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PubMedDate not supplied

Son and daughter preferences in Benighat, Nepal: implications for fertility transition.

Married women in Benighat, Nepal stressed old age security and continuity of lineage as prominent reasons for wanting sons. In addition, women clearly desired daughters too--an important finding that is less often stressed. Religious reasons and help with household chores were the most common reasons reported for wanting a daughter. Strong desires for sons could increase fertility in settings where fertility is controlled. Additional desires for daughters could have an additional pronatalist influence. For Benighat we document a pervasive desire for at least two sons and at least one daughter. If realized, these sex composition preferences would increase fertility by 50 per cent. Actual effects are no doubt smaller, but the effects of sex preference on the desire for more children and on contraceptive use are clearly visible.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Dejerine-Sottas neuropathy in mother and son with same point mutation of PMP22 gene.

We studied a 25-year-old black woman with healthy parents and her 2-year, 11-month-old son. Her motor development was delayed and she started to walk with support when she was 6 years old. She never walked independently and had always used a wheelchair. Neurological evaluation showed severe weakness and atrophy of her feet, legs, and hands, bilateral pes cavus and hammertoes, corrected scoliosis, hypesthesia for proprioception and vibration sense in both feet and ankles, and areflexia. She had normal intelligence. Her son also had delayed motor milestones and was still unable to stand and walk independently at almost 3 years. Neurological evaluation revealed diffuse muscle hypotonia and weakness with generalized areflexia and normal intelligence. No muscle atrophies or feet deformities were noticed. Nerve conduction velocities showed significant slowing (less than 5 m/s) with prolonged distal latencies (above 30 ms). Compound motor action potential amplitudes were markedly reduced. Electromyography revealed polyphasic motor unit potentials. Molecular genetic studies indicated a Trembler type missense point mutation of exon 4 of the peripheral myelin protein 22 gene that led to the substitution of a spartic acid for glycine in both the mother and her son. Her parents showed normal DNA studies.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preference for sons and sex ratio in two non-Western societies.

Moroccan Berbers and the Bolivian Aymara are two unrelated peasant groups living in adverse environments with a still rather traditional agriculture. Precarious life conditions may be responsible for the importance given to male labor and hence for the cultural preference conferred on male descent. This preference, expressed in the social valorization of sons to the detriment of daughters, is more emphasized if the socioeconomic status of the family is lower. Interpreted according to the cost/benefit approach of Fisher (1958 Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, New York: Dover) of variations in the sex ratio and to its later developments (Trivers and Willard 1973 Science 179:90-91; Trivers 1985 Social Evolution, Menlo Park: Benjamin/Cummings; Hewlett 1991 J. Anthropol. Res. 47:1-37; Smith 1993 Ethol. Sociobiol. 14:39-44), these cultural characteristics could determine that parents bias the care allocated to their progeny in favor of sons, to the detriment of daughters. This could eventually affect their respective survival and finally modify the offspring tertiary sex ratio. This study compares differences in survival as indicators of parental care according to a child's sex and across three economic strata: poor, medium, and high. The Moroccan data express no other sex differences in survival than an advantage for daughters during the preweaning period in the medium and high strata. Within the same sex and across economic strata, a greater mortality between age 10-20 years is observed for boys of the poorest stratum. The Aymara data do not show sex differences by economic stratum, except for an advantage to daughters between birth and 5 years in the medium group, and no survival differences within the same sex across economic strata. These results suggest either that despite the social valorization of male progeny no differences in parental care according to sex occur, or that their magnitude is not great enough to contrast the survival of sons and daughters.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Mother and son with deletion of 3p25-pter.

We report on a mother and son with a 3p25-pter deletion. Both have postnatal growth retardation, mental retardation, apparently low-set or malformed ears, and telecanthus. The mother also has ptosis and multiple joint pains, while the son has a long philtrum and anteverted nares. These phenotypes are compared to those of other 3p- patients. Both patients have many manifestations previously described. The son appears to be more severely affected than the mother.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2006

A father and son with mental retardation, a characteristic face, inv(12), and insertion trisomy 12p12.3-p11.2.

