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PubMed2002

Smoking habits and attitudes towards smoking among university students in Jordan.

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of smoking and to describe the habits, attitudes, and practices related to smoking among students of Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan. Students (n = 650) were recruited in randomly selected, cluster samples drawn from the medical and engineering colleges of JUST. They were made familiar with a modified Arabic version of the World Health Organisation Smoking Questionnaire and the Attitudes towards Smoking Questionnaire to study their habits, attitudes, and beliefs in relation to smoking. The study revealed that the prevalence of smoking was 28.6% (50.2% among males and 6.5% among females). Friends, not family, were the main source of the first smoking, and this most often occurred after 15 years of age (82.3%). Males preferred smoking in the cafeteria, females in the bathroom. The main advantage of smoking for males was calming down, while for females it was independence. Non-smokers chose not to smoke because of health and hatred of the habit. The non-smokers had more positive attitudes against smoking and were more aware of the adverse effects of smoking. The reasons smokers gave for starting smoking were pleasure, followed by stress and curiosity. Two-thirds of smokers intended to quit smoking in the future. Some smokers disagreed with some criticisms against smoking, and reasons why they did not want to quit included social attitudes, addiction, and not knowing how to quit. Results of this study may provide baseline data to develop an anti-smoking program in the university and encourage policy makers to limit smoking in the university by strengthening the policies against smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The impact of self-control indices on peer smoking and adolescent smoking progression.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the direct impact of self-control variables on baseline smoking and smoking progression and determine whether self-control had indirect effects on smoking practices through effects on peer smoking. METHODS: Study participants were 918 adolescents who were followed from 9th through the 12th grade and completed self-report measures of peer smoking, self-control, and cigarette smoking. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to assess the factor structure of a 41-item self-control measure. The EFA indicated a six-factor structure comprising of impulsive control, planning, hostile blaming, attentional disregulation, conscientiousness, and physical aggression. RESULTS: The results of a latent growth model indicated that conscientiousness (OR = 0.81, CI = 0.73-0.90), hostile blaming (OR = 0.89, CI = 0.81-0.99), and physical aggression (OR = 1.16, CI = 1.06-1.27) had direct effects on baseline smoking, whereas planning (OR = 0.90, CI = 0.82-0.99) and impulse control (OR = 1.15, CI = 1.02-1.28) had indirect effects on adolescent smoking at baseline through baseline peer smoking. There were no significant direct or indirect effects of the self-control indices on smoking progression. There was a direct effect of peer smoking progression (number of peers who smoked) on adolescent smoking progression, such that increases in the number of peers who smoked across time increased the odds that an adolescent would progress to a higher level of smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Youth smoking prevention and intervention program outcomes may potentially improve by addressing self-control behaviors as they appear to have direct effects on smoking and indirect effects through peers who smoke.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Effects of cigarette nicotine content and smoking pace on subsequent craving and smoking.

RATIONALE: The relative contribution of sensory and pharmacological variables in regulating craving and smoking remains unclear. Rapid smoking procedures and denicotinized cigarettes can be used to further disentangle these factors, and to explore the relationship between craving and smoking. OBJECTIVE: The present study examined the role of nicotine and sensory cues in mediating craving and smoking, and the relationship between craving and smoking. METHODS: Participants ( n=15) engaged in one session each of rapid smoking (up to nine cigarettes with puffs taken every 6 s) and normal paced smoking with nicotinized and denicotinized cigarettes (total of four sessions). During the next 3 h, craving and withdrawal assessments and smoking opportunities were scheduled every 15 min. Plasma nicotine levels were measured at baseline, immediately and 15 min after the smoking interventions, and subsequently at the time when the participant first chose to smoke. RESULTS: Craving ratings were equally suppressed immediately after all conditions. After self-paced conditions, both types of cigarettes produced equivalent effects on latency to smoke. Latency to smoke was significantly longer after rapid smoking of nicotinized cigarettes compared to all other conditions. Finally, changes in craving were associated with choices to smoke. CONCLUSIONS: The sensory cues associated with smoking suppressed craving ratings regardless of the smoking pace or nicotine content. Only at high doses did nicotine levels play an additional role in acutely suppressing smoking behavior. Small elevations in craving ratings were associated with choices to smoke.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The association of current smoking behavior with the smoking behavior of parents, siblings, friends and spouses.

