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PubMed2002

Determination of the sensitivity and specificity of sibship calculations using AmpF lSTR Profiler Plus.

In circumstances where a known DNA reference sample from the deceased's belongings or biological parents is not available, more complex kinship analyses are possible. The purpose of the work reported here is to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the sibship analysis utilising multiple STR loci. Using all nine Profiler Plus loci, likelihood ratios for biologically-related siblings ranged from slightly less than 1 to over 45,000. When allelic dropout was mimicked, likelihood ratios ranged from less than 1 to over 1,000. Thus, the results of this study have a direct application to forensic laboratories faced with identifications involving sibling comparisons.

British Columbia↗
PubMed2006

The sex ratio of older siblings in non-right-handed homosexual men.

This study tested the prediction, based on prior research, that non-right-handed homosexual men will report fewer than expected older brothers. Participants were 2486 heterosexual and homosexual, right-handed and non-right-handed, male and female adults, representing five samples collected for various projects by the second author. Data on sibship composition, sexual orientation, and hand-preference were gathered in the original research using on-line (Internet) or self-administered paper-and-pencil questionnaires. The non-right-handed homosexual men reported 83 older brothers per 100 older sisters, which was significantly lower than the human sex ratio of 106 live-born males per 100 live-born females. In contrast, the right-handed homosexual men reported 125 older brothers per 100 older sisters, which was significantly higher than the expected ratio. One possible explanation of these results is that older brothers increase the odds of homosexuality in right-handed males but decrease the odds of homosexuality in non-right-handed males. A second possibility is that older brothers decrease the probability that non-right-handed homosexual males will be represented in survey research. The latter scenario could arise if the combination of some biological factor associated with older brothers and some biological factor associated with non-right-handedness is so toxic that it kills the fetus or predisposes the individual to a condition (e.g., mental retardation, major mental illness) that makes him less likely to be available for research recruitment at Gay Pride parades (etc.) than other members of the gay community.

Birth Order↗
PubMed2008

Sex ratio of older siblings in heterosexual and homosexual, right-handed and non-right-handed men.

This study investigated why older brothers, which increase the odds of homosexuality in later-born males who are right-handed, have no effect or the opposite effect on later-born males who are non-right-handed. The specific question was whether the different results for the non-right-handed men have to do with the heterosexual non-right-handers or the homosexual non-right-handers. The human sex ratio at birth (106 males per 100 females) was used as a gold standard for determining which groups differ from the general population and in which direction. All usable data from previous studies were combined to obtain the largest possible sample (N = 8,201). The observed ratio of older brothers to older sisters was 105 for the heterosexual right-handers, 128 for the homosexual right-handers, 127 for the heterosexual non-right-handers, and 96 for the homosexual non-right-handers. The ratios for the homosexual right-handers and the heterosexual non-right-handers differed significantly from the expected value. These results suggest that both heterosexual and homosexual non-right-handers contribute to the older brothers x handedness x sexual orientation interaction.

Birth Order↗
PubMed2005

Enhancing sibling presence in pediatric ICU.

Critical illness of a child affects all members of the family, including well brothers and sisters. Stress in their lives results from changes in parental behaviors, caregiving arrangements, and family relationships. These changes, along with limited understanding and information about the crisis, create feelings of confusion, loneliness, jealousy, and sadness, as well as physical symptoms and behavior changes. Educating pediatric ICU nurses about the needs and reactions of well siblings enables them to optimize support to siblings and educate parents. A sibling policy guarantees that choice and support are offered in a consistent and thorough manner to each critically ill child's family; this helps to ensure that the family unit has the abilities to nurture the ill child and other well children.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphisms in vasovagal syncope.

UNLABELLED: Recent studies suggest vasovagal syncope (VVS) has a significant heritable component (crude estimate sibling relative risk (lambda(s)): 1080) indicating that at least some forms of VVS may have a genetic cause. Here we present the first study examining a potential genetic abnormality in VVS. METHODS: DNA was collected from consecutive patients attending our unit with head up tilt confirmed VVS (n=165). One hundred and fourteen affected and unaffected first-degree relatives of those with a definitive diagnosis of VVS and positive family history also provided DNA. RESULTS: DNA from 165 VVS index cases was genotyped for the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism. Mean+/-SD age of cases was 56+/-19 years (103 (62%) females). There was no significant difference in distribution of ACE insertion or deletion gene frequencies in cases compared with a large (>6000 subjects) national control population. No preferential transmission of alleles in families was identified using tests of association (P=0.1789) CONCLUSION: We have shown using both a case control and a small family based association study that polymorphisms of ACE alone are not associated with increased risk of VVS. Further studies are planned to clarify the genotype/phenotype relationship in VVS and examine other candidate genes.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2006

Transition: a conceptual analysis in the context of siblings of children with cancer.

