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PubMed2003

Effects of pH and agitation on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A in brain heart infusion broth containing combined potassium lactate and sodium diacetate during storage at 4 or 10 degrees C.

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of pH on the growth kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A in static and agitated broths stored at 4 and 10 degrees C with and without a combination of 1.85% potassium lactate (PL) and 0.13% sodium diacetate (SDA) (3.3% of a 60% commercial solution, PURASAL P Opti. Form 4). The pH of brain heart infusion broth without (control) or with 1.85% PL + 0.13% SDA was adjusted to 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, and 7.5. L. monocytogenes Scott A was inoculated (at 10(2) CFU/ml) into pH-adjusted broth, which was stored at 4 or 10 degrees C with or without agitation. At pH 5.5, a listeriostatic effect was observed for the broth containing 1.85% PL + 0.13% SDA at 4 and 10 degrees C both with and without agitation. At pH 6.0, 1.85% PL + 0.13% SDA fully controlled the growth of L. monocytogenes Scott A in static broth at 4 degrees C for up to 20 days and significantly slowed the growth of the pathogen in agitated broth. At 10 degrees C, the growth of L. monocytogenes Scott A was significantly reduced by 1.85% PL + 0.13% SDA in agitated and unagitated broths. At pH 6.5, 1.85% PL + 0.13% SDA significantly suppressed the growth of L. monocytogenes Scott A at both 4 degrees C (P < 0.001) and 10 degrees C (P < 0.01). At pH 7.5, 1.85% PL + 0.13% SDA had a limited effect on the growth of L. monocytogenes Scott A in broth stored at 4 and 10 degrees C. At 4 degrees C, agitation decreased the lag time and increased the growth rate of L. monocytogenes Scott A at all tested pHs. A similar but less obvious trend was observed for broths stored at 10 degrees C. These results indicate that lactate-diacetate combinations effectively acted with low pH and temperature to inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes Scott A.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed2001

Stress of daily activities and risk of breast cancer: a prospective cohort study in Finland.

The belief that life stress enhances breast cancer is common, but there are few prospective epidemiological studies on the relationship of life stress and breast cancer. We have investigated the association between stress of daily activities (SDA) and breast-cancer risk in a prospective cohort study of 10,519 Finnish women aged 18 years or more. SDA measures a subject's own appraisal of daily stress. It was assessed in 1975 and 1981 by a self-administered questionnaire, which also provided information on subject characteristics and other known breast-cancer risk factors. Follow-up data for breast cancer from 1976 to 1996 were attained through record linkage to the Finnish Cancer Registry. Study subjects were divided into 3 groups based on their SDA scores in 1975: no stress (23% of subjects), some stress (68%) and severe stress (9%). Hazard ratios (HRs) and respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incidence of breast cancer by level of SDA were obtained from the Cox proportional hazards model. We identified 205 incident breast cancers in the cohort. Multivariable-adjusted HRs for breast-cancer risk were 1.00 (reference), 1.11 (95% CI 0.78-1.57) and 0.96 (95% CI 0.53-1.73) by increasing level of stress. Neither shifting of the SDA cut-off points nor restricting the analysis to women who reported the same level of SDA in 1975 and 1981 materially altered the results. We found no evidence of an association between self-perceived daily stress and breast-cancer risk.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1991

Sacrococcygeal dysgenesis association.

In the malformation analysis of 445 patients ascertained only for a sacrococcygeal malformation, a new phenotype, the sacrococcygeal dysgenesis association (SDA), was delineated in 34%. In addition, sirenomelia patients were found in 12%, the VATER association in 27%, and 27% could not be classified. Heterogeneity in the patients with sacrococcygeal malformations was identified by the differences found in their associated malformations. SDA patients have a relatively small average number (3.3) of anomalies per patient as compared with 9.3 in sirenomelia and 6.2 in VATER patients. SDA abnormalities occurred to a significant degree only in 6 of 20 designated malformation categories (vertebral, rib, pelvic, lower limb, central nervous system [CNS], renal) in contrast to 17 in VATER and 18 in sirenomelia patients. The SDA vertebral malformation pattern also differed from that of VATER/sirenomelia patients as did the high sacrococcygeal agenesis:dysgenesis ratio and low thoracolumbar vertebrae and/or rib hypersegmentations. Most significantly, SDA patients had a large number of CNS anomalies and CNS-related dysfunctions of the urinary and distal intestinal tracts but no anatomic urinary or intestinal tract malformations. This contrasted sharply with the markedly increased occurrences of anatomic abnormalities in these body regions of the sirenomelia and VATER patients. Demographic data such as patient survival, twinning and, particularly, the high (28%) incidence of maternal diabetes in the SDA further support its differentiation from VATER/sirenomelia patients.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2001