AIMS: To examine the association of current smoking behavior of adolescents and young adults with the smoking behavior of their parents, siblings, friends and spouses. DESIGN: Using survey data from a large twin-family sample, the association between the smoking behavior of participants and that of their family members, friends and spouses was investigated by calculating the relative risk. To disentangle sex and age differences, calculations were carried out separately for males and females and for three different age groups: 12-15, 16-20 and 21-40 years old. FINDINGS: The smoking behavior of the participants was significantly influenced by the smoking behavior of parents, siblings and friends, but all relative risks decreased with age. No differences in relative risk were found between having older or younger smoking siblings. Within each age group, the relative risk to smoke when having a smoking friend was comparable to the relative risk to smoke when having a smoking same-age and same-sex sibling. For the older participants, the relative risk to smoke was higher for monozygotic (MZ) twins with a smoking co-twin than for dizygotic (DZ) twins with a smoking co-twin. Most findings were sex-dependent: same-sex smoking family members influenced smoking behavior more than opposite-sex family members. The significant association of the smoking behavior of spouses decreased with age, which suggests that assortment for smoking is based on similarity at the time dating began. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the importance of both social and genetic influences on smoking behavior, with genetic influences increasing with the age of the participant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Smoking behavior among hospital staff still influences attitudes and counseling on smoking.

Smoking among health professionals has been shown to influence smoking-related knowledge and counseling in clinical practice. The evidence regarding smoking as a risk factor has increased in the past decade. The present study was carried out in 2000 and investigated the associations between individual smoking behavior among hospital staff and (a). smoking-related knowledge, (b). attitudes toward counseling on smoking, and (c). self-reported smoking-related counseling provided by the staff. The study was based on a survey using self-administered questionnaires given to all hospital staff in a large university hospital in Denmark. Altogether, 82% of staff (2561) returned a completed questionnaire. Analyses focused on a subsample consisting of health professionals in the clinical wards (1429). Multivariate analyses were performed in which smoking-related knowledge, attitudes toward smoking-related counseling, smoking-related counseling practices, and self-rated qualifications for counseling were main outcome measures. Health professionals who were current smokers systematically underestimated the health consequences of smoking and differed significantly from nonsmokers in their assessments of smoking as a risk factor. Nonsmokers might overestimate smoking as a risk factor. Nonsmokers gave patients advice on smoking cessation significantly more often than did current smokers (ex-smokers, OR=2.5, 95% CI=1.8-3.4; never-smokers, OR=1.5, 95% CI=1.1-2.0). Ex-smokers and smokers felt significantly more qualified to counsel patients about smoking than did never-smokers (ex-smokers, OR=1.8, 95% CI=1.3-2.5; smokers, OR=1.4, 95% CI=1.0-1.9). Individual smoking behavior among hospital staff was strongly associated with smoking-related knowledge, attitudes, and counseling practices. Lack of self-rated qualifications was a major barrier to professional counseling on smoking in a hospital framework.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Prediction of adolescent smoking from family and social risk factors at 5 years, and maternal smoking in pregnancy and at 5 and 14 years.

