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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Bait shyness: avoidance of the taste without escape from the illness in rats.

Thirsty rats habituated to drinking .12 M sodium chloride accepted .12 M lithium chloride for 5 min on the first trial but stopped short of their sodium baseline. With repeated trials they reduced consumption of the toxin by either (a) detecting subtle oral (conditioned stimulus, CS) differences, thus avoiding toxicosis (unconditioned stimulus, US) or (b) detecting earlier signs of malaise (US), thus escaping further distress. When both solutions were masked with saccharin, the discrimination was more difficult but still possible. When both solutions were mixed in a solution masking all four taste qualities, the discrimination was severely disrupted. When oral sensors were bypassed with nasopharyngeal tubes, intragastric pumping rats were unable to use postingestional cues to escape, even though such cues were proximal to the ultimate malaise. Oral cues at the distal end of the consummatory chain were extremely effective.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1978

Chronically decerebrate rats demonstrate satiation but not bait shyness.

Taste substances applied to the oral cavity result in either ingestion or rejection, each with a characteristic muscular response pattern. These responses are the same in decerebrate and intact rats; the caudal brainstem appears to be the neural substrate of ingestion and rejection responses. The experiment determined whether decerebrates can alter these discriminative responses as a function of food deprivation or toxicosis. Food-deprived decerebrate rats, like intact ones, ingested a taste substance they had rejected when sated. However, these same decerebrates, in contrast to controls, neither rejected nor decreased ingestive reactions to a novel taste after that taste had been repeatedly paired with lithium chloride-induced illness. Although the forebrain may be important for integrating ingestion, some aspects of this control seem to be represented in caudal brain areas.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just a Little Shyness.

Social anxiety is defined as a "marked and persistent fear of social or performance situations" and includes such symptoms as sweating, palpitations, shaking, and respiratory distress. Social anxiety is fairly common, occurring in as much as 13% of the population, and can be extremely disabling. It can be either specific (confined to 1 or 2 performance situations) or generalized, and can be diagnosed with a scale-based questionnaire. Social anxiety may coexist with other disorders, such as depression and dysthymia. The differential diagnosis for social anxiety includes panic disorder, agoraphobia, atypical depression, and body dysmorphic disorder. Treatment for social anxiety can be quite effective and consists of psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy (including such medications as beta-blockers, anxiolytics, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants), or a combination. This article details the prevalence, onset, disease impact, and etiology of social anxiety. Specific treatments, including both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, are presented in detail, along with other treatment considerations, such as comorbidity.

Journal Article↗