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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Sex differences in sexual psychology produce sex-similar preferences for a short-term mate.

We explored aspects of men's and women's short-term sexual psychology as a function of a potential short-term partner's relationship status. A total of 209 men and 288 women reported how likely they would be to pursue a casual sexual relationship with an attractive member of the opposite sex who was (1) married, (2) not married but has casual sexual partners, or (3) not married and has no casual sexual partners. Guided by sperm competition theory, we predicted and found that men prefer short-term sex partners who are not already involved in relationships and hence present a relatively low risk of sperm competition. Because women sometimes use short-term sexual relationships to acquire long-term partners, we predicted and found that women prefer short-term sexual partners who are not already involved in relationships and hence present relatively greater promise as a potential long-term partner. Finally, across each of the three levels of the imagined partner's relationship status, men reported a greater likelihood than did women of pursuing a casual sexual relationship. Discussion addressed methodological limitations and directions for future work.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Gender effects in familial cancer.

Very limited data are available on sex ratios in familial cancer. Such data would be valuable in the assessment of sex chromosome effects and of interactions between background and familial rates. We used the nationwide Swedish Family-Cancer Database on 10.2 million individuals and over 1 million neoplasms to analyze familial risks for male and female offspring by paternal and maternal concordant cancer. Sex ratios for familial cancer were derived for cancer at 15 sites shared by men and women. At 14 sites the sex ratio (male/female) for familial relative risk ranged between 0.78 and 1.41, with no evidence of sex preference, suggesting that sex chromosomes do not contribute to a noticeable extent to familial risks. Furthermore, in cancers where the background incidence varied extensively by sex, such as bladder cancer (sex ratio 2.82) and nonthyroid endocrine tumors (0.65), the familial effect was proportionate to the background incidence and the familial sex ratio was close to unity. In thyroid cancer, the familial sex ratio was 2.48 (1.54-3.98) and the background incidence ratio was 0.31. This was the first evidence of an inverse sex ratio in primary cancer, i.e., higher familial risk in the gender of low background risk. The high familial ratio, 2.85 (95% CI: 1.35-6.03), was due to thyroid adenocarcinoma, encompassing both papillary and follicular types.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2006

Parental gender preferences and reproductive behaviour: a review of the recent literature.

This paper reviews various theoretical approaches towards an explanation of parental gender preferences and empirical findings from developing as well as from industrialized countries, focusing on the role of gender preferences in reproductive decisions. Although various attempts have been made to shed light on the mechanisms underlying the observed patterns of sex preferences for children, a fully satisfying theoretical explanation is still not at hand. Empirically, a distinct and stable preference for at least one child of each sex can be observed as a common pattern of parental sex preferences across many different social, economic and cultural contexts. Further - and ideally multidisciplinary - research that helps to improve our understanding of this phenomenon is highly desirable.

Contraception Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ideal-family-size and sex-composition preferences among wives and husbands in Nepal.

This study tests the hypothesis that, in Nepal, measures of ideal family size mask an underlying preference for sons, making some people willing to have families larger than their ideal. Existing evidence suggests that men are likely to have stronger preferences for sons than are women. This research uses empirical evidence to examine the hypothesis that husbands are more willing than their wives to pursue the birth of sons at the cost of an increasingly large completed family size. A Multiple-response Fertility Preference Scale was developed to test these propositions among a sample of couples. The methodology was successful in demonstrating differential patterns of decisionmaking between husbands and wives that are otherwise obscured by more simplistic, single-response measures (for example, ideal family size). The results indicate that husbands are consistently more willing than their wives to pursue the birth of sons at the expense of larger family sizes, and that the birth of daughters is not pursued to a similar degree by wives or husbands.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Memory-dependent novelty-related location preferences: sex-related attenuation of forgetting by D-glucose and tacrine.