Anatomical and functional connections among cell groups in the gerbil brain that are activated with ejaculation.

Based on Fos expression, four areas of the gerbil brain are activated with ejaculation, i.e., the posterodorsal preoptic nucleus (PdPN), the lateral part of the posterodorsal medial amygdala (MeApd), the medial cell group of the sexually dimorphic preoptic area (medial SDA), and the parvicellular part of the subparafascicular thalamus (SPFp). The SPFp and medial SDA also express Fos earlier in the context of mating. To study connections among these areas, we injected one with FluoroGold and assessed the colocalization of FluoroGold and mating-induced Fos in the others. To determine if any of these areas activates the others, we lesioned one unilaterally and measured mating-induced Fos ipsilaterally and contralaterally in the others. Half of the SPFp cells projecting to the medial SDA, PdPN, and MeApd were activated with mating. SPFp lesions also decreased Fos expression in those areas. However, those areas do not project to the SPFp or affect its Fos expression with mating. Projections from the lateral MeApd to the medial SDA and PdPN, and from the medial SDA to the lateral MeApd, were also activated with mating, but lesions in these areas did not affect Fos expression in the others. Because 32-50% of the mating-activated cells in the SPFp participated in each SPFp projection identified, projections may have been identified for all of the mating-activated cells in the SPFp. In contrast, most of the mating-activated cells in the lateral MeApd, PdPN, and medial SDA do not participate in any projection studied, suggesting that they are either interneurons or project elsewhere.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1996

Detection of M. tuberculosis DNA using thermophilic strand displacement amplification.

Strand Displacement Amplification (SDA) is an isothermal, in vitro method of amplifying DNA that is based upon the combined action of a DNA polymerase and restriction enzyme. Previously, a form of SDA was developed which utilizes the exonuclease deficient Klenow fragment of E. coli polymerase I (exo Klenow) and the restriction enzyme HincII to achieve 10(8)-fold amplification in 2 h at 37 degrees C (Walker, G.T., 1993, PCR Methods and Applications 3; 1-6). A new thermophilic form of SDA is reported here which uses a restriction endonuclease from Bacillus stearothermophilus (BsoBI) and a 5'-->3' exonuclease deficient polymerase from Bacillus caldotenax (exo Bca). SDA was used to amplify DNA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. An amplification factor of 10(10)-fold was achieved after 15 min of SDA at 60 degrees C. The new thermophilic system is much more specific than the previous mesophilic system as evidenced by a dramatic decrease in background amplification products. Thermophilic SDA was also optimized with dUTP substituted for TTP to enable amplicon decontamination using uracil-DNA glycosylase.

Bacillus↗
PubMed1996

Anatomical relationship between position of the sigmoid sinus and regional mastoid pneumatization.

In order to examine the relationship between the location of the sigmoid sinus (SS) and mastoid pneumatization, 25 adult temporal bones were dissected. Pneumatization was evaluated according to findings during dissections of three separate regions of the mastoid: i.e., the sinodural angle (SDA) area, inter-sinofacial area and mastoid apex. In addition, the SDA and distance between the SS and vertical portion of the facial nerve, were measured at the second genu (G) of the facial nerve, the junction (J) of the nerve and digastric ridge and the midpoint between G and J.A good correlation was observed between pneumatization of the cells surrounding the SDA and the distance between the SS and facial nerve at the mid-point of its vertical segment. However, pneumatization of the inter-sinofacial air cell tract could not be correlated with this distance. A significant decrease in the values of the SDA was found when the air cells surrounding the SDA were poorly pneumatized. This study indicated a correlation between the position of the SS and pneumatization of the mastoid in the area of the SDA.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Hormonal control of sexual and scent marking behaviors of male gerbils in relation to the sexually dimorphic area of the hypothalamus.