AIMS: This study examines associations between maternal smoking and family, social or child risk factors when the child is aged 5 and adolescent smoking. The influence of mothers who smoke in pregnancy or continue to smoke at 14 years was also examined. DESIGN: The Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy is a prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: Participants included 8556 women enrolled between 1981 and 1984 at their first antenatal visit. Completed questionnaires were obtained for 7223 offspring, comprising the study birth cohort. Of the 7223 eligible children a total of 4541 had information on both maternal smoking when the child was aged 5 years and adolescent smoking at 14 years. MEASUREMENTS: Measures included maternal smoking during pregnancy and when the child was aged 5 and 14 years, child smoking at 14 years, maternal alcohol use, child behaviour problems and social and demographic variables. FINDINGS: Adolescent smoking was predicted by a risk score at 5 years involving maternal smoking and alcohol use, non-married status, having a partner who had ever been arrested, having four or more children in the household, and child aggression at 5 years. Continued maternal smoking from 5 to 14 years was associated strongly with adolescent smoking. There was also evidence that smoking in late pregnancy may exert an independent effect on adolescent smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest the possibility of a direct effect of prenatal smoking on adolescent smoking and highlight a set of environmental risk factors in the development of adolescent smoking. These risk factors may be used as early warning signs that intervention may be needed, and given the similarities with risk factors for other adverse childhood outcomes, the benefits of early intervention may extend beyond smoking to other problem behaviours. The possibility of being able to predict other disorders, because of these associations, also warrants further investigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Household characteristics, smoking bans, and passive smoke exposure in young children.

INTRODUCTION: Young children are vulnerable to the health effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in their own homes. Characteristics of households and the use of smoking bans (i.e., no smoking allowed) as an indicator of smoke exposure need to be understood before interventions can be developed to eliminate ETS exposure in homes where young children live. METHODS: This cross-sectional, descriptive study investigated demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes/beliefs, health of children, smoking practices, and the presence of smoking bans in households. A survey questionnaire was administered to a convenience sample of 226 English- and Spanish-speaking subjects, 18 to 50 years of age, including both smokers and nonsmokers. Cotinine levels of urine samples from children measured actual smoke exposure to confirm reports of home smoking policies. RESULTS: Ethnicity of households (P < .001) and negative attitudes toward smoke exposure (P < .001) predicted the presence of smoking bans. The number of households with no or partial smoking bans correlated significantly with urine cotinine levels (r = .486); the presence of no or partial smoking bans predicted smoke exposure in households. DISCUSSION: Because the use of smoking bans in predicting household smoke exposure has not been previously demonstrated, further study is needed to determine how smoking bans can be utilized to eliminate or reduce smoke exposure in homes where children live.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Smoking and passive smoking in Chinese, 2002].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of smoking, quitting smoke, and passive smoking in different populations by education status, occupation and geographic distribution. METHODS: Surveillance on risk behaviors in 145 disease surveillance points (DSP) was carried out in 2002 by multi-steps random sampling through questionnaires. 16,407 records had been completed with 16 056 used for analysis. Indicators as smoking, current smoking, average cigarettes smoked and the cost per day, etc., were calculated by weight on age proportions from the 2000 census. RESULTS: Ever-smoking rates in males and females aged 15 and over were 66.0% and 3.1%, respectively with ever-smoking rate dropped 1.8% in whole population, but increased in people aged 15-24. The number of total smokers was about 350 million, 30 million more than that in 1996. There were no obvious geographic differences seen among male, but big difference was seen in female smokers. Higher smoking rates were seen in the northeast and northern parts of the country. Rate of quitting smoking was increasing, from 9.42% in 1996 to 11.5% in 2002, referring to an increase of 10 million quitters. However, the rate of no intention to quit among smokers was still very high--74%. The average cigarettes consumption per person-day was the same as that in 1996--14.8 cigarettes/day, which cost 2.73 RBM/day. The cost was various in different groups of population with a 15 times difference. The level of exposure for passive smokers was not improved. The prevalence of passive smoking in nonsmokers were 53% in 1996 and 52% in 2002. Knowledge on smoking and health condition in population had been greatly improved, but still poor in the western areas. 60% of the people claimed in supporting banning of smoking in public places, 45% supporting the banning of all cigarettes ads, but big difference was seen in different geographic areas. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of smoking in Chinese males had reached its peak, leveling but had not yet obvious dropped. Communication on the knowledge of harm in smoking remained weak since people did not understand or support the strategies on tobacco control, especially in the western areas. Data indicated that the prevalence of tobacco use would not decrease over in short period and the disease burden caused by tobacco use would still be heavy in the next 30-50 years. The government and public health authorities should develop effective tobacco control in no time to decrease disease burden caused by smoking and passive smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Adolescent smoking continuation: reduction and progression in smoking after experimentation and recent onset.

