Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Soil acidity”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Soil amino acid composition quantified by acid hydrolysis and anion chromatography-pulsed amperometry.

Soil organic N accounts for 95-98% of the total soil N content with amino acids (AAs) and amino sugars (ASs) identified as the major soil organic N compounds, but traditional 6 M HCl with reflux or sealed digestions for 24 h and various detection systems have accounted for only 30-40% of soil total N content as AA-N. This study compared traditional HCl extraction methodology with methanesulfonic acid (MSA) hydrolysis and nonderivatized AA and AS quantification by ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection for determination of the AA composition of plant litter and soils. MSA (4 M) gave AA-N recovery comparable to or better than 6 M HCl for plant AA digestions (16 h, 121 degrees C, 104 kPa). Use of 4 M MSA (0.5-1.5 h, 136 degrees C, 112 kPa) increased the total recovery of organic N as AAs, ASs, and NH(4)(+) by 46% from soils (n = 22) compared with 6 M HCl (12 h, 110 degrees C, reflux) with a MSA recovery rate of 85.6% of the total N content (n = 22 soils). The shorter MSA soil digestions (0.5-1.5 h) suggested that the majority of soil organic N was not present as protein forms found in plant litter analysis (16 h of digestion). MSA ion chromatographic analysis for soil AA/AS composition is a robust nonderivatization method requiring little sample preparation that can distinguish between small changes in soil AA composition during one growing season due to vegetation and tillage managements.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2001

Sorption of naphthalene and phenanthrene by soil humic acids.

Humic acids are a major fraction of soil organic matter (SOM), and sorption of hydrophobic organic chemicals by humic acids influences their behavior and fate in soil. A clear understanding of the sorption of organic chemicals by humic acids will help to determine their sorptive mechanisms in SOM and soil. In this paper, we determined the sorption of two hydrophobic organic compounds, naphthalene and phenanthrene by six pedogenetically related humic acids. These humic acids were extracted from different depths of a single soil profile and characterized by solid-state CP/MAS 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Aromaticity of the humic acids increased with soil depth. Similarly, atomic ratios of C/H and C/O also increased with depth (from organic to mineral horizons). All isotherms were nonlinear. Freundlich exponents (N) ranged from 0.87 to 0.95 for naphthalene and from 0.86 to 0.92 for phenanthrene. The N values of phenanthrene were consistently lower than naphthalene for a given humic acid. For both compounds, N values decreased with increasing aromaticity of the humic acids, such an inverse relationship was never reported before. These results support the dual-mode sorption model where partitioning occurs in both expanded (flexible) and condensed (rigid) domains while nonlinear sorption only in condensed domains of SOM. Sorption in the condensed domains may be a cause for slow desorption, and reduced availability and toxicity with aging.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2002

Metal ion complexation properties of fulvic acids extracted from composted sewage sludge as compared to a soil fulvic acid.

Complexation properties of an anthropogenic fulvic acid (FA) extracted from a composted sewage sludge (csFA) for Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) were studied at pH=6 and at a concentration of 25 mg L(-1). For the case of Cu(II), a particular analysis of the complexation phenomena was done at pH values of 3, 4, 5 and 6 and at aqueous FA concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 mg L(-1) by synchronous excitation molecular fluorescence spectroscopy (SyF). Potentiometric titrimetry with Cu(II), Pb(II), Cd(II) and H+ ion-selective electrodes and acid-base conductimetric titrations were used to obtain experimental information about the acid properties and complexation phenomena. A comparison of the results obtained for csFA with a natural soil FA (sFA) was made. Differences have been detected in the structural composition of the two samples and in the structure of the binding sites. In the csFA, binding site structures containing nitrogen probably play an important role in the complexation, besides oxygen containing structures. Complexation by sFA is mainly due to carboxylic and phenolic structures. Nevertheless, this work shows that csFA have macroscopic complexation properties (magnitude of the conditional stability constant and binding sites concentration) somewhat similar to the natural sFA samples.

Benzopyrans↗
PubMed2004

A review of acid sulfate soil impacts, actions and policies that impact on water quality in Great Barrier Reef catchments, including a case study on remediation at East Trinity.

