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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Long-term habituation of the smile response with deep brain stimulation.

Human and animal research has shown that the ventral striatum, including the nucleus accumbens, may play a critical role in mediating positive emotions. Recently we described a subject with obsessive-compulsive disorder who intra-operatively exhibited the acute onset of an asymmetric smile and acute positive emotional change with contralateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) in either the right or left nucleus accumbens and anterior limb of the internal capsule region. The purpose of the present study was to examine the stability of the stimulation-induced smile(s) over a 12-month period. Custom computer software objectively quantified left and right facial movement during DBS. Although stimulation-induced smiles were elicited at one and two months post-surgery, they were no longer present from 3-12 months following chronic high frequency DBS. The smiles could not be elicited even with long washout periods. These findings imply potential long-term habituation and changes in the neural chemistry (possibly neuroplasticity) induced by chronic DBS.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The smile in anencephalic infants.

During the period 1947-1959 twelve new-born mero-anencephalics were observed, who survived for more than 1 day after birth. Two even lived for 20 and 237 days, respectively. In 4 of the 12 children studied touching or slight pressure, and also faradic stimulation of various spots of the cerebro-vascular area were invariably followed by a facial expression which was very similar to smiling. Movies of it were shown to groups of impartial observers. In 78% the facial expression was judged to be a smile, a laugh or a grin. The neuroanatomical finding of a largely intact pontine tegmentum as being the most rostrally situated identifiable structure of the brainstem, has led to the hypothesis that the neural mechanisms underlying the smile are localized in the pontine tegmentum.

Anencephaly↗
PubMed2006

Gender differences in smiling: An evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory.

Studies have found that, under a wide variety of social circumstances, females are more likely than males to smile. The present article offers a theoretical explanation for this difference based on the premise that testosterone (along with other sex hormones) has evolved the tendency to alter brain functioning in ways that inhibit male smiling, especially during their most reproductively active years. Underlying the theory are the assumptions that (a) females have been naturally selected for preferring to mate with males who have the ability to assist in long-term child rearing primarily by provisioning resources, that (b) males partially accommodate this female preference by competing with rival males who are also vying for resources with which to attract mates, and that (c) male smiling interferes with their ability to most effectively intimidate rivals. If this reasoning is correct, genes must be involved in promoting the tendency to compete for resources, the most likely location for which would be on the Y-chromosome. According to the present theory, these genes operate in part by inhibiting social signals of fear and submissiveness. An additional element of the theory asserts that testosterone alters brain functioning in ways that shift the neocortex away from the left (more "prosocial and friendly") hemisphere toward the right (less "prosocial and friendly") hemisphere. Current evidence bearing on the theory is reviewed and a number of largely untested hypotheses are derived from the theory for future assessment of its predictive power.

Androgens↗
PubMed1979

Left-handers' smiles: asymmetries in the projection of a posed expression.

Asymmetries in the expression of a posed smile and in a relaxed facial expression were observed in 24 left-handers. Neither writing position nor familial sinistrality predicted the variance of the results. Left-handers were found to smile more with their left than right side of face; an asymmetry which had previously been observed in right-handers. If anything, left-handers' smiles were more asymmetric, though in the same direction, than right-handers. When relaxed, however, the left-handers' face was judged more unhappy on its right than left side--a reversal of the direction of asymmetry previously noted in right-handers' relaxed expressions. No single neurological or psychological theory accounts for these results; it is suggested that hand preference may exert a myotonic effect which is reflected in judgements of relaxed facial expressions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

An evaluation of smiles before and after orthodontic treatment.

The purpose of this investigation was threefold: 1) Determine if a person's smile improves with orthodontic treatment, 2) Determine if the amount of improvement varies among clinicians, and 3) Determine reasons for the variances. Results of this investigation were: 1) In all four categories of evaluation there was a definite improvement in the average scores from the pretreatment to the posttreatment evaluation. 2) The amount of improvement varied from orthodontist to orthodontist. 3) Some patients did not show improvement in one or more of the areas evaluated. 4) A profile photograph is not a reliable source of information to determine what a smile will look like. 5) To maximize the potential for improving a patient's smile, we must consider moving maxillary anterior teeth vertically.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed2002

Perception of genuine and masking smiles in children and adults: sensitivity to traces of anger.