Transition has been described by many disciplines. However, the concept of transition has yet to be applied to the sibling experience of childhood cancer. Understanding the transitions that siblings encounter is important because it will offer nurses new possibilities for enhancing siblings' outcomes. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to provide a conceptual framework that will assist nurses in their efforts to promote healthy transitions in siblings of children with cancer. The method of concept analysis developed by Walker and Avant [Walker, L., & Avant, K. (1995). Concept analysis. In Strategies for theory construction in nursing (3rd ed.) (pp. 37-54). Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lane.] is employed. The result is a definition of transition that is relevant and useful for research and clinical practice in pediatric oncology.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of mixed chimerism in bone marrow transplantation program in Croatia.

In this study we monitored mixed chimerism in 36 patients with various hematologic disorders. All of them underwent a classic conditioning regimen, 31 patients for related bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and 5 patients for unrelated BMT. DNA was isolated from peripheral blood, and samples were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified for 5 short tandem repeat (STR) loci (TH01, VWA31, FES/FPS, F13A01, and SE33) and for one variable number of tandem repeats locus (D1S80). Samples were run on a 6% polyacrylamide gel in an automated ALFexpress sequencer. In all 36 donor-recipient pairs we found differences for at least two STR loci. In most cases the difference was observed for SE33 and D1S80 loci. Mixed chimerism (MC) was detected in 18 patients: 4 with unrelated BMT and 14 with related sibling donors. In 11 patients MC was detected in the early period after BMT, but was soon followed by full donor chimerism (FDC) in peripheral blood. In 5 cases patients MC appearing after FDC was established, and was predictive for the relapse. One patient showed alternating MC and FDC, but at the end showed only recipient cells and graft rejection. In conclusion, the PCR-STR analysis is a highly informative, fast, and simple screening method for monitoring chimerism in a BMT program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Living donor renal transplantation: prognostic factors on graft survival.

INTRODUCTION: Living donor renal transplantation is a treatment option for patients on dialysis in view of the ever-growing transplantation waiting lists and the stagnation in the number of deceased donors. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to provide retrospective review of our living donor kidney transplantation series (1978-2003) and analysis of graft survival prognostic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Among 121 living donor transplantations, the donor mean age was 50.9 years (SD, 1.53) and recipient mean age was 30.4 years (SD, 1.4). Eighty-eight percent of donors were women, 90% were related: siblings 21%, parents 69%, and spouses 6.6%. Kidney failure was of nephrological etiology in 65% of patients and urologic in 15.6%. Eighty-four percent were primary grafts and 16% were second ones. Also, 66.7% of kidneys were placed in the iliac fossa and the rest were left orthotopic approaches. Other analyzed variables included donor gender, acute rejection episodes (ARE), creatinine levels at 1 and 6 months, hypertension (HT), and pediatric recipients. RESULTS: Univariate analysis (Kaplan-Meier) showed that, in patients suffering from ARE or not, the mean graft survival was 7.5 and 15 years, respectively (P <.05). Mean graft survival among patients with nephrological problems was 8 years and in those with urologic etiology 15 years (P < .05). Multivariate analysis with Cox regression showed that etiology, ARE, and creatinine level at 6 months after transplantation were independent prognostic variables for graft failure. The overall graft survival rates were 78% at 5 years, 58% at 10 years, 42% at 15 years, and 24% at 20 years follow-up. CONCLUSION: Living donor kidney transplantation is a valid treatment choice for end-stage patients with excellent graft survival rates, especially in cases of urologic etiology. Development of new immunosupressant strategies will help improve outcomes.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1975

Management problems of mentally retarded children and their families.

Pediatricians faced with the difficult task of providing management services to mentally retarded children and their families are confronted with a number of difficult problems. These range all the way from deciding how to inform parents that their child is retarded to dealing with grandparents who are a source of stress. Successful handling of these problems requires a recognition that management is central to the care of the mentally retarded child. The needs of mentally retarded children and their families will not be met by interacting with families only around issues of acute physical illness. Attention must be directed toward psychosocial as well as medical variables and the emphasis must be on the total family system.

Child↗