In the present study, the role of cognitive concepts derived from the Theory of Planned Behavior in adolescent smoking reduction, continuation, and progression was investigated. These concepts include pro-smoking attitudes, perceived social norms regarding smoking, and self-efficacy to resist smoking. Logistic regression analyses were performed on data from 397 Dutch adolescents aged 11-15 years, who had at least once tried smoking. Attitudes, perceived social norms, and self-efficacy, including significant interactions between these three concepts, explained up to 41% of variance in smoking behavior cross-sectionally. Longitudinally, an interaction between pro-smoking attitudes and low self-efficacy increased the chance of reduction in smoking, and all three cognitions inclusive of two interactions between pro-smoking perceived social norms and low self-efficacy or positive attitudes towards smoking predicted progression of smoking. Cognitions may play relatively small roles in adolescent smoking reduction, but do seem to be relevant in progression in smoking after experimentation or recent onset. Interactions between positive attitudes towards smoking and prosmoking perceived social norms provide cumulative risks for adolescents to increase their levels of smoking, whereas interactions between less favorable attitudes and high self-efficacy to resist smoking may provide a protective effect for adolescents to reduce or to quit their smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Smoking behaviour, cessation attempts and the influence of parental smoking in older adult women: a cross-sectional analysis from Italy.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between parental smoking during infancy/adolescence and smoking prevalence in older adult women, and to provide a description of smoking and smoking cessation patterns in this subset of the population. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. METHODS: Between 1999 and 2001, trained physicians in 11 health agencies throughout the Abruzzo Region, Italy, conducted semi-structured interviews on 9708 women aged 50-70 years attending mammographic screening (overall response rate 89%). Information was collected on sociodemographic characteristics, smoking habits, parental smoking during their infancy and/or adolescence, and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) inside or outside the family. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The overall prevalence of current smoking was 15.6% (n=1516), and that of former smoking was 13.2%. Women whose parent(s) smoked were more likely to be current smokers, especially if only the mother smoked (adjusted odds ratio 4.27; 95% confidence interval 2.24-8.12). Other factors significantly associated with current smoking in the multivariate analysis were younger age, lower body mass index, higher level of education, unmarried status, and exposure to ETS either inside or outside the family environment. Eighteen percent of all current smokers were non-inhalers, and more than 60% of ex-smokers quit smoking on their first attempt. Our findings expand the existing evidence suggesting that a strong effect of parental conduct on a daughter's smoking behaviour may persist throughout life. Although more research is needed, especially to clarify the role of genetic and environmental factors in determining the mother-child smoking association, our results suggest that intensifying smoking prevention efforts directed at women with children might considerably reduce the risk of ever smoking in future female generations.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

[Influence of doctors' smoking habits on minimal advice for smoking cessation. A survey of 369 general practitioners in the department of Vienne, France].

