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Results for “Self Disclosure”

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PubMed1993

Anxiety and self-disclosure: toward a motivational model.

The self-disclosures of socially anxious and nonanxious Ss were compared within the framework of R. M. Arkin's (1981) motivational theory of social anxiety. Ss (N = 84 women) were paired with a confederate who disclosed at either a high or a low level of intimacy (i.e., the classic reciprocity paradigm). Consistent with R. M. Arkin's theory, anxious Ss were concerned with self-protection during the task and disclosed at a moderate level of intimacy regardless of their partner's behavior. In addition, anxious Ss did not reciprocate their partners' disclosures as well as did nonanxious Ss. The self-protective behaviors of the anxious Ss were associated with less liking and more discomfort on the part of their partners. This suggests that the adoption of self-protective strategies may elicit negative interpersonal reactions that maintain self-defeating interpersonal patterns in socially anxious people.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Self-disclosure and its relationship to marital intimacy.

Examined the relationship between marital intimacy and self-disclosure from a multidimensional framework within a sample of 10 clinical and 10 nonclinical married couples. The linear combination of various parameters of self-disclosing behavior was able to account for 71.7% (R = .853) of the variance in intimacy ratings derived from a structured interview. Results are discussed in terms of both the role that self-disclosure plays in the development of marital intimacy and its therapeutic benefits and limitations in marital therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Self-disclosure of HIV infection to dentists and physicians.

We prospectively examined self-disclosure of HIV infection by 129 men and women to dentists and physicians. After an average of 2.3 years since initial HIV-positive notification and repeated individual counseling, only 53 percent of subjects had told their dentists of HIV infection compared to 89 percent who had told their physicians. This high rate of non-disclosure despite extensive counseling raises concern about effectiveness of education alone in promoting voluntary self-disclosure. Our findings further support recommended universal precautions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Effects of physical and phenomenological distance on self-disclosure.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of physical and phenomenological distance on self-disclosure. Two physical distances, culturally appropriate and culturally inappropriate, and three degrees of phenomenological closeness were selected. Differences in physical and phenomenological distances had significant effects upon the subjects' (n = 60) durations of self-disclosure. Subjects' feelings toward the experimenter and experiment were affected by differences in physical distance. No significant interactions between physical and phenomenological distance were evident.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Factors associated with self-disclosure of HIV serostatus to significant others.

OBJECTIVES: To examine rates and patterns of self-disclosure of HIV serostatus amongst individuals attending an out-patient HIV clinic in East London. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey design was used. METHODS: A volunteer sample of 95 out-patient HIV clinic attendees completed a self-report questionnaire examining patterns of disclosure to self-identified significant others, reasons for disclosure and non-disclosure, satisfaction with social support (SSQ6), quality of life (MOS-30) and anxiety and depression (HADS). Self-disclosure was examined in relation to cultural background, gender, satisfaction with social support, and medical and psychological variables. RESULTS: Seventy-nine men and 16 women reported a mean disclosure rate of 68% to self-identified significant others. Five individuals had not disclosed their HIV status to anyone; 91% of individuals had informed their partner. Friends were more frequently informed (79%) than family (53%). Ethnicity (p <.001) and length of time since testing HIV seropositive (p <.05) emerged as significant predictors of disclosure. Global satisfaction with social support was negatively correlated with depression but was not associated with the total rate of HIV disclosure. Frequently reported reasons for non-disclosure included wanting to protect others from distress and fear of discrimination. CONCLUSIONS: Self-disclosure of HIV serostatus rates was highest for partners, followed by friends, and lowest for family members. Patterns of disclosure of HIV serostatus varied in relation to ethnicity. Fifteen years into the HIV epidemic, social stigma continues to contribute towards non-disclosure of diagnosis.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cynical hostility and cardiovascular reactivity during self-disclosure.