The sexual and scent marking behaviors of male gerbils are stimulated by testosterone (T) action in the preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus. The sexually dimorphic area (SDA) in the posterior POA, which also responds to T, is implicated in this process. This research studied the sensitivities of mating, marking, and the SDA to T metabolites and other steroids. Experiment 1 focused on mating. Male gerbils were implanted at castration with 2-mm Silastic capsules containing T, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 19-nortestosterone (19-nor T), estradiol (E), or no hormone and were tested 3-7 weeks later. T, E, and 19-nor T maintained intromissions, but E-treated males rarely ejaculated. Controls and DHT-treated males stopped mounting. Experiment 2 compared the ability of these steroids to reinstate marking and mating using the same dose and a larger one (5 mm). Androstenedione, 19-hydroxytestosterone (19-OHT), and E plus DHT were studied as well. Volumes of the SDA and SDA pars compacta (SDApc) were also measured. Only T, 19-nor T, E, and E + DHT reinstated sexual behavior, but all steroids except 19-OHT stimulated marking. E and DHT synergized to elicit mating. For marking, they were no more effective together than alone. Steroid-treated males had larger SDAs than controls. Moreover, steroids that stimulated sexual activity produced larger SDAs than steroids that did not. SDA size correlated with copulatory rate, but not with copulatory efficiency. SDApc size correlated with copulatory efficiency, but not with copulatory rate. Like copulatory rate and efficiency, sizes of the SDA and SDApc did not correlate with each other.

Androgens↗
PubMed2005

Effect of meal size on postprandial metabolic response in southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis).

Effect of relative meal size (0.6-24%) on specific dynamic action (SDA) was assessed in southern catfish juveniles (48.2+/-3.2 g) at 27.5 degrees C. Cutlets of freshly killed loach species were used as test diet. Energy expended during SDA was linearly correlated with relative meal size (r=0.949, p<0.001, N=47). There was no significant difference in SDA coefficient (energy expended on SDA quantified as a percentage of the energy content of the meal) among different relative meal size groups. Factorial metabolic scope increased from 1.47 to 4.08 when the relative meal size increased from 0.6% to 24%. The peak V O2 increased with meal size, but levelled when relative meal size gradually increased to the maximum. SDA duration showed a S-type (slow-fast-slow) increase course with increased meal size. The results of this study suggest that the high postprandial factorial metabolic scope and a trapezoid SDA curve might be the adaptation strategy of warm water sit-and-wait fish under the natural selection of evolution related to long-term food resources.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Metabolic response to feeding in the Chinese striped-necked turtle, Ocadia sinensis.

We measured oxygen consumption in juvenile Chinese striped-necked turtles (Ocadia sinensis) after they ingested food, either as a single meal or as double meals, to examine the influence of meal type and feeding frequency on specific dynamic action (SDA). Temporal variation in oxygen consumption after feeding was evident in the ingesting turtles but not in the unfed control turtles. In the single-meal experiment, the peak metabolic rate and the integrated SDA response (the whole energetic cost for the processes of digestion) both did not differ between turtles ingesting mealworms and shrimps when the influence of variation in ingested energy was removed, and the time to reach peak metabolic rate was not affected by meal type and the amount of food ingested. Turtles in the double-meal experiment ingested more energy and hence had a prolonged duration of SDA response than did those in the single-meal experiment, but the integrated SDA response did not differ between both experimental treatments when the influence of variation in ingested energy was removed. Our results show that meal type and feeding frequency have important consequences on the SDA response of juvenile O. sinensis. As the integrated SDA response remained remarkably constant either between turtles ingesting different food or between turtles ingesting the same food but at different frequencies when the influence of variation in ingested energy was removed, we therefore conclude that the energetic cost associated with ingestion is primarily determined by energy content of food ingested in juvenile O. sinensis.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2004

Assessment of screw displacement axis accuracy and repeatability for joint kinematic description using an electromagnetic tracking device.