INTRODUCTION: French doctors' smoking habits may interfere with the effectiveness of smoking prevention measures and particularly when providing minimal advice. OBJECTIVES: To assess the smoking habits of general practitioners in the department of Vienne, France, and to study how they affect minimal advice for smoking cessation. METHOD: 257 general practitioners took part in a phone survey (26.5%) or answered a written questionnaire (73.5%). The questions bore on socio-demographic characteristics, smoking habits and the of minimal advice provided whether partial or whole. Do you smoke? If so, have you ever thought of quitting? RESULTS: The participation rate was 70%. 26% of the participants were current smokers--16 % regular smokers, 10% infrequent smokers, 30% had quit and 44% had never smoke. 44.4% investigated smoking habits as a matter of course, and 41% provided intensive advice for smoking cessation. Doctors who had never smoked gave more advice than those who currently smoked or had quit. DISCUSSION: A comparison with former studies reveals that the number of doctors who smoke has decreased. However, minimal intervention on smoking cessation is put into practice by less than half of the doctors. CONCLUSION: The incidence of smoking among doctors in the Department of Vienne remains too high and minimal intervention on smoking cessation is still insufficient. However, doctors who had never smoked provided minimal advice more often than those who currently smoked or had quit.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The Modified Reasons for Smoking Scale: factorial structure, gender effects and relationship with nicotine dependence and smoking cessation in French smokers.

AIMS: To assess the validity of the French version of the Modified Reasons for Smoking Scale (MRSS), and to identify which smoking patterns differentiate male and female smokers, which are related to tobacco dependence (as assessed by the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, FTND), to mood (Beck Depression Inventory II), to affect (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule) and which are predictors of successful quitting. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred and thirty smokers [(mean +/- SD) aged 40 +/- 9 years, 145 (44%) women, mean FTND score: 6.2 +/- 2], candidates for a smoking cessation programme and smoking at least 15 cigarettes/day. FINDINGS: Factor analysis of the 21-item scale gave the optimal fit for a seven-factor model, which accounted for 62.3% of the total variance. The following factors were identified: 'addictive smoking', 'pleasure from smoking', 'tension reduction/relaxation', 'social smoking', 'stimulation', 'habit/automatism' and 'handling'. The 'addictive smoking' score increased in a dose-dependent manner with number of cigarettes smoked per day; the 'habit/automatism' score was significantly higher, with more than 20 cigarettes per day than with < or = 20 cigarettes per day. The reasons for smoking were different for males and females: females scored higher on 'tension reduction/relaxation', 'stimulation' and 'social smoking'. A high level of dependence (FTND > or = 6) was associated with significantly higher scores only on 'addictive smoking', the association being stronger in females. Time to first cigarette after awakening was associated with higher 'addictive smoking' and 'habit/automatism' (P < 0.001). In a multivariate logistic regression, failed quitting was predicted by higher habit/automatism score (odds ratio = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.06-1.95, P = 0.02) and greater number of cigarettes smoked per day (odds ratio = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.01-1.06, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire yielded a coherent factor structure; women smoked more for tension reduction/relaxation, stimulation and for social reasons than men; addictive smoking and automatic smoking behaviour were similar in both sexes and were associated strongly with a high level of nicotine dependence; the 'habit/automatism' score predicted failure to quit over and above cigarettes per day.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Home smoking restrictions: which smokers have them and how they are associated with smoking behavior.

Home smoking restrictions have primarily been promoted as a means of protecting non-smokers from secondhand tobacco smoke. However, research suggests that smokers who live in smoke-free homes may modify their smoking behavior. Population-based survey data from California (n = 8904) were used to confirm this association and to examine demographic and social characteristics of smokers who reported home smoking restrictions. Report of a recent quit attempt and intention to quit were associated with family preference that the smoker not smoke, with home smoking restrictions appearing to be a concrete expression of this social pressure. In contrast, light smoking (< 15 cigarettes/day) was negatively related to family preference (light smokers may not offend non-smokers) but very positively related to the level of home smoking restrictions. Additionally, smoke-free homes appear to prolong time to relapse following cessation. Male smokers were more likely than females to report smoke-free homes, and such reports decreased with age. While Hispanics and Asians were more likely to report smoke-free homes than Non-Hispanic whites, African Americans were less likely to report them. After adjusting for demographics, smokers were nearly 6 times more likely to report smoke-free homes if they lived with a non-smoking adult and child compared to when there was no child or adult non-smoker in the household, and over 5 times more likely to report a smoke-free home if they believed in the harmfulness of secondhand smoke. Tobacco Control efforts to promote smoke-free homes may give family members leverage to encourage smokers to quit, and to modify smokers' behavior in ways that would help them quit and stay quit.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Smoking and schizophrenia: is symptom profile related to smoking and which antipsychotic medication is of benefit in reducing cigarette use?