A male patient with mental retardation (MR) and mild facial features was shown by high-resolution G-banding to have pericentric inversion of chromosome 12 with an unknown segment inserted into the long arm of the inverted chromosome [46,XY,inv(12)(pter-->p11.2::q14.1-->p11.2::?::q14.1-->qter)]. Both the inverted chromosome 12 and clinical manifestations were transmitted to his son. Karyotypes of the propositus' parents were normal. Studies with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in both the propositus and his son revealed that the extra segment was derived from 12p. Further FISH mapping and the genome-wide copy number detection by GeneChip Mapping 100K Array showed that an 11-Mb segment of 12p between two BAC clones, RP11-22H10 and RP11-977P2, was inserted at one of the reunion points in the long arm of the inv(12) chromosome. Analysis of parent-child transmissions of duplicated alleles using microsatellite markers defined the maternal origin of the chromosomal anomaly in the propositus and suggested a mechanism of its formation through a sister-chromatid rearrangement (SCR), that is, mismatched pairing and unequal crossover between sister chromatids as well as three break rearrangements including a U type rearrangement. Karyotypes of the propositus and his son were thus inv(12)(pter-->p11.22::q14.1-->p12.3::q14.1-->qter). This is the first report of "pure" proximal 12p-trisomy including p12.3-p11.22 region.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1978

Idiopathic multicentric osteolysis. Report of an affected father and son.

Genetic, rheumatologic, immunologic, metabolic, and renal studies of a father and son with idiopathic multicentric osteolysis are reported. The disorder appeared through mutation. The father developed symptoms as an infant, his son at age 4 years and 9 months. Both have micrognathia and hypotelorism and were exceptionally tall during the symptomatic phase of their disease. Biopsies of the son's wrist showed normal synovium, encroachment on cartilage by fibrocellular tissue, and both osteoclastic resorption and repair of affected bone. Hydroxyproline in his urine was increased. No immunologic, renal, or other metabolic abnormalities were identified.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Evidence for dominant wild female chimpanzees investing more in sons

Parents are expected to invest more resources in the offspring gender that promises more grandchildren. In a variety of vertebrate species skewed sex ratio at birth and differential parental investment in sons and daughters have been documented. Wild chimpanzees, Pan troglodytesliving in the Tai National Park, Cote d'Ivoire, were followed for 15 years. This community followed the typical species pattern in that males showed natal philopatry and the sex ratio at birth was almost 1:1. An analysis of 33 inter-birth intervals revealed that dominant females invested about 2 years more in sons, whereas subdominant females invested about 11 months more in daughters. The first difference is significant. Sons of dominant females had higher survival than other youngsters. The benefit of such a facultative investment is discussed. The absence of such a differential investment by mothers in other chimpanzee populations is compatible with an explanation based on variations within the female-biased dispersal pattern in this species and the possible role of maternal condition.Copyright 1997 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour1997The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour

Journal Article↗
PubMed1980

Fathers, sons, and sexual orientation: replication of a Bieber hypothesis.

This retrospective study compares memories of the father-son relationship between lifelong socially well-adjusted, non-patient homosexual and heterosexual men. No homosexual subject reported the presence of a reasonably intact, positive relationship with his father or father surrogate during preadolescent years, whereas 12 of the 17 heterosexual men did. Previous investigators have hypothesized that a constructive, supportive father-son relationship precludes the development of homosexual orientation. This hypothesis stemmed from investigation of men who in general suffered from significant global psychopathology. The data in the present investigation supports the notion that a meaningful association, which is not attributable to confounding psychopathology, exists between quality of father-son relationship during early life and male sexual orientation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Male microchimerism in women without sons: quantitative assessment and correlation with pregnancy history.

PURPOSE: Fetal microchimerism, derived from fetal cells that persist after pregnancy, is usually evaluated by tests for male microchimerism in women who gave birth to sons. We investigated male microchimerism in women without sons and examined correlation with prior pregnancy history. Immunologic consequences of microchimerism are unknown. We studied healthy women and women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: Y-chromosome-specific real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to test peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 120 women (49 healthy and 71 with RA). Results were expressed as the number of male cells that would be equivalent to the total amount of male DNA detected within a sample containing the equivalent of 100000 female cells. RESULTS: Male microchimerism was found in 21% of women overall. Healthy women and women with RA did not significantly differ (24% vs 18%). Results ranged from the DNA equivalent of 0 to 20.7 male cells per 100000 female cells. Women were categorized into 4 groups according to pregnancy history. Group A had only daughters (n = 26), Group B had spontaneous abortions (n = 23), Group C had induced abortions (n = 23), and Group D were nulligravid (n = 48). Male microchimerism prevalence was significantly greater in Group C than other groups (8%, 22%, 57%, 10%, respectively). Levels were also significantly higher in the induced abortion group. CONCLUSIONS: Male microchimerism was not infrequent in women without sons. Besides known pregnancies, other possible sources of male microchimerism include unrecognized spontaneous abortion, vanished male twin, an older brother transferred by the maternal circulation, or sexual intercourse. Male microchimerism was significantly more frequent and levels were higher in women with induced abortion than in women with other pregnancy histories. Further studies are needed to determine specific origins of male microchimerism in women.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2005

Like mother like son.