Recent research suggests that hostility might contribute to the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) and other illnesses. One potential mechanism linking hostility and health is exaggerated physiological reactivity to social stressors. Given that mistrust and suspiciousness are closely related to this trait, the self-disclosure of personal information regarding a stressful experience may elicit heightened reactivity in hostile persons. To evaluate this hypothesis, undergraduate men (N = 60) classified as high or low on the Cook and Medley Hostility (Ho) Scale were randomly assigned to either a self-disclosure or a nondisclosure condition. Consistent with prediction, among subjects participating in the self-disclosure discussion task, hostile individuals displayed significantly greater blood pressure reactivity compared with subjects low in hostility. These results support the psychophysiological reactivity model of hostility and health, and underscore the potential importance of social context in the psychosomatic process.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Self-disclosure of HIV infection to sexual partners.

Self-disclosure of HIV infection to current sexual partners was examined in 138 seropositive men, mostly lower income Hispanics, from Los Angeles. Forty-five percent had been sexually active since learning their serostatus. Of these, 52% had kept their infection secret from one or more partners. The likelihood of disclosure decreased in direct proportion to the number of partners. Nondisclosure occurred in conjunction with unprotected receptive and insertive anal intercourse. Potential factors promoting nondisclosure are discussed.

HIV Seropositivity↗
PubMed1994

Self-disclosure and nursing students: the replication of a Jourard study.

A person's willingness to disclose things about him or herself is an important facet of all social interaction. In professional helping relationships effective management of treatment and therapy may depend ultimately on a person's self-disclosures. Sidney Jourard claimed in 1971 that "disclosure begets disclosure". It is important therefore to explore professional helpers' willingness to disclose things about themselves, as this may influence the dialogue which they have with their clients and patients. In this paper we describe a replication of a small study carried out by Sidney Jourard in 1961. An opportunistic sample of 25 undergraduate nursing students was asked to complete Jourard's self-disclosure questionnaire. Analysis of the findings suggested that, overall, the students in this study were more self-disclosing than was the case in the earlier study. Other findings are noted as are the limitations of this form of exploration of self-disclosure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Publication of the OIG's provider self-disclosure protocol--Office of Inspector General (OIG), HHS. Notice.

This Federal Register notice sets forth the OIG's recently-issued Provider Self-Disclosure Protocol. This Self-Disclosure Protocol offers health care providers specific steps, including a detailed audit methodology, that may be undertaken if they wish to work openly and cooperatively with the OIG to efficiently quantify a particular problem and, ultimately, promote a higher level of ethical and lawful conduct throughout the health care industry.

Documentation↗
PubMed1990

Researching the effects of confidentiality law on patients' self-disclosures.

We hypothesized that conflicting research findings on the effects that confidentiality laws have on patients' self-disclosure reflect the fact that privacy is important only to some patients in some circumstances. Instead of asking whether privacy is always important, we posed the following question: What factors determine whether privacy is important? With 42 outpatients we found that self-disclosures about sensitive issues (e.g., child abuse, drug abuse) during intake were determined partly by how legally informed patients were and partly by how relevant and consequential the law was to their cases.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed2003

Supervisor self-disclosure: balancing the uncontrollable narcissist with the indomitable altruist.

The purpose of this article is to provide supervisors with a framework to determine the effectiveness of self-disclosure in supervision. We posit how self-disclosures can be both memorable to the trainee and facilitative of supervision process and outcome, specifically the supervisory working alliance, trainee disclosure, and trainee edification. Case examples based on the literature and our own personal experiences are offered to illustrate the models' applicability.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Self-disclosure and coping styles in men with cardiovascular reactivity.

The purpose of this study was to investigate self-disclosure, emotion-focused, and problem-focused coping styles among men with borderline hypertension and two groups of normotensive men differentiated by parental hypertension. Because blood pressure reactivity may discriminate between hypertensive and normotensive men, subjects in these three groups were categorized as high or low cardiovascular reactors based on their blood pressure response to a mental arithmetic task. Self-disclosure and coping styles were investigated in relation to status effects within the doctor-patient relationship. Men with exaggerated blood pressure reactivity were less self-disclosive and used fewer emotion-focused coping strategies than men with no blood pressure reactivity. Normotensives with a history of parental hypertension were less self-disclosive than normotensives without a history of parental hypertension.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Effects of self-awareness on self-disclosure.