OBJECTIVE: Smoking rate is disproportionately high among patients with schizophrenia, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. However, cigarette smoking has been reported to have beneficial effects on negative symptoms, extrapyramidal symptoms, cognitive functioning and mood symptoms. Therefore, smoking cessation may worsen disability in schizophrenia. The association between smoking and these key clinical parameters was examined. Additionally, severity of smoking across four different antipsychotic treatment groups was explored. METHOD: One hundred and forty-six patients with schizophrenia were assessed for smoking using expired carbon monoxide and smoking history. They were administered the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, The Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale, the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale, Reitans Trail-making Test (A and B) and General Health Questionnaire-28. RESULTS: There was no difference in the chlorpromazine equivalent dose of any of the medications studied. Atypical agents were associated with significantly lower levels of smoking when compared with typical medications. There was no difference in smoking severity between the individual atypical medications examined. Similarly, there were no significant differences between smoking and non-smoking groups with regard to Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale, Trail-making Test and General Health Questionnaire-28. However, there was a significant difference between these groups with the smoking group demonstrating less akathisia. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is not associated with positive, negative cognitive and mood symptoms in schizophrenia. Smoking is associated with lower levels of antipsychotic induced akathisia. Clinicians should not be discouraged from helping patients stop smoking for fear of worsening symptoms. However, akathisia may emerge upon cessation of smoking. Switching patients from typical to atypical antipsychotics may assist patients with schizophrenia to give up smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

One-year predictors of smoking initiation and of continued smoking among elementary schoolchildren in multiethnic, low-income, inner-city neighbourhoods.

OBJECTIVE: To identify one-year predictors of smoking initiation among never-smokers, and of continued smoking among ever-smokers. DESIGN: Two sequential cohorts of grade 4 and 5 children. Data were collected as part of Coeur en sante St Louis du Parc, a non-randomised controlled trial to evaluate the impact of a school-based heart health promotion programme. SETTING: 24 inner-city elementary schools located in multiethnic, low-income neighbourhoods in Montreal. SUBJECT: 1824 schoolchildren aged 9-12 years with baseline and one-year follow-up data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in smoking behaviour over a year; the ability of baseline data to predict smoking initiation and continued smoking a year later was investigated in logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The prevalence of ever-smoking was 21.1% at baseline and 30.2% at one-year follow up. One in six never-smokers initiated smoking; one in three ever-smokers continued smoking. Predictors of initiation included age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.3 to 2.0), male gender (OR = 1.5 (95% CI = 1.1 to 2.0)), friends who smoke (OR = 2.3 (95% CI = 1.7 to 3.3)), sibling(s) who smoke (OR = 1.9 (95% CI = 1.2 to 3.1)), father/mother who smokes (OR = 2.2 (95% CI = 1.6 to 3.0)), and frequent high fat/"junk food" consumption (OR = 1.6 (95% CI = 1.1 to 2.1)). Age and friends who smoke were also independent predictors of continued smoking in both genders. In addition, in boys, current smokers at baseline were 2.6 times (95% CI = 1.4 to 5.0) more likely to continue smoking than past smokers. In girls, being overweight was associated with continued smoking (OR = 3.5 (95% CI = 1.6 to 7.6)). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking prevention programmes should address parental and sibling influences on smoking, in addition to refusal skills training. Among girls, weight-related issues may also be important.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Impact of home smoking rules on smoking patterns among adolescents and young adults.