A 68-year-old female with history of anterior wall myocardial infarction (MI) 20 years earlier, underwent coronary angiography after having a non ST elevation MI. Before the procedure, the patient and her close family, including her husband and 2 sons were given thorough explanation of the procedure, its risks and benefits. A totally occluded mid LAD with collaterals from the RCA was found. Besides this presumably 20-year-old chronic total occlusion of the LAD, no other significant lesions were detected, hence medical therapy was recommended. Twelve hours after this diagnostic angiography, the same team was called urgently to perform primary PCI on a 41-year-old male, who presented to the emergency department within 4 h from onset of chest pain and signs of anterior wall ST elevation MI. The treating team immediately recognized the patient as the son of the lady who underwent angiography just several hours ago. This time the explanations about the procedure were concise. Angiography revealed an acute total occlusion of the mid LAD, which was successfully treated. The location of the blockage in mid LAD, just distal to the 1st diagonal and a large septal artery, was closely the same in the mother and in the son. Genetic predisposition and emotional stress are linked together in the present presentation. The proximity of time may be attributed to emotional stress while the proximity in location of the culprit lesions in these two cases may have genetic factors. To our knowledge, this is the first description of an acute MI in a sibling with a coronary artery occlusion in the exact anatomy as of the mother, occurring just several hours after the mother's coronary angiography.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Associations of middle-aged mother's but not father's body mass index with 18-year-old son's waist circumferences, birth weight, and serum hepatic enzyme levels.

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported to contribute to insulin resistance (IR) in the elderly and type 2 diabetes. To test this hypothesis, we examined relations of insulin resistance in young men to their mother's body mass index (BMI) and compared with those to their father's BMI, because as a rule, mitochondrial DNA is exclusively maternally inherited and because mitochondria are fundamental in mediating effects on energy dissipation. We measured heights, weights, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), and biochemical variables in sera from 193 male college students aged 18 to 20 years after an overnight fast. Birth weight was available from 184 students. Self-reported heights and weights of their parents were obtained from 148 students. Insulin resistance and insulin secretion were estimated using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR and HOMA-beta, respectively). Mother's BMI was associated with their son's birth weight (r=0.23, P=.008), BMI (r=0.37, P<.0001), waist circumference (r=0.42, P<.0001), fasting insulin (r=0.19, P=.02), and HOMA-IR (r=0.18, P=.03) but not with fasting glucose, HOMA-beta , and systolic and diastolic BP. In addition, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] were inversely associated with mother's BMI (r=-0.21, P=.01 and r=-0.17, P=.03, respectively). Furthermore, there were significant associations with aspartate (r=0.20, P=.01) and alanine (r=0.28, P=.0008) aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (r=0.30, P=.0003), all of which are associated with mitochondrial function. In contrast, none of those variables were associated with father's BMI, except for Lp(a), which showed a significant and inverse association (r=-0.17, P=.05). After adjustment for sons' BMI, waist circumference and 3 hepatic enzymes were associated with mother's BMI, whereas Lp(a) was associated with both mother's and father's BMI. In multiple regression analysis for HOMA-IR as a dependent variable, BMI of their own (beta=.10, P<.0001) and of their mothers (beta=.04, P=10) and birth weight (beta=-.27, P=.10) emerged as determinants of HOMA-IR of the students(R2=0.30). Our results are consistent with clinical observations of a greater risk of transmission of type 2 diabetes from the mother than the father and suggest that son's IR may be influenced by maternal effect as well as their adiposity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Familial inclusion body myositis in a mother and son with different ancestral MHC haplotypes.

An Ashkenazi Jewish family in which the mother and a son both have inclusion body myositis (IBM) is reported. The condition developed at an earlier age and was more rapidly progressive and less responsive to treatment in the son than in the mother or other IBM patients in our clinic. Genetic analysis showed that the mother carried alleles of the 8.1 MHC ancestral haplotype (AH; HLA-B8, DRB1*0301), which is found in 85% of IBM patients in Western Australia. The son did not inherit this haplotype, but carried alleles characteristic of the 52.1AH (HLA-B5, DRB1*1502) of paternal origin. The findings indicate that in this family either the 8.1AH or 52.1AH may carry susceptibility for IBM and that the 52.1AH is associated with a more severe and treatment-resistant form of the disease.

