropipets.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Responses and calibration of amperometric glucose sensors implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of man.

Glucose sensors based on immobilized glucose oxidase and hydrogen peroxide detection at a platinum base electrode were constructed and studied before, during and after implantation into the subcutaneous tissue of 11 non-diabetic subjects. A 75-g oral glucose load was given to elevate the blood glucose concentration. Seven of 14 sensors responded to the oral glucose administration with an increase in current and the output of the remainder was unchanged by the glucose load. Apparent subcutaneous glucose levels calculated from the pre-implantation calibration were a mean 58% of the plasma glucose values at baseline. A two-point in vivo calibration using paired current and glucose readings at baseline and at the maximum glucose and current after glucose ingestion showed a significantly reduced sensitivity in vivo compared with pre-implantation values (mean +/- SEM 52 +/- 21.5 vs 369 +/- 127 pA/mmol-1 per litre, P = 0.003). Recalibration of the subcutaneous glucose concentrations using the in vivo calibration sensitivity and extrapolated background current (I0) gave values similar to those in plasma. The sensitivity of five sensors recalibrated in vitro after explantation was also reduced compared with pre-implantation levels and not significantly different from the in vivo characteristics. Responding and non-responding sensors did not differ with respect to preimplantation I0, sensitivity or response time. However, provisional examination of some explanted sensors by scanning electron microscopy showed coating by cellular and other amorphous material in the non-functioning electrodes. We conclude that the sensitivity of glucose sensors of this design is markedly reduced, sometimes to zero, on implantation in the subcutaneous tissue of humans.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Influence of length on cytotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes against human acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 in vitro and subcutaneous tissue of rats in vivo.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are single- or multi-cylindrical graphene structures that possess diameters of a few nanometers, while the length can be up to a few micrometers. These could have unusual toxicological properties, in that they share intermediate morphological characteristics of both fibers and nanoparticles. To date, no detailed study has been carried out to determine the effect of length on CNT cytotoxicity. In this paper, we investigated the activation of the human acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 in vitro and the response in subcutaneous tissue in vivo to CNTs of different lengths. We used 220 nm and 825 nm-long CNT samples for testing, referred to as "220-CNTs" and "825-CNTs", respectively. 220-CNTs and 825-CNTs induced human monocytes in vitro, although the activity was significantly lower than that of microbial lipopeptide and lipopolysaccharide, and no activity appeared following variation in the length of CNTs. On the other hand, the degree of inflammatory response in subcutaneous tissue in rats around the 220-CNTs was slight in comparison with that around the 825-CNTs. These results indicated that the degree of inflammation around 825-CNTs was stronger than that around 220-CNTs since macrophages could envelop 220-CNTs more readily than 825-CNTs. However, no severe inflammatory response such as necrosis, degeneration or neutrophil infiltration in vivo was observed around both CNTs examined throughout the experimental period.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reaction of mouse subcutaneous tissue to Carisolv--a morphologic study.

This study was designed to investigate in vivo subcutaneous tissue reactions after Carisolv contact in a mouse model. Eighteen mice were implanted with two polyethylene tubes: the implant on the right side included a sponge soaked in Carisolv; the implant on the left side served as a control. Similar tissue response was displayed in both test and control groups, suggesting that Carisolv does not result in adverse effects as compared with a control. The tendency of connective tissue encapsulating the implants in both groups may result from the presence of materials that can be well-tolerated by the organism.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Subcutaneous tissue thickness cannot be used to distinguish abnormalities of fetal growth.

Two hundred forty-four women with normal pregnancies between 15-42 weeks' gestation served as a control group to determine subcutaneous tissue thickness at three different fetal locations: mid-calf, mid-thigh, and abdomen at the level of the abdominal circumference. The values at the three locations were comparable, varying between 1 mm at 15 weeks' gestation and approximately 5.5 mm at term. Similar measurements were obtained in two study groups consisting of 13 growth-retarded and 38 large for gestational age fetuses. The degree of overlap in subcutaneous tissue thicknesses between the normal group and the two groups with disturbances in fetal growth was such that neither growth retardation nor macrosomia could be reliably predicted with these sonographic measurements.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1985

Diffusion and polymerization determines the insulin absorption from subcutaneous tissue in diabetic patients.

In 23 diabetic patients, the disappearance from subcutaneous tissue of 125I-labelled short-acting insulin and of 133Xe (measuring subcutaneous blood flow (SBF] were registered simultaneously. Alterations in the SBF were produced either by orthostatic changes or by application of local heat or cold. The insulin absorption rate was related to the SBF in a curvilinear way with an almost linear relation at SBF below 2-3 ml . (min . 100 g)-1, whereas at SBFs above the value the insulin absorption rate increased less than proportional to SBF. Capillary diffusion capacity of the injected insulin was 0.0145-0.0874 ml . (min . 100 g)-1; indicating that insulin is absorbed in a polymeric form. This was supported by studies of insulin diffusion in agar gel at 37 degrees C, showing that insulin in the normal pharmacological concentration diffuses as a molecule of about 46,000 MW. In conclusion, the absorption of short-acting soluble insulin is curvilinearly related to the SBF. This can be explained by a diffusion-limited transport of insulin in the interstitial space, and increasing transcapillary transport of insulin at increasing blood flow rates caused by recruitment of capillaries, thus increasing exchange surface area and decreasing diffusion distance.

Absorption↗
PubMed1994

Pharmacokinetic studies using microdialysis probes in subcutaneous tissue: effects of the co-administration of ethanol and acetaminophen.