An estimated 666,000 ha of acid sulfate soils (ASS) occur within the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) catchments of Queensland, Australia. Extensive areas have been drained causing acidification, metal contamination, deoxygenation and iron precipitation in reef receiving waters. The close proximity of ASS to reef waters makes them a substantial threat to water quality. Another important issue linked with ASS is their release of soluble iron, which is known to stimulate nuisance marine algal blooms, in particular Lyngbya majuscula. Known blooms of the cyanobacteria in reef waters have been confirmed at Shoalwater Bay, Corio Bay, the Whitsunday area and Hinchinbrook Channel. Acid sulfate soils are intimately related to coastal wetland landscapes. Where landscapes containing ASS have been disturbed (such as for agriculture, aquaculture, marinas, etc.) the biodiversity of adjacent wetlands can be adversely affected. However, there is no clear knowledge of the real extent of the so-called "hotspot" ASS areas that occur within the GBR catchments. Management of ASS in reef catchments has benefited from the implementation of the Queensland Acid Sulfate Soils Management Strategy through policy development, mapping, training programs, an advisory service, research and community participation. However, major gaps remain in mapping the extent and nature of ASS. Areas of significant acidification (i.e. hotspots) need to be identified and policies developed for their remediation. Research has a critical role to play in understanding ASS risk and finding solutions, to prevent the adverse impacts that may be caused by ASS disturbance. A case study is presented of the East Trinity site near Cairns, a failed sugar cane development that episodically discharges large amounts of acid into Trinity Inlet, resulting in periodic fish kills. Details are presented of scientific investigations, and a lime-assisted tidal exchange strategy that are being undertaken to remediate a serious ASS problem.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[The fluorescence properties of DaYaWan soil humic acid].

The fluorescence properties of humic acid derived from DaYaWan soil were analyzed using the conventional fluorescence and synchronous scan fluorescence spectroscopy. The results show that synchronous technique applied to the study of humic acid can reduce the fluorescence spectrum of a compound to a single sharp peak, and decrease the signal overlapping. In addition, the effects of various deltalambda, concentration and pH values on synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy were investigated in detail.

China↗
PubMed2005

Size and shape of soil humic acids estimated by viscosity and molecular weight.

Ultrafiltration fractions of three soil humic acids were characterized by viscometry and high performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) in order to estimate shapes and hydrodynamic sizes. Intrinsic viscosities under given solute/solvent/temperature conditions were obtained by extrapolating the concentration dependence of reduced viscosities to zero concentration. Molecular mass (weight average molecular weight (M (w)) and number average molecular weight (M (n))) and hydrodynamic radius (R(H)) were determined by HPSEC using pullulan as calibrant. Values of M (w) and M (n) ranged from 15 to 118 x 10(3) and from 9 to 50 x 10(3) (g mol(-1)), respectively. Polydispersity, as indicated by M (w)/M (n), increased with increasing filter size from 1.5 to 2.4. The hydrodynamic radii (R(H)) ranged between 2.2 and 6.4 nm. For each humic acid, M (w) and [eta] were related. Mark-Houwink coefficients calculated on the basis of the M (w)-[eta] relationships suggested restricted flexible chains for two of the humic acids and a branched structure for the third humic acid. Those structures probably behave as hydrated sphere colloids in a good solvent. Hydrodynamic radii of fractions calculated from [eta] using Einstein's equation, which is applicable to hydrated sphere colloids, ranged from 2.2 to 7.1 nm. These dimensions are fit to the size of nanospaces on and between clay minerals and micropores in soil particle aggregates. On the other hand, the good agreement of R(H) values obtained by applying Einstein's equation with those directly determined by HPSEC suggests that pullulan is a suitable calibrant for estimation of molecular mass and size of humic acids by HPSEC.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

Occurrence of bound muramic acid and alpha, epsilon-diaminopimelic acid in soil and comparison of their contents with bacterial biomass.

The occurrence of bound muramic and alpha, epsilon-diaminopimelic acids in soil, both within and without the bacterial biomass has been studied. The obtained results show that both compounds occur in this environment mainly extracellularly; they also occur in humic acids, into which they are easily incorporated from dead bacterial cells in the processes of humus synthesis and then released during its mineralization.

Amino Acids, Diamino↗
PubMed2004

Macroalgal biomonitors of trace metal contamination in acid sulfate soil aquaculture ponds.