Screw displacement axes (SDAs) have been employed to describe joint kinematics in biomechanical studies. Previous reports have investigated the accuracy of SDAs combining various motion analysis techniques and smoothing procedures. To our knowledge, no study has assessed SDA accuracy describing the relative movement between adjacent bodies with an electromagnetic tracking system. This is important, since in relative motion, neither body is fixed and consequently sensitivity to potential measurement errors from both bodies may be significant. Therefore, this study assessed the accuracy of SDAs for describing relative motion between two moving bodies. We analyzed numerical simulated data, and physical experimental data recorded using a precision jig and electromagnetic tracking device. The numerical simulations demonstrated SDA position accuracy (p=0.04) was superior for single compared to relative body motion, whereas orientation accuracy (p=0.2) was similar. Experimental data showed data-filtering (Butterworth filter) improved SDA position and orientation accuracies for rotation magnitudes smaller or equal to 5.0 degrees, with no effect at larger rotation magnitudes (p<0.05). This suggests that in absence of a filter, SDAs should only be calculated at rotations of greater than 5.0 degrees. For rotation magnitudes of 0.5 degrees (5.0 degrees ) about the SDA, SDA position and orientation error measurements determined from filtered experimental data were 3.75+/-0.30 mm (3.31+/-0.21 mm), and 1.10+/-0.04 degrees (1.04+/-0.03 degrees ), respectively. Experimental accuracy values describing the translation along and rotation about the SDA, were 0.06+/-0.00 mm and 0.09+/-0.01 degrees, respectively. These small errors establish the capability of SDAs to detect small translations, and rotations. In conclusion, application of SDAs should be a useful tool for describing relative motion in joint kinematic studies.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

Ecology of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi in swimming pools and polluted and unpolluted streams.

The biodiversity and richness of keratinophilic fungal communities including dermatophytes were assessed in three stream sites and three swimming pools in the Nablus district in Palestine, using hair baiting (HBT) and surface dilution plate (SDP) techniques, over 8- and 6-month periods, respectively. The effect of wastewater effluent and selected ecological factors on these fungi in relation to species diversity and population densities were also considered. Fifty keratinophilic fungal species were recovered from the aquatic habitats studied, of which 42 were recovered from stream sites and 22 from swimming pools. Of these fungi 6 were either dermatophytes (Microsporum gypseum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes) or dermatophyte related species (Chrysosporium merdarium, Ch. tropicum, Ch. keratinophilum and T. terrestre). The most frequently isolated species in the three pools were Acremonium strictum and Cladosporium cladosporioides, using Sabouraud dextrose agar medium (SDA). The most abundant species were Acr. strictum, and Aspergillus flavus. However, only 4 species were isolated using the SDA medium amended with 5-flurocytosine (5-FC). The most frequent and abundant species in the three stream sites using SDA medium were Geotricum candidum, and Penicillium chrysogenum. The most frequent species in the three sites using the 5-FC medium, was Paecilomyces lilacinus. Using HBT, the most abundant and frequent species in the three stream sites were G. candidum, and Pa. lilacinus, on SDA medium, and Pa. lilacinus, and Gliocladium nigrovirens on the 5-FC medium. The 5-FC medium was more suitable for the isolation of dermatophytes and closely related species than the SDA medium; 6 were recovered on 5-FC, whereas only one on the SDA medium. Variation in the levels of keratinophilic fungal populations from the three stream sites sampled 5 times over an 8-month period, followed comparable fluctuation patterns. Wastewater affected fungal population densities with the highest levels in the un-polluted stream sites, and lowest in the heavily polluted sites. Swimming pools, polluted and un-polluted stream sites were found to be rich in pathogenic and potentially pathogenic fungi.

Arthrodermataceae↗
PubMed1998

Tamm-Horsfall protein isolated from urine of pregnant and non-pregnant women has similar oligosaccharides.