Loop geometry microdialysis probes with membrane lengths of 40-60 mm were used to monitor the effects of acute and chronic doses of ethanol on acetaminophen pharmacokinetics in awake, freely-moving rats. Microdialysis probes used in this configuration provide very high concentration recoveries and good precision at flow rates below 2 microliters min-1. The ability of microdialysis to monitor pharmacokinetics in subcutaneous tissue and blood vessels is compared. Dialysates acquired simultaneously from both blood vessels and subcutaneous tissue showed corresponding disposition for acetaminophen. Acute intraperitoneal doses of ethanol (1 ml kg-1) are shown to increase the relative bioavailability, measured as AUC, by 40%, elimination half-life by 24%, and changes in CL and Vd were also observed. Larger doses of ethanol, up to 2 ml kg-1, had a similar incremental effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters in some animals, but apparent decreased abdominal blood flow in others caused diminished absorption and drastically altered pharmacokinetic parameters. Chronic doses of ethanol (5% in drinking water for 14 days) caused an increase in bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic parameters, but changes were not as significant as following acute doses. Acute doses of ethanol (1 ml kg-1) were also observed to change the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen at hepatotoxic levels of the drug. However, acute intraperitoneal doses of acetaminophen (10 mg kg-1) were observed not to have an effect on ethanol pharmacokinetics.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1998

Gamma/delta T cell lymphoma presenting in the subcutaneous tissue and small intestine in a patient with capillary leak syndrome.

Peripheral T cell neoplasms originating from gamma/delta T cells are rarely reported, despite the development of hepatosplenic lymphoma from gamma/delta T cells. We report a case of multiple generated gamma/delta T cell lymphomas presenting in the subcutaneous tissue and small intestine in a patient with accompanying capillary leak syndrome. The patient, a 43-year-old male presented with remarkable systemic edema, pleural effusion, and ascites. Widespread tumors were evident in the subcutaneous tissue and in the small intestine. A biopsy revealed anaplastic large cell lymphoma in these lesions. Phenotypic examination showed that the neoplastic cells were positive for the surface markers CD3 and TCR delta, but negative for CD4, CD8 and TCR beta. Genomic analysis revealed a clonal rearrangement of the TCR genes encoding the gamma, delta, and beta chains. A polymerase chain reaction analysis of the gene encoding the TCR delta chain showed that the rearrangement occurred between V delta 3 and J delta 1, suggesting that neoplastic cells were generated in the early stages of T cell differentiation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Concentrations of mezlocillin in the serum, heart valves, muscle and subcutaneous tissue of patients undergoing open-heart surgery.

4 g mezlocillin as a five-minute intravenous bolus were given preoperatively to 31 adult patients undergoing open-heart surgery. Mezlocillin serum levels declined from 42.8 mg/l at 1-2 h after injection to less than 1 mg/l at 6-8 h after application. Concentrations in muscle and subcutaneous tissue varied between 18 micrograms/g and less than 1 microgram/g. Mezlocillin levels in heart valves were higher than those in muscle and subcutaneous tissue, thus suggesting rapid diffusion of mezlocillin.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Nocturnal differences in subcutaneous tissue glucose between forearm and abdominal sites during continuous glucose monitoring in normal subjects.

OBJECTIVE: A number of short-term studies using the continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) indicate that improved metabolic control can be observed in patients with type 1 diabetes when CGMS is applied in clinical practice. Data have also accumulated to suggest that spot measurements of glucose performed four times a day would not detect as much as 70% of all hypoglycaemic episodes registered by CGMS. When more frequent reference values were obtained however it was inferred that nighttime hypoglycaemia reported by CGMS may be spurious. As most assessments with CGMS have been utilizing abdominal subcutaneous tissue, we were interested to evaluate whether differences between blood glucose and sensor readings obtained from different sites exist. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Two viscometric affinity glucose sensors, applicable to subcutaneous tissue of both forearm and abdomen, were inserted subcutaneously in 12 non-diabetic subjects. Sensors generated glucose data at 3 min intervals and venous blood glucose was determined in duplicates by HemoCue at 15-90 min intervals for 24 hours. Each subject consumed three carbohydrate-rich meals, performed an exercise test, and was observed during nocturnal bed-rest at the research center. RESULTS: The initial decrease of blood glucose during exercise was not fully detected by the sensors. Otherwise, no significant differences between sensor values and blood glucose were observed during day-time. During nocturnal bed-rest abdominal sensor values came approximately 20% lower than blood glucose (P<0.001) and forearm sensor readings. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that a difference between glucose values obtained from abdominal and forearm subcutaneous fat can be observed during nocturnal bed-rest in non-diabetics.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1984

Loss of autoregulation of blood flow in subcutaneous tissue in juvenile diabetes.

The autoregulation of blood flow in subcutaneous tissue was investigated at the level of the lateral malleolus by the local 133Xenon washout technique. We have investigated eight long-term insulin-dependent diabetics and seven healthy controls. All diabetics had moderate diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. The blood flow remained constant in all normal subjects, when the arterial perfusion pressure was varied between 70 and 150 mm Hg. All diabetics had impaired or reduced autoregulation of the subcutaneous blood flow. The blood flow increased and decreased almost linearly with the changes in arterial perfusion pressure. The mechanism underlying the defect autoregulation of blood flow in diabetics is uncertain; possibilities include structural changes of the arterioles and/or alterations of local metabolic factors.

Adult↗