This study assessed the effects of self-awareness enhanced by a mirror on self-disclosure when another person was present. Subjects disclosed more intimately when looking into a mirror than when no mirror was present. Moreover, 40 men disclosed longer than 40 women, women had a higher rate of self-referenced thought units than men, and questions of medium intimacy elicited more intimate disclosures than questions of low intimacy.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Essential hypertension and self-disclosure.

A matched sample of 16 hypertensive and 16 non-hypertensive Air Force male Ss were administered the Journal Self-Disclosure questionnaire and participated in an interview that discussed high and low intimate topics. Questionnaire data, content analysis scores of interview topics, and situational stress measures supported the hypothesis that hypertensives conceal their personal thoughts and feelings from others and deny the emotion-arousing stimuli of a self-disclosure situation. Investigation of the underlying psychodynamics of hypertension in a self-disclosing situation as a potentially fruitful line of research was discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Self-disclosure in a clinical context by Asian and British psychiatric out-patients.

A study is described in which self-reported self-disclosure levels of Asian and British out-patients to psychiatrists are examined as a function of racial and gender match to psychiatrist. Analysis of self-disclosure scores for 77 subjects revealed no overall differences between Asian and British subjects, or between men and women. Asian subjects, however, reported being prepared to disclose significantly more to a psychiatrist of the same sex as themselves, regardless of race; no such effect was found for British subjects. British women reported being prepared to reveal significantly more to a psychiatrist of the same race as themselves; this effect was not observed in any of the other three subgroups. Implications of these findings for clinical practice are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Self-disclosure of HIV infection: preliminary results from a sample of Hispanic men.

We examined self-disclosure of HIV infection among 101 seropositive Hispanic men residing in Los Angeles. Results indicated that disclosure was highly selective and presumably influenced by the social, psychological, and material consequences of informing others about one's medical condition. Subjects tended to inform significant others such as parents, friends, and lovers than less significant others such as employers, landlords, and religious leaders. There was a relatively high rate of disclosure (75%) to doctors/dentists who were not treating subjects for HIV infection. Gay and bisexual subjects (89% of the sample) were more inclined to disclose their HIV serostatus to homosexual or bisexual others than to heterosexuals and to inform those who were aware of their sexual orientation. Disclosure increased with severity of disease independently of length of time since testing seropositive. Self-rated negative changes in appearance correlated with disclosure to less significant others. The role of cultural attitudes and values in self-disclosure of HIV infection is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of alcohol, expectancy, and alcohol beliefs on anxiety and self-disclosure in women: do beliefs moderate alcohol effects?

This study investigates the effects of alcohol, expectancy, and alcohol-related beliefs on self-reported anxiety and self-disclosure behavior in a social interaction situation. Seventy-two female social drinkers were assigned to eight conditions in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial balanced-placebo design, controlling for drink content, expectancy, and beliefs. Results show that alcohol expectancy resulted in an anxiety reduction in subjects who believed that alcohol has a positive influence on social behavior, whereas expectancy had no effect in subjects with negative alcohol beliefs. Furthermore, subjects who expected alcohol were less anxious when they had positive alcohol beliefs than when they had negative beliefs, whereas beliefs made no difference in subjects who expected tonic. Our results suggest that the effect of alcohol expectancy on social anxiety in women is moderated by differences in the content of their alcohol-related beliefs. We conclude that the inconsistency in previous results about the effect of alcohol expectancy on social behavior might be explained by differences in subjects' alcohol beliefs. Finally, as neither of the three factors had any effect on self-disclosure behavior, we suggest that this behavioral measure is unrelated to self-reported anxiety.

Adult↗