BACKGROUND: Differences in the immunosuppressive activity of Tamm-Horsfall protein and uromodulin claimed by many investigators are controversial. They have been ascribed to variations in the carbohydrate moiety. METHODS: We isolated urinary glycoproteins from 18 non-pregnant (THP) and 12 pregnant (UM) women using the same method (adsorption on diatomaceous earth) and performed comparative studies including monocarbohydrate analysis and tests of reactivity with lectins, cytokines and serum proteins. RESULTS: No significant differences in monocarbohydrate content or in the reactivity with specific lectins were found between the native urinary glycoproteins or between their proteolytic products. Also, in Sda+ and Sda- donors monitored throughout pregnancy and after delivery, no time-dependent differences in the sugar moiety were observed. We found that THP/UM from Sda+ donors reacted more strongly with PHA-L than THP/UM from Sda- donors, providing further evidence for carbohydrate variations between Sda+ and Sda- determinants. No differences between THP and UM in terms of their reactivity with recombitant human interleukin (rhIL) 1 alpha, recombinant human tumour necrosis factor (rhTNF) alpha and some serum proteins were found, indicating similar biological activity. CONCLUSION: The results of our carbohydrate analysis together with previous data on amino acid analysis indicate that Tamm-Horsfall protein and uromodulin are identical or very similar glycoproteins.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of meal size, meal type, body temperature, and body size on the specific dynamic action of the marine toad, Bufo marinus.

Specific dynamic action (SDA), the accumulated energy expended on all physiological processes associated with meal digestion, is strongly influenced by features of both the meal and the organism. We assessed the effects of meal size, meal type, body temperature, and body size on the postprandial metabolic response and calculated SDA of the marine toad, Bufo marinus. Peak postprandial rates of O(2) consumption (.V(O2)) and CO(2) production (.V(CO2)) and SDA increased with meal size (5%-20% of body mass). Postprandial metabolism was impacted by meal type; the digestion of hard-bodied superworms (Zophobas larva) and crickets was more costly than the digestion of soft-bodied earthworms and juvenile rats. An increase in body temperature (from 20 degrees to 35 degrees C) altered the postprandial metabolic profile, decreasing its duration and increasing its magnitude, but did not effect SDA, with the cost of meal digestion remaining constant across body temperatures. Allometric mass exponents were 0.69 for standard metabolic rate, 0.85 for peak postprandial .V(O2), and 1.02 for SDA; therefore, the factorial scope of peak postprandial .V(O2) increased with body mass. The mass of nutritive organs (stomach, liver, intestines, and kidneys) accounted for 38% and 20% of the variation in peak postprandial .V(O2) and SDA, respectively. Toads forced to exercise experienced 25-fold increases in .V(O2) much greater than the 5.5-fold increase experience during digestion. Controlling for meal size, meal type, and body temperature, the specific dynamic responses of B. marinus are similar to those of the congeneric Bufo alvarius, Bufo boreas, Bufo terrestris, and Bufo woodhouseii.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Coronary heart disease mortality among Seventh-Day Adventists with differing dietary habits: a preliminary report.

Seventh-Day Adventists (SDAs) are a conservative religious denomination who abstain from tobacco and alcohol; approximately one-half follow a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet. In this 6-year prospective study of 24,044 California SDAs age 35 and over, coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rates for ages 35 to 64 and 65+ are 28% and 50% respectively, of the rates for the same age groups of the total California population. This reduced risk of CHD mortality among SDAs is partially due to abstinence from smoking; however, at least half the low risk among SDAs is likely attributable to other characteristics of the SDA lifestyle. The risk of fatal CHD among nonvegetarian SDA males, ages 35 to 64, is three times greater than vegetarian SDA males of comparable age (P less than 0.01), suggesting that the SDA diet may account for a large share of their low risk. This differential was much smaller for older SDA males and SDA females. Although the differential in risk of fatal CHD for male nonvegetarians versus vegetarians may be partially accounted for by other CHD risk factors, which are more frequent among nonvegetarians, a significant differential persists after adjustment for each of six other CHD risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Diet, nutrition intake, and metabolism in populations at high and low risk for colon cancer. Dietary cholesterol, beta-sitosterol, and stigmasterol.