Alleles↗
PubMed1999

Successful sons or advantaged daughters? The Trivers-Willard model and sex-biased maternal investment in ungulates.

The Trivers-Willard model predicts that in polygynous species, given certain assumptions, mothers with extra resources should bias investment towards sons by adjusting sex ratio at birth and/or by differential provisioning of sons and daughters. Evidence for facultative adjustment of the birth sex ratio from recent empirical studies on ungulates is equivocal at best. However, studies on maternal input and reproductive costs suggest that ungulate mothers do discriminate against daughters during maternal investment in the most polygynous, dimorphic species. Better data on the relationship between maternal input and fitness returns for producing sons or daughters are needed to interpret patterns of sex-biased maternal investment.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Effect of son preference and population policy on sex ratios at birth in two provinces of China.

Two samples of births were used to examine the effect of son preference and population policy on sex ratios in Hebei and Shaanxi provinces of China. The results from all births to women aged 15-49 in the 1985 In-Depth Fertility Survey indicated a strong son preference but no clear policy impact on sex ratios at different birth orders. In a sample of selected births during 1975-84 to women aged 40 or under, the mixed influences of son preference and population policy were clearly reflected in the high and rising overall ratios at birth, and the increasing sex ratios with parity. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed2001

A longitudinal examination of the associations between mothers' and sons' attributions and their aggression.

This study tested an integrative, multipathway model designed to explain bidirectional effects of the attributions and coercive behaviors of mothers and sons in the context of a longitudinal study. Subjects were 246 mothers and sons who were 7-9 years of age. Mothers' and sons' attributions about one another's intent were significantly related to the aggressiveness of the behavior that each of them directed toward the other. Boys' earlier aggression did not significantly predict the mothers' subsequent attributions, whereas mothers' negative behavior indeed predicted subsequent negative attributions on the part of the boys. Even after considering children's earlier negative behavior, children's negative attributions about their mothers helped explain the aggressiveness of their subsequent behavior. The same was not true for mothers whose earlier attributions indirectly influenced their subsequent aggressive behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Parental alcoholism and co-occurring antisocial behavior: prospective relationships to externalizing behavior problems in their young sons.

The hypothesis that parental alcoholism and co-occurring antisocial behavior would be indirectly linked to child externalizing behavior problems through child lack of control, current levels of parent depression, family conflict, and parent-child conflict was tested using manifest variable regression analysis. Participants were a community sample of 125 families with an alcoholic father and 83 ecologically matched but nonsubstance abusing families involved in the first 2 waves of an ongoing longitudinal study (with 3 years between each wave). All families had a biological son who was 3-5 years old at study onset. Results revealed that child lack of control mediated the relation between paternal alcoholism and the son's subsequent externalizing behavior problems. Family conflict was a significant mediator of maternal and paternal lifetime antisocial behavior effects and father-son conflict mediated paternal lifetime antisocial behavior effects. Study implications are discussed within the context of parental socialization of antisocial behavior.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2003

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV: unusual congenital anomalies in a mother and son with a COL3A1 mutation and a normal collagen III protein profile.

A mother and son with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) type IV and unusual congenital anomalies are described. The congenital anomalies include, in the mother, amniotic band-like constrictions on one hand, a unilateral clubfoot, and macrocephaly owing to normal-pressure hydrocephaly and, in the son, an esophageal atresia and hydrocephaly. Protein analysis of collagen III in cultured fibroblasts of the mother showed no abnormalities. However, DNA analysis of the COL3A1 gene revealed a pathogenic mutation (388G-->T) in both the mother and the son. The possible relationship between the observed congenital anomalies and EDS IV are discussed. We stress that DNA analysis of COL3A1 should be performed in all patients when there is a strong suspicion of EDS IV, despite negative findings in a collagen protein analysis.

Collagen Type III↗
PubMed2002

Marital conflict and boys' peer relationships: the mediating role of mother-son emotional reciprocity.

This study examined the role of mother-son emotional reciprocity in connections between marital conflict and the quality of boys' peer relationships. Parents from 84 intact families with preadolescent boys reported on the level of conflict in their marital relationship. Observations of mother-son interaction were coded for emotional reciprocity, and assessments of boys' peer relationships were obtained from both teachers and classmates. No direct connection between marital conflict and boys' peer relationships was observed. Rather, marital conflict affected boys' social competence indirectly, through its effect on the emotions expressed between mother and son. The findings support the proposal that emotional processes play an important role in connections between marital conflict and children's peer relationships and suggest that family emotional expressiveness deserves greater attention in both research and intervention.

Adult↗