Earthen shrimp aquaculture ponds are often impacted by acid sulfate soils (ASS), typically resulting in increased disease and mortality of cultured organisms. Production losses have been attributed to either low pH or to elevated concentrations of toxic metals, both direct products of pyrite oxidation in ASS. The standard farm management practice to minimise effects of pyrite oxidation is to maintain pH of pond waters above 5, based on the assumption that dissolved metal bioavailability is negligible at this pH. This study aimed to test the validity of this assumption, and therefore elucidate a possible role of toxic heavy metals in observed decreases in farm productivity. Metal bioaccumulation in four genera of macroalgae, Ulva sp., Enteromorpha sp., Cladophora sp. and Chaetomorpha sp., sampled from ASS-affected shrimp aquaculture ponds were measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to assess the relative bioavailability of dissolved metals within the system. Results showed that all four genera of macroalgae accumulated appreciable quantities of Fe, Al, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Pb. Iron and Al, the most common metals mobilised from ASS, were both accumulated in all algal genera to concentrations three orders of magnitude greater than all other metals analysed. These findings indicate that dissolved heavy metals are indeed bioavailable within the aquaculture pond system. A literature search of heavy metal bioaccumulation by these algal genera revealed concentrations recorded in this study are comparable to highly contaminated environments, such as those exposed to urban, industrial and mining pollution. The results of this study indicate that dissolved metal bioavailability in many earthen shrimp aquaculture ponds may be higher than previously thought.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Heavy metal distribution in some French forest soils: evidence for atmospheric contamination.

This study is one of very few dealing with the distribution and the origin of heavy metals in French soils from a priori non-polluted forest areas. The abundance of heavy metals measured in these soils decreases as follows: Cr>Zn>Pb>Ni>Cu>Co>>Cd. Total concentrations of Pb, Cr and Ni in some soils exceed the European thresholds for non-polluted soils and even the French association of normalization critical values for sludge spreading. The lowest heavy metal contents are observed in acid soils while the highest concentrations are in the calcaric cambisol and in the mollic andosol, which is rather scarce as compared with the other French forest soils. With the exception of the podzol, Cr and Ni concentrations increase with depth in all soil profiles. The distribution pattern of Co, Cu, Zn depends on the soil characteristics. In some acid soils, however, Cu and Zn decrease with depth. Pb and Cd are accumulated in the upper soil horizons. Heavy metals accumulate in deep soil horizons in relation to important clay content in the dystric planosol and stagnic luvisol. The concentration of each heavy metal is always controlled by different parameters (soil pH, iron and aluminum oxide content, clay content, organic matter and cation exchange capacity), which are heavy metal specific. This study highlights the metal-trapping character of andosol and calcaric soil, the weak heavy metal retention in acid soils, the leaching and trapping character in leached clayed soils, and the migration of heavy metals in the podzol. Pb and Cr concentrations indicate a significant enrichment in surface horizons from various soils in areas which receive significant acid atmospheric pollution. Particularly, the highest Pb content is observed in a soil located in the N-NE part of France. Lead isotope ratios measured in the cambic podzol and the calcaric cambisol, exhibit the importance of the anthropogenic sources and particularly the influence of global atmospheric inputs from leaded gasoline compared to regional and local industrial emissions. The anthropogenic Pb contribution is estimated to 83, 30 and 11%, respectively, for surface, intermediate and deep horizons of the cambic podzol located in the northern part of France, and to 68% in surface horizon of the calcaric cambisol located in the Alps.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2002

15N NMR investigation of the covalent binding of reduced TNT amines to soil humic acid, model compounds, and lignocellulose.

The five major reductive degradation products of TNT-4ADNT (4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene), 2ADNT (2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene), 2,4DANT (2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene), 2,6DANT (2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene), and TAT (2,4,6-triaminotoluene)-labeled with 15N in the amine positions, were reacted with the IHSS soil humic acid and analyzed by 15N NMR spectrometry. In the absence of catalysts, all five amines underwent nucleophilic addition reactions with quinone and other carbonyl groups in the soil humic acid to form both heterocyclic and nonheterocyclic condensation products. Imine formation via 1,2-addition of the amines to quinone groups in the soil humic acid was significant with the diamines and TAT but not the monoamines. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) catalyzed an increase in the incorporation of all five amines into the humic acid. In the case of the diamines and TAT, HRP also shifted the binding away from heterocyclic condensation product toward imine formation. A comparison of quantitative liquid phase with solid-state CP/MAS 15N NMR indicated that the CP experiment underestimated imine and heterocyclic nitrogens in humic acid, even with contact times optimal for observation of these nitrogens. Covalent binding of the mono- and diamines to 4-methylcatechol, the HRP catalyzed condensation of 4ADNT and 2,4DANT to coniferyl alcohol, and the binding of 2,4DANT to lignocellulose with and without birnessite were also examined.