Cholesterol and fat are implicated as dietary factors enhancing the risk for colon carcinogenesis. Plant sterols such as beta-sitosterol when added to diets of experimental animals treated with colon carcinogens reduce tumor yields and counteract the proliferative changes associated with carcinogenesis. The question of whether the diet of human populations at low risk for colon cancer is mirrored in their sterol composition is addressed in this study. Four study groups consisting of 18 Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) pure vegetarians, 50 SDA lacto-ovo vegetarians, 50 SDA nonvegetarians, and 50 general population nonvegetarians were selected from the greater Los Angeles basin, and 3-day composite diets were analyzed for their sterol composition. The most significant index of dietary sterol status is the ratio, beta-sitosterol + stigmasterol/cholesterol (plant sterol/cholesterol ratio). The values for the four groups ranged from 0.49 to 16.0 (general population nonvegetarians = 0.49; SDA-nonvegetarians = 0.98; SDA lacto-ovo vegetarians = 3.26; SDA pure vegetarians = 16.0). The data also show that the absolute amounts of cholesterol consumed as a factor by itself might not be as significant as its relationship to total plant sterols in the diet.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Diet, nutrition intake, and metabolism in populations at high and low risk for colon cancer. Composition, intake, and excretion of fiber constituents.

The role of fiber in human diet in preventing a number of chronic diseases has been a widely debated topic in recent years. The claim that populations at low risk for colon cancer generally consume a more fiber-rich diet than those at high risk, has been used to postulate a protective role for this group of substances. In this study we asked the question whether populations leading different dietary lifestyles and who are at varying risks for colon cancer show marked differences in their dietary and fecal profiles of various fiber components. Four study groups consisting of Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) pure vegetarians, SDA lacto-ovo vegetarians, SDA nonvegetarians, and a group of general population nonvegetarians were selected from the greater Los Angeles Basin area. Three-day composite diets, and stools were analyzed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), hemi-cellulose, lignin, cellulose, cutin + silica, and pectin. The percentage composition and the daily intake and output of each of these components were computed for each population group. The dietary profile revealed a trend (not statistically significant) toward generally higher daily intake values among the vegetarian subgroups, neutral detergent fiber values in g/day: SDA pure vegetarians, 63.0 +/- 7.9; SDA-lacto-ovo vegetarians, 55.8 +/- 3.5; SDA nonvegetarians, 57.2 +/- 3.5; general population nonvegetarians, 52.5 +/- 4.9), lignin, cellulose, and pectin being the major contributors to this difference.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The Drosophila slamdance gene: a mutation in an aminopeptidase can cause seizure, paralysis and neuronal failure.

We report here the characterization of slamdance (sda), a Drosophila melanogaster "bang-sensitive" (BS) paralytic mutant. This mutant exhibits hyperactive behavior and paralysis following a mechanical "bang" or electrical shock. Electrophysiological analyses have shown that this mutant is much more prone to seizure episodes than normal flies because it has a drastically lowered seizure threshold. Through genetic mapping, molecular cloning, and RNA interference, we have demonstrated that the sda phenotype can be attributed to a mutation in the Drosophila homolog of the human aminopeptidase N (APN) gene. Furthermore, using mRNA in situ hybridization and LacZ staining, we have found that the sda gene is expressed specifically in the central nervous system at particular developmental stages. Together, these results suggest that the bang sensitivity in sda mutants is caused by a defective APN gene that somehow increases seizure susceptibility. Finally, by using the sda mutation as a sensitized background, we have been able to identify a rich variety of sda enhancers and other independent BS mutations.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Oral comfort in shortened dental arches.

In this study, the oral comfort was compared between subjects with shortened dental arches (SDA, n = 74), subjects with SDA and free-end removable partial dentures (SDA + RPD, n = 25) and subjects with complete dental arches (CDA, n = 72). Oral comfort was measured by (i) absence of pain or distress; (ii) chewing ability; (iii) appreciation of the appearance of the dentition. Additionally, the history of free-end RPD over a period of nearly 7 years was taken into consideration. On the whole, the results did not reveal any significant differences between the three groups with respect to pain or distress. Only 8% of the subjects with SDA reported impairment of chewing ability, and 11% had aesthetic complaints, due to missing posterior teeth in the upper jaw. Of the subjects with SDA + RPD, 20% had complaints about the RPD. In addition, the repeated necessity for repair or replacement of free-end RPD and the fact that some subjects (20%) stopped wearing the RPD during the observation period, confirm the poor performance of this dental provision. It is concluded that the oral comfort of subjects with SDA in this study is compromised to a small extent but remains on an acceptable level. Free-end RPDs do not appear to help oral comfort in these cases.

Adult↗