Following confinement to one chamber of a two-chamber exploration box (acquisition trial), male and female rats were intraperitoneally injected with saline, glucose (50, 100 mg/kg) or tacrine (1, 3 mg/kg). Twenty-four hours later they were given free access to this chamber and an identical novel one (retention trial). Tendencies to occupy the novel chamber (novelty-related location preferences) were increased by both doses of glucose for females and by the higher dose for males. While neither dose of tacrine affected this response for females, increased preferences occurred for males following the higher dose. However, when the higher doses of both agents were administered 2 h after acquisition, there were no significant effects for either sex. In view of the rats' lack of significant preferences for the novel chamber when treated with saline both immediately and 2 h after acquisition, the results were interpreted as sex-dependent attenuation of forgetting by post-acquisition treatment with both agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Women's preferences for sex of doctor: a postal survey.

A random sample of 512 women were sent a questionnaire to determine whom they see and whom they would prefer to see for primary and preventive health care, including screening for breast and cervical cancer. The response rate was 86%.The majority of women had had at least one cervical smear test, most of them carried out by a general practitioner. Two thirds of the women had had a physical breast examination, but only one third had been shown breast self-examination techniques - again the general practitioner was the health professional most often involved.The women's preferences for who to see for primary and preventive health care were problem/procedure specific. Less than one in 10 said they would prefer to see a female general practitioner for general health problems, compared with nearly six out of 10 for women's health problems. Similarly, almost 60% would prefer to see a female health professional for cervical screening and for breast screening by physical examination and instruction in self-examination. Just under half of all the respondents - two fifths of the over 45 years age group and half of the younger women - said they would prefer a female doctor for breast screening by mammography.A female general practitioner was the first choice for cervical screening for the highest proportion of women (41%) and the proportion was even higher among women from the manual classes and among older women from the nonmanual classes. More women general practitioners might increase compliance rates for cervical screening among these high risk groups.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2003

Female meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) demonstrate same-sex partner preferences.

Female meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) are territorial during warm months but demonstrate social tolerance under low temperatures. In spring, females nest together and some pairs participate in communal nursing and rearing of young. Because communal nursing involves significant cooperation, selective pair-bonds may develop between 2 nestmates. Using a choice apparatus, the authors determined that (a) captive females demonstrated partner preferences for a nestmate; (b) partner preferences were enduring and persisted after dyadic separation; and (c) following the loss of a nestmate, females did not develop preferences for a new nestmate, even after extended cohabitation. Data support the hypothesis that captive meadow voles develop selective and enduring same-sex social bonds that may, under free-living conditions, facilitate communal nesting and cooperative rearing of young.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

History of son preference and sex selection in India and in the west.

In the history of mankind, there was a time when women dominated the world. In due course of time, as the patriarchal societies evolved, the status of women gradually declined. Sons were preferred to daughters. In India, the Brahmin community promoted such customs and rituals, which gave more and more importance to sons eg. Lighting the funeral pyre of the father was told to be a pre-condition for salvation of his spirit. Similarly, in western civilization also women were considered to be weak. In consonance with such a mind-set man has been trying various techniques for sex-selection since antiquity eg. for acquiring a son choosing a special day, time and posture for sexual intercourse, special diet, charms and amulet and prayers etc. In Vedas also punsavana karma has been described as a technique for acquiring a son. Apart from these techniques, female infanticide has also been used as a way to create a male dominated, son-worshipping society. On development of the technique of ultrasonography as an example of progress of science and technology, man has devised a new way of killing females in womb itself, which has resulted in continuous decline in female: male sex ratio in India. To stop this, Indian Govt. promulgated PNDT Act 1994. But considering the widely prevalent practice of use of various regimen of sex-pre-selection by people as well as unscrupulous medical practitioners, Govt. of India has amended this Act (2002). Still, as authors have found in one of their studies, sex-selection drugs are being used widely by north Indians for getting a son. Here, it should be noted that sex-selection methods are being used in west also. But the perspective is different. There, it is not used for female feticide or for acquiring a son. Rather, it is more an effort towards demonstrating the control of man over the NATURE.

Abortion, Induced↗