The authors examined children's and adults' sensitivity to traces of anger in masking smiles by presenting participants with short video excerpts of smiles that differed by the intensity of an anger component. Fifty-two children, aged 6 to 12 years, and 26 adults were asked to judge whether a stimulus person was really happy or pretending to be happy. Six- and 7-year-old children were found to be sensitive to traces of anger, but less so than older children and adults. Researchers found evidence of explicit knowledge of the emotion hidden in masking smiles only in adult participants.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Encoding and decoding of ingratiation in modes of smiling and gaze.

The present research is a first attempt to explore the ingratiation ingredients of non-verbal attractiveness. In particular, the ingratiator's paradox is investigated. This occurs when an increase in attractiveness of A makes B aware of an ingratiation attempt. A first experiment was set up to detect the ways in which ingratiation overtures are displayed in smiling and gaze during task-orientated behaviour. As predicted from empirical research and from Argyle & Dean's (1965) 'intimacy equilibrium' model, a higher percentage of smiling and gaze, together with more frequent smiling and longer gaze, occurred under the ingratiation than control condition. A second experiment investigated if the ingratiation and spontaneity behaviours that were displayed would be differentially evaluated. To this purpose, observers naive to the conditions were confronted with the videotaped behaviours. As predicted from ingratiation and attributional frameworks, ingratiation behaviours were more favourably evaluated, though they were considered as strategic in nature. This discussion highlights the subtlety involved in non-verbal ingratiation.

Awareness↗
PubMed2002

Effects of environmental events on smiling and laughing behavior in Angelman syndrome.

Angelman syndrome is a neurogenetic disorder associated with unique behaviors and characteristics, including an unusually happy expression, inability to speak, ataxia, mental retardation, and abnormal EEG. Previous research has suggested that smiling and laughing behaviors in Angelman syndrome are inappropriate, excessive, and dissociated from contextual events. In the present study, the variability of smiling and laughing behaviors of 3 individuals with Angelman syndrome was examined across typical social contexts. Results indicate that laughing and smiling increased during social situations and occurred at low levels during non-social situations. The behaviors, therefore, did not occur totally inappropriately, as has been suggested. The findings illustrate the need to divert attention to the examination of environmental influences on purported phenotypic behavior in genetic syndromes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Effects of laughing, smiling, and howling on mood.

This study examined the effects of forced laughter on mood and compared laughter with two other possible mood-improving activities, smiling and howling. While howling did not substantially improve mood, both smiling and laughing did. Moreover, laughter seemed to boost positive affect more than just smiling by 22 adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The classification of smile patterns.

Although "smile therapy" is still in its infancy, society has already placed a great demand on dentists to evaluate and treat smiles. The smile classification scheme and vocabulary presented in this article will aid in discussions between patient and dentist regarding esthetic treatment.

Classification↗
PubMed2001

Proportional smile design using the recurring esthetic dental (red) proportion.

Dentists have needed an objective way in which to evaluate a smile. A method for determining the ideal size and position of the anterior teeth has been presented here. Use of the FIVE to evaluate the RED proportion and the width-to-height ratio, tempered with sound clinical judgment, gives pleasing and consistent results. With the diversity that exists in nature, rarely does the final result follow all the mathematical rules of proportional smile design. This approach may serve as a foundation on which to base initial smile design, however. When one begins to understand the relationship between beauty, mathematics, and the surrounding world, one begins to appreciate their interdependence.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Smile analysis and face-bow transfer: enhancing aesthetic restorative treatment.

The objective of current aesthetic dental treatments are to enhance the patient's smile by improving the overall dental appearance. A detailed analysis of the patient's face as it relates to the three-dimensional position, shape, and color of the teeth is required to improve this appearance. A full frontal and lateral evaluation of the patient's facial form is required to successfully complete on aesthetic smile evaluation. Additional considerations include cephalometry and a thorough dental analysis. This article demonstrates a comprehensive smile analysis technique and its communication to the dental technician.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Treatment planning and smile design using composite resin.

