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PubMedDate not supplied

X-File: a program for maintaining a radiographic teaching file.

Software designed for entry, retrieval, and maintenance of radiographic case-file data on a microcomputer offers considerable help in maintaining such records in a radiology department. The case files are based on the Index for Roentgen Diagnoses, published by the AmericanCollege of Radiology. The terms and code numbers of the index are included in the software, so that the user need only enter the diagnostic term desired; the code numbers and exact terminology are assigned automatically. The software is written for an IBM-compatible microcomputer. Residents and staff radiologists have been using the program for the past two years to store and find both confirmed cases and other interesting cases. The system's capacity exceeds 70,000 entries on a 20-megabyte had disk. The program has five features not found in previous similar programs and not attainable with manual methods.

Hospital Information Systems↗
PubMed1988

Computer-analyzed dietary intake printouts: guidelines for their design and student comprehension.

The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of individuals to comprehend and interpret information on nutrient analysis computer program printouts and to assess their understanding of certain concepts closely related to such printouts, specifically the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and vitamin and mineral supplementation. The study sample comprised 553 college students who were randomly assigned to one of seven groups. Each group received a nutrient analysis computer printout that varied in terms of type, amount, and format of information supplied. Printouts with varying characteristics were used in order to identify those elements that contributed to the greatest and most correct understanding and interpretation. A 30-item objective knowledge test was used to assess understanding and ability to interpret information on the printouts. Research results indicate that most individuals had misconceptions concerning the RDAs and vitamin and mineral supplementation. Recommendations were made for improving the information provided on printouts regarding these two topics. Subjects had little difficulty in reading the printout correctly. However, groups whose printouts included only nutrient data generally had more difficulty using the information to draw appropriate conclusions and identify ways to improve dietary intake than did individuals whose printouts included short messages listing sources and functions of nutrients. Data presented in graphic format were more easily understood than data in spreadsheet form. Eight design recommendations intended to assist nutritionists and software designers in selecting and/or creating printouts were made on the basis of the results of this study.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1990

Computer-assisted teaching and learning in medicine.

Induced mainly by the increased spreading of personal computers in the last few years computer-assisted instruction (CAI) systems for medicine have been developed on a large scale. Proven structure principles are above all the simulation of patient management in a problem-orientated approach, the mathematical simulation of (patho-) physiological functions independent of particular patients and the separation of educational mode and scoring mode. There exists already a large choice in programs dealing with topics of internal medicine--especially cardiology--while operative disciplines are less represented so far. Programs accredited in the US for continuing medical education (CME) are usually of high quality as to medical contents. Other important quality criteria to be mentioned concerning simulation programs are algorithms of medical decision making, completeness and refinement of the medical knowledge base, software design and user interface. CAI is a unique tool to enhance clinical problem solving skills although--of course--it can by no means replace bedside teaching.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of an application for making palmtop computers accessible to individuals with intellectual disabilities.

BACKGROUND: Palmtop computers provide a promising mobile platform to address barriers to computer-based supports for people with intellectual disabilities. This study evaluated a specially designed interface to make navigation and features of palmtop computers more accessible to users with intellectual disabilities. METHOD: The specialised cognitively accessible interface was compared with a standard Windows CE interface. Participants completed a structured set of navigation/computer use tasks using both the experimental and control conditions. Measurements included the amount of assistance needed and errors made in completing the navigation/computer use tasks. RESULTS: Participants (N = 32) made significantly fewer errors (p<.001) and required significantly fewer prompts (p<.001) while using the specialised software interface compared to the mainstream Windows interface. CONCLUSIONS: The research demonstrates the feasibility of using special software design methods, such as linear program flows, error minimisation and the incorporation of repetition and consistency, to improve access to palmtop computers for individuals with intellectual disabilities. Issues related to designing cognitively accessible interfaces are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

MS-Express: data-extracting and -processing software for high-throughput experimentation with mass spectrometry.

High-throughput experiments (HTE) result in large amounts of raw data that have to be evaluated for sample classification. Especially mass spectrometry, a widely used detection method in catalytic HTE applications, produces enormous amounts of data. In the past few years, in catalysts research, several test rigs based on mass spectrometric detection have been independently reported by different groups. In a typical HTE, the catalysts are tested sequentially; the recording of the scans, however, occurs continuously. For this reason, the scans of interest have to be extracted from the raw data, and scans belonging to the same sample have to be averaged in a tedious procedure before further processing. In this publication, we present our custom-designed software MS-Express (mass spectrometry data-extracting and -processing software), an efficient tool for HTE MS data evaluation. MS-Express not only sorts the data, it also establishes statistical significance with the help of reference and blank data and provides concise information about abundance and intensity distributions of expected peaks. A special feature is that the program also reports unexpected MS signals, which potentially lead to unexpected discoveries.

Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of a mammography teaching program based on an affordance design model.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The wide use of computer technology in education, particularly in mammogram reading, asks for e-learning evaluation. The existing media comparative studies, learner attitude evaluations, and performance tests are problematic. Based on an affordance design model, this study examined an existing e-learning program on mammogram reading. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The selection criteria include content relatedness, representativeness, e-learning orientation, image quality, program completeness, and accessibility. A case study was conducted to examine the affordance features, functions, and presentations of the selected software. Data collection and analysis methods include interviews, protocol-based document analysis, and usability tests and inspection. Also some statistics were calculated. RESULTS: The examination of PBE identified that this educational software designed and programmed some tools. The learner can use these tools in the process of optimizing displays, scanning images, comparing different projections, marking the region of interests, constructing a descriptive report, assessing one's learning outcomes, and comparing one's decisions with the experts' decisions. Further, PBE provides some resources for the learner to construct one's knowledge and skills, including a categorized image library, a term-searching function, and some teaching links. Besides, users found it easy to navigate and carry out tasks. The users also reacted positively toward PBE's navigation system, instructional aids, layout, pace and flow of information, graphics, and other presentation design. CONCLUSION: The software provides learners with some cognitive tools, supporting their perceptual problem-solving processes and extending their capabilities. Learners can internalize the mental models in mammogram reading through multiple perceptual triangulations, sensitization of related features, semantic description of mammogram findings, and expert-guided semantic report construction. The design of these cognitive tools and the software interface matches the findings and principles in human learning and instructional design. Working with PBE's case-based simulations and categorized gallery, learners can enrich and transfer their experience to their jobs.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1994

Computer-assisted instruction: a learner's viewpoint.

Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is becoming increasingly common in nursing. Insight into factors that facilitate or impede this process was gained through interviews with nursing students who had used one of four computer programs. Content analysis of these interviews found that the CAI experience includes many components. Three overall categories of comments emerged, pertaining to (a) the learner, (b) the learning environment, and (c) software design, including interactive features, how the learning design uses these features to achieve the learning objectives, and the content. This paper discusses elements that facilitate or hinder learning in each area and illustrates each with quotes from the interviews. This article also suggests positive actions that can increase learning through CAI use.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

CASE tools and UML: state of the ART.

With increasing need for automated tools to assist complex systems development, software design methods are becoming popular. This article analyzes the state of art in computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools and unified modeling language (UML), focusing on their evolution, merits, and industry usage. It identifies managerial issues for the tools' adoption and recommends an action plan to select and implement them. While CASE and UML offer inherent advantages like cheaper, shorter, and efficient development cycles, they suffer from poor user satisfaction. The critical success factors for their implementation include, among others, management and staff commitment, proper corporate infrastructure, and user training.

Computer-Aided Design↗
PubMed1998

Platform independent implementation of DICOM-based miniPACS.

Platform independence is an important issue for a software designed to run across a hospital environment which is practically always heterogeneous one. This paper presents a simple miniPACS solution designed over an existing Intranet (Internet limited to a local area network). Platform independence is achieved with Java programming language which allows resulting code to be executed on virtually all machines. System consists of a server application providing DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) services and clients that can use these services over a TCP/IP connection. The server application is capable of an image storage and supports a query mechanism to allow access to stored data, thus the clients may perform two major functions: providing image data for archiving or image retrieval for viewing. Presented client application provides both these functions. It retrieves stored images for further processing and returns calculated results to the archive. The parts of the system are connected through a DICOM interface. Consequently the system architecture is open and any devices like scanners or viewing stations supporting specific DICOM services may be attached.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Designing prevention-oriented software for workplace health and safety.

Rapid changes in technology and health services organization are propelling information-driven decision making in all aspects of business. The potential of electronic data processing to reduce costs and increase efficiency has been heralded, but disease and injury prevention have received scant attention. Prevention-oriented software for surveillance and disability management must generate population- and case-level measures of magnitude and severity of occupational injury and illness. A public domain program, called WIZARD, was developed as a model. With 12 data elements, it generates, from injury and employment files, injury- and return-to-work rates, avoidable costs, attributable cases using several reference rates, and case lists from screening criteria. In conjunction with an explicit case definition, screening criteria for case follow-up, and guidelines for medical, disability, and health and safety management, software can play a significant role in prevention.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1994

Development of Design-a-Trial, a knowledge-based critiquing system for authors of clinical trial protocols.

Many published clinical trials are poorly designed, suggesting that the protocol was incomplete, disorganised or contained errors. This fact, doctors' limited statistical skills and the shortage of medical statisticians, prompted us to develop a knowledge-based aid, Design-a-Trial, for authors of clinical trial protocols. This interviews a physician, prompts them with suitable design options, comments on the statistical rigour and feasibility of their proposed design and generates a 6-page draft protocol document. This paper outlines the process used to develop Design-a-Trial, presents preliminary evaluation results, and discusses lessons we learned which may apply to the developed of other medical decision-aids.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

ThermoData Engine (TDE): software implementation of the dynamic data evaluation concept.