Amines↗
PubMed2001

Photoinductive properties of soil humic acids and their fractions obtained by tandem size exclusion chromatography-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Humic acids (HAs) from three soils of different origin (Chernozem, Ferralsol and Ranker) have been fractionated by coupling size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) on three fractions (fractions A, B, C + D) with different molecular sizes (MSs) and exactly defined electrophoretic mobility (EM). Fractions identically marked had similar EM and MS, independently of HA sources. The photoinductive properties of the whole HAs and their fractions were compared by studying the photoinduced transformation of fenuron at 365 nm. High MS fractions A and B appeared to exhibit poor photoinductive activities compared to the whole HAs, whereas low MS fraction C + D in Chernozem and Ranker were more efficient than the whole HAs. A fourth intermediary fraction containing a mixture of fractions B and C + D with small amount of D was shown to photoinduce poorly the transformation of fenuron. It was therefore concluded that the molecules capable of photoinducing the transformation of fenuron were mainly contained in fraction D. Fluorescence properties of Chernozem HA and its fractions have been tested. Fraction C + D exhibited a very similar fluorescence emission spectrum in comparison with the whole HA and in contrast, the fractions A and B emitted very weakly.

Chromatography↗
PubMed2003

The roles of natural organic matter in chemical and microbial reduction of ferric iron.

Although natural organic matter (NOM) is known to be redox reactive, the roles and effectiveness of specific functional groups of NOM in metal reduction are still a subject of intense investigation. This study entails the investigation of the Fe(III) reduction kinetics and capacity by three fractionated NOM subcomponents in the presence or absence of the dissimilatory metal reducing bacterium Shewanella putrefaciens CN32. Results indicate that NOM was able to reduce Fe(III) abiotically; the reduction was pH-dependent and varied greatly with different fractions of NOM. The polyphenolic-rich NOM-PP fraction exhibited the highest reactivity and oxidation capacity at a low pH (<4) as compared with the carbohydrate-rich NOM-CH fraction and a soil humic acid (soil HA) in reducing Fe(III). However, at a pH>4, soil HA showed a relatively high oxidation capacity, probably resulting from its conformational and solubility changes with an increased solution pH. In the presence of S. putrefaciens CN32, all NOM fractions were found to enhance the microbial reduction of Fe(III) under anaerobic, circumneutral pH conditions. Soil HA was found to be particularly effective in mediating the bioreduction of Fe(III) as compared with the NOM-PP or NOM-CH fractions. NOM-CH was the least effective because it was depleted in both aromatic and polyphenolic organic contents. However, because both soil HA and NOM-PP contain relatively high amounts of aromatic and phenolic compounds, results may indicate that low-molecular-weight polyphenolic organics in NOM-PP were less effective in mediating the bioreduction of Fe(III) at circumneutral pH than the high-molecular-weight polycondensed, conjugated aromatics present in soil HA. These research findings may shed additional light in understanding of the roles and underlying mechanisms of NOM reactions with contaminant metals, radionuclides, and other toxic chemicals in the natural environment.

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration↗
PubMed2000

Role of organic acids in detoxification of aluminum in higher plants.

Phytotoxicity of aluminum ion (Al3+) is a serious problem limiting crop production on acid soils. Organic acids with Al-chelating ability play an important role in the detoxification of Al both externally and internally. Al is detoxified externally by the secretion of organic acids such as citric, oxalic, and/or malic acids from the roots. The secretion of organic acids is highly specific to Al and the site of secretion is localized to the root apex. The kind of organic acids secreted as well as secretion pattern differ among plant species. There are two patterns of Al-induced secretion of organic acids: In pattern I, there is no discernible delay between the addition of Al and the onset of the release of organic acids. Activation of the anion channel seems to be involved in this pattern; In pattern II, there is a marked lag phase between the addition of Al and the onset of organic acid release. The action of genes related to the metabolism and secretion of organic acids seems to be involved in this pattern. Internal detoxification of Al in Al-accumulating plants is achieved by the formation of Al-organic acid complex. For instance, the complex of Al-citrate (1:1) in hydrangea and Al-oxalate (1:3) in buckwheat has been identified.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2001

Cadmium uptake by plants.

Food chain contamination by cadmium (Cd) is the most important pathway of Cd exposure to the general population, excluding smokers. Factors affecting transfer of Cd from soil and air to plants are reviewed. The direct deposition of airborne Cd in the plants has only a marginal influence on the crop Cd concentrations in rural areas with low atmospheric Cd deposition, i.e. < 2 g Cd ha(-1) y(-1). However, the indirect evidence is presented, predicting that airborne Cd may be the major source of crop Cd and dietary Cd in conditions where atmospheric Cd deposition is well above 10 g Cd ha(-1) y(-1). This situation may occur around pyrometallurgic smelters with high Cd emissions. The absorption of Cd by plant roots is more influenced by soil factors, controlling Cd bioavailability than by total soil Cd. Elevated soil-plant Cd transfer is observed in soils with chloride salinity, in zinc deficient soils and acid soils.