UNLABELLED: Recent advances in dental materials and adhesive protocols have expanded the restorative procedures available to today's clinicians. Used in combination with proper treatment planning, these innovations enable dental professionals to provide enhanced aesthetic care that achieves the increasing expectations of their patients. Using a case presentation, this article will document the steps required to harmoniously integrate smile design, material selection, and patient communication that are involved in the provisional of aesthetic dental care. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: This article discusses the utilization of composite resin as a tool to enhance the patient's smile. Upon reading this article, the reader should: Become familiar with a smile-enhancing technique which can be completed in one office visit. Realize the benefits that intraoral composite mockups offer in terms of prototyping and confirming patient satisfaction.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1990

[Smiling of preschool children in performance-oriented situations: assessment of the emotional significance in relation to other facial expressions].

The goal of the reported experiment was to study how adults judge the meaning of different kinds of smiling and laughing by preschool children, and the role played by other facial movements in determining this meaning. Videotapes and photographs of spontaneous facial expressions of children in a play situation served as stimuli. The results show that different kinds of smiling were judged by the adult subjects as being significantly different from each other. In order to find subgroups within the stimuli, cluster analyses were performed, and the resulting clusters indicated different mixtures of positive and negative emotions contained within the pictures. Regression analyses showed that the adults' judgements were dependent on the number of indicators for positive and negative emotions which could be seen in the pictures. The most important indicator movement for the judged strength of the positive emotion expressed in the smile was the raising of the cheeks and, for negative emotions, the lowering of the lip corners. The significance of the components of the expressions as well as the strength of the expressed emotion were, however, dependent on the mode of presentation (video/photo).

Achievement↗
PubMed1980

Child abusers' responses to infant smiles and cries.

14 child abusers and a matched group of non-abusers watched videotapes of crying and smiling infants. Their psychophysiological responses were monitored throughout the session. After each videotape, the subjects described their emotional responses on a mood adjective checklist. The crying infant elicited heart-rate acceleration and increases in skin conductance and diastolic blood pressure from both groups, although the abusers experienced greater increases in heart rate and reported more aversion and less sympathy. Like other parents tested in this paradigm, the nonabusers responded to the smiling infant with no change in or declines in physiological activation. The abusers, however, responded to the smile and cry stimuli similarly.

Affect↗
PubMed1994

Smile psychology.

Facial expression, including smiling, is an important means of universal communication and an understudied area in dentistry. Currently there is limited availability of data on smile psychology in either general or cosmetic dental literature. However, the number of cosmetic dentistry patients is increasing and many require and desire physical changes that restore or enhance facial expressions, appearances, and smiles. Cosmetic dentistry patients, particularly those presenting with dental anxiety or phobia, require a more detailed physical and psychologic assessment due to their habitual avoidance of dental care and subsequent oral health deterioration. Increasing knowledge and data facilitate the development of new intervention and treatments for anxious and phobic dental patients. These new developments strengthen the dentist-patient partnership to foster optimal dental results.

Dental Anxiety↗
PubMed1996

[Studies of the system analysis of social motivation, IV: The varieties of smiling and the problem of motivational adjustment].

A formal theory is proposed that accounts for the motivational architecture underlying the spontaneous smiling response in its most salient varieties (i.e., smiling due to security, relief, embarrassment, fear, amazement, submission, and triumph). The theory is based on a single assumption according to which the smiling response, in all instances named, is due to a reduction of "autonomy claim" as defined within the framework of the Zurich Model of Social Motivation. The theory's consistency is evinced by way of computer simulation, its phenomenological plausibility can be demonstrated by animation based on Ekman's Facial Action Coding System.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

How to design smile styles for cosmetic dentistry.

Even though many patients may simply let you choose a smile style for them, once you select it, show it to them for their approval. As Jennifer de St. Georges says, "Inform before you perform. No surprises!" On the other hand, when patients offer verbal descriptions of how they want their smiles to look, there is a lot of room for subjective interpretation. By using photographs and models, much of the confusion can be eliminated. After all, our goal is to make the patient smile.

Color↗