INTRODUCTION: Smoking restrictions in public places have been shown to reduce cigarette consumption and may reduce smoking prevalence. Evidence is emerging that smoke-free policies in nonpublic places may have a similar effect. The purpose of this study was to determine whether an association exists between household smoking rules and smoking patterns among adolescents (aged 15 to 18 years) and young adults (aged 19 to 24 years) living in parental homes (i.e., the homes of their parents, grandparents, or foster parents). METHODS: Cross-sectional data from the 1998-1999 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey were analyzed for the association between household smoking rules and smoking behaviors among adolescents and young adults. We used a probability sample of noninstitutionalized adolescents (aged 15 to 18 years) and young adults (aged 19 to 24 years) living in the United States and assessed smoking status, attempts to quit, and smoking intensity. RESULTS: After controlling for smoking status of others in the household, the odds of ever having smoked, being a current smoker, and smoking more than five cigarettes per day were significantly smaller in households with strict no-smoking policies than in households where smoking was permitted anywhere. These results were relevant for adolescents and young adults. CONCLUSION: Household smoking rules are a type of antitobacco socialization that help deter adolescents from smoking. The influence of household smoking rules seems to extend beyond adolescence into the young adult years among people who continue to live at home with their parents, grandparents, or foster parents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Changes in smoking status among current male smokers and factors associated with smoking cessation success].

OBJECTIVES: This study (a) investigated the rate of smoking cessation sucess for current male smokers, and (b) identified the factors that are associated with the smoking cessation success. METHODS: Data were collected from four follow-up surveys of 700 current male smokers. The follow-up period was from December 2004 to June 2005. Success of smoking cessation was defined as "maintaining a smoking cessation status for six months". The demographic and socioeconomic factors included age, the household income level and, occupation. The smoking behavioral factors were composed of the amount of smoking, the duration of smoking, the age of initiating smoking, the willingness to quit, the frequency of trying to quit smoking and the smoker's attitude toward the anti-smoking policies. RESULTS: The proportion of quitters increased from 6.6% to 11.0% during the follow-up period. The majority of quitters answered that the increase of tobacco price acted as cue to achieve smoking cessation. The age-standardized experience and success rate of smoking cessation were 16.0% (95% C.I.=13.0% to, 19.0%) and 4.5% (95% C.I.=3.0% to, 6.0%), respectively. On the multivariate analysis, success for smoking cessation was associated with the willingness to quit smoking, low prior tobacco consumption, and agreement on the tobacco price increase. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the recent anti-smoking policies provided an opportunity to quit smoking. The results of this study can be used to establish evidence for further anti-smoking policies.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients.

BACKGROUND: An admission to hospital provides an opportunity to help people stop smoking. Individuals may be more open to help at a time of perceived vulnerability, and may find it easier to quit in an environment where smoking is restricted or prohibited. Providing smoking cessation services during hospitalisation may help more people to attempt and sustain a quit attempt. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group register, CINAHL and the Smoking and Health database for studies of interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised trials of behavioural, pharmacological or multicomponent interventions to help patients stop smoking conducted with hospitalised patients who were current smokers or recent quitters. We excluded studies of patients admitted for psychiatric disorders or substance abuse, those that did not report abstinence rates and those with follow-up of less than six months. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors extracted data independently for each paper, with disagreements resolved by consensus. MAIN RESULTS: Intensive intervention (inpatient contact plus follow-up for at least one month) was associated with a significantly higher quit rate compared to control (Peto Odds Ratio 1.82, 95% CI 1.49-2.22). There was insufficient evidence to judge the effect of interventions delivered only during the hospital stay. Although the interventions increased quit rates irrespective of whether nicotine replacement therapy was used, the results for nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) were compatible with other data indicating that it increases quit rates. There was no strong evidence that clinical diagnosis affected the likelihood of quitting. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: High intensity behavioural interventions that include at least one month of follow-up contact are effective in promoting smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. The findings of the review were compatible with research in other settings showing that NRT increases quit rates.

Hospitalization↗