Osteoclasts, no longer osteoblast slaves.
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Many methods for microvascular anastomoses exist, including use of magnifying loupes (x 2.5, x 3.5, x 4.5, x 6), but the operating microscope remains the gold standard. The authors present the da Vinci Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA) as an alternative method for performing microvascular anastomoses. The da Vinci robot has fully articulating microinstruments with six degrees of freedom, the ability to filter tremor, the capability to perform telesurgery, and the advantage of 3-D visualization. It offers full and dynamic control over the operating camera, allowing variable positioning and the ability to scale down movements. Its drawbacks include initial high cost, lack of haptic feedback, decreased participation of the first assistant, and lack of widespread availability. In this feasibility study, multiple microanastomoses were performed in canine tarsal and superficial femoral vessels.
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We present a mathematical framework for the theory of a synchronization phenomenon for dynamical systems discovered by Pecora and Carroll [Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 821-824 (1990)]. From this perspective, we can synchronize, using a single coordinate, an open dense set of linear systems. We use our insights to synchronize nonlinear systems which were not previously recognized as being synchronizable. (c) 1995 American Institute of Physics.
Since the seminal remark by Pecora and Carroll [Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 821 (1990)] that one can synchronize chaotic systems, the main example in the related literature has been the Lorenz equations. Yet this literature contains a mixture of true and false, and of justified and unsubstantiated claims about the synchronization properties of the Lorenz equations. In this note we clarify some of the confusion. (c) 1997 American Institute of Physics.
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The translational diffusion of phospholipids in supported fluid bilayers splits into two populations when polyelectrolytes adsorb at incomplete surface coverage. Spatially resolved measurements using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy show that a slow mode, whose magnitude scales inversely with the degree of polymerization of the adsorbate, coexists with a fast mode characteristic of naked lipid diffusion. Inner and outer leaflets of the bilayer are affected nearly equally. Mobility may vary from spot to spot on the membrane surface, despite the lipid composition being the same. This work offers a mechanism to explain how nanosized domains with reduced mobility arise in lipid membranes.
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