Absorption↗
PubMed1995

An empirical map of critical loads of acidity for soils in Great Britain.

The method used to produce a critical load map of acidity for soils in Great Britain is described. Critical loads were assigned to the dominant soil in each 1 km grid square of the UK national grid. Mineral soils were assigned a critical load based on mineralogy and chemistry, using approaches appropriate to UK conditions. Critical loads for peat soils are based primarily on a maximum acceptable reduction of peat pH, and results from laboratory equilibration studies. The map shows that soils with small critical loads (<0.5 kmol(c) ha(-1) year(-1)) i.e. highly sensitive to acidic deposition, dominate in the north and west of Britain; the south and east are dominated by soils with large critical loads, with small areas of more sensitive soils associated with sandy soil-forming materials. A modified critical load map illustrates the potential impact of agricultural liming on soil critical loads.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Mineralization of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in soil previously enriched with organic substrates.

Samples of chernozem soil were enriched with vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid glucose, a mixture of glucose and (NH4)2SO4 (C : N = 5 : 1), ethanol and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). After a 6-d (with 2,4-D 35-d) incubation during which primary oxidation of the introduced substrates occurred, the soil was supplied with a solution of 2-14C-2,4-D (50 ppm; 6.7 kBq) and production of 14CO2 (product of microbial degradation of 2,4-D) was measured. Previously enriched samples exhibited a higher degradation rate; both the lag phase and doubling time of mineralization activity in the exponential phase of the process were markedly higher. This reflected an overall proliferation of bacteria and the increased relative proportion of bacterial strains capable of mineralizing 2,4-D in enriched samples. The stimulation of 2,4-D degradation may involve specific adaptation and selection mechanisms (as in the case with samples previously enriched with 2,4-D or its structural analogues--aromatic monomers, ethanol) as well as non-specific mechanisms. The extent of mineralization of 2,4-D was not affected by soil pretreatment, about 1/3 of introduced radioactive carbon being invariably transformed to 14CO2.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed2006

Multivariate curve resolution of multidimensional excitation-emission quenching matrices of a Laurentian soil fulvic acid.

Fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEM) of aqueous solutions of Laurentian soil fulvic acid (LFA) at three concentrations (50, 75 and 100 mg/l) were obtained at two pH values (pH=4.0 and 6.0) and as function of the Cu(II) ion concentration. The presence of Cu(II) ion provokes quenching of the intrinsic LFA fluorescence due to complex formation. Multivariate curve resolution (MCR-ALS) was used to successfully decompose single EEM into excitation and emission spectra for the detected components. Moreover, multidimensional (up to six dimensions) data matrices were generated by adding EEM collected as function of the LFA and Cu(II) concentrations and pH. MCR-ALS was able to resolve the excitation and emission spectra from these multidimensional data matrices given further information about the spectral variation profiles induced by the experimental factors. Conditional stability constants (logK(LFACu)) were calculated from the quenching profiles observed as function of the Cu(II) concentration, as well as, their trends as function of pH and LFA concentration were obtained--average (and standard deviation) of logK(LFACu)=4.6+/-0.2. This EEM/MCR-ALS methodology constitutes a new tool for the study of natural organic matter under varying experimental conditions that characterize natural environmental systems.

Benzopyrans↗
PubMed2004

Streptacidiphilus jiangxiensis sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from acidic rhizosphere soil in China.

The taxonomic position of three acidophilic actinomycetes isolated from acidic rhizosphere soil was established using a polyphasic approach. The morphological and chemical properties of the isolates were found to be consistent with their assignment to the genus Streptacidiphilus. Almost complete 16S rRNA gene sequences determined for the strains were aligned with corresponding sequences of representatives of the genera Kitasatospora, Streptacidiphilus and Streptomyces and phylogenetic trees inferred using three tree-making algorithms. The organisms formed a distinct subclade within the Streptacidiphilus 16S rRNA gene tree. They also shared nearly identical phenotypic profiles and rep-PCR fingerprint patterns that readily distinguished them from representatives of the established species of Streptacidiphilus. It is evident from the genotypic and phenotypic data that the three isolates form a new species in the genus Streptacidiphilus. The name proposed for this new species is Streptacidiphilus jiangxiensis, the type strain is isolate 33214T (= AS 4.1857T = JCM 12277T).

China↗