The first full-scale software implementation of the dynamic data evaluation concept {ThermoData Engine (TDE)} is described for thermophysical property data. This concept requires the development of large electronic databases capable of storing essentially all experimental data known to date with detailed descriptions of relevant metadata and uncertainties. The combination of these electronic databases with expert-system software, designed to automatically generate recommended data based on available experimental data, leads to the ability to produce critically evaluated data dynamically or 'to order'. Six major design tasks are described with emphasis on the software architecture for automated critical evaluation including dynamic selection and application of prediction methods and enforcement of thermodynamic consistency. The direction of future enhancements is discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Design, development and validation of software for modelling dietary exposure to food chemicals and nutrients.

The Monte Carlo computational system for stochastic modelling of dietary exposure to food chemicals and nutrients is presented. This system was developed through a European Commission-funded research project. It is accessible as a Web-based application service. The system allows and supports very significant complexity in the data sets used as the model input, but provides a simple, general purpose, linear kernel for model evaluation. Specific features of the system include the ability to enter (arbitrarily) complex mathematical or probabilistic expressions at each and every input data field, automatic bootstrapping on subjects and on subject food intake diaries, and custom kernels to apply brand information such as market share and loyalty to the calculation of food and chemical intake.

Diet↗
PubMed1993

STADEERS: a software package for the statistical design of experiments pertaining to the estimation of parameters in rate expressions that describe enzyme-catalyzed processes.

This paper describes a computational algorithm (STADEERS--STAtistical Design of Experiments in Enzyme ReactorS) for the statistical design of biochemical engineering experiments. The type of experiment that qualifies for this package involves a batch reaction catalyzed by a soluble enzyme where the activity of the enzyme decays with time. Assuming that both the catalytic action and the deactivation of the enzyme obey known rate expressions, the present code is helpful in the process of obtaining estimates of the kinetic parameters by providing as output the times at which samples should be withdrawn from the reacting mixture. Starting D-optimal design is used as a basis for the statistical approach. This BASIC code is a powerful tool when fitting a rate expression to data because it increases the effectiveness of experimentation by helping the biochemical kineticist obtain data points with the largest possible informational content.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Patterns of agent interaction scenarios as use case maps.

A use case map (UCM) presents, in general, an abstract description of a complex system and, as such, is a good candidate for representing scenarios of autonomous agents interacting with other autonomous agents. The "gang of four" design patterns are intended for object-oriented software development but at least eight of the patterns illustrate structure, or architecture, that is appropriate for interacting agents, independent of software development. This study presents these particular patterns in the form of UCMs to describe abstract scenarios of agent interaction. Seven of the patterns attempt to balance the decentralized nature of interacting agents with an organized structure that makes for better, cleaner interactions. An example performance analysis is provided for one of the patterns, illustrating the benefit of an early abstraction of complex agent behavior. The original contribution here is a UCM presentation of the causal paths in agent behavior as suggested by software design patterns.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

[Development of an apparatus for preventing deep vein thrombosis].

A kind of intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) apparatus is developed to prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT),which is based on the theory of occurrence and prevention of the DVT and AT89C52 micro-controller. This paper introduces its principle, composition of electromechanical system and the software design. The apparatus has showed its characteristics of easy operation, high intelligence and high reliability.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed2002

MProbe: computer aided probe design for oligonucleotide microarrays.

The present work describes a complete probe design software system for oligonucleotide microarrays based on Kane's research on probe sensitivity and specificity (Kane's rule). Combining Kane's rule and traditional criteria for probe design we constructed MProbe, the software system for oligonucleotide microarrays using Java. The general criteria for probe design are: (1) probes may have different lengths that range from 20 to 100 bases; (2) they should have a similar melting temperature (Tm) or GC content; (3) they should not contain stable secondary structures; and (4) they abide by Kane's rule.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed2006

Computational design of a single amino acid sequence that can switch between two distinct protein folds.

The functions of many proteins are mediated by specific conformational changes, and therefore the ability to design primary sequences capable of secondary and tertiary changes is an important step toward the creation of novel functional proteins. To this end, we have developed an algorithm that can optimize a single amino acid sequence for multiple target structures. The algorithm consists of an outer loop, in which sequence space is sampled by a Monte Carlo search with simulated annealing, and an inner loop, in which the effect of a given mutation is evaluated on the various target structures by using the rotamer packing routine and composite energy function of the protein design software, RosettaDesign. We have experimentally tested the method by designing a peptide, Sw2, which can be switched from a 2Cys-2His zinc finger-like fold to a trimeric coiled-coil fold, depending upon the pH or the presence of transition metals. Physical characterization of Sw2 confirms that it is able to reversibly adopt each intended target fold.

Algorithms↗