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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Restaurant menu labeling: impact of nutrition information on entree sales and patron attitudes.

This study examined changes in sales of low fat/low cholesterol foods targeted in a restaurant menu labeling program. Sales of labeled items were tracked before and after the program was introduced, and a subsample of patrons were surveyed for information on visibility and comprehension of the menu labels. Two of the four restaurants had significant increases in the sales of targeted foods following labeling. Comparisons between patrons dining in restaurants which had an increase in sales (I--increase restaurants) to those dining in restaurants which had no overall shift in sales (NI--no increase restaurants) revealed no differences in patron awareness or comprehension of the menu labels. There were age and gender differences between I and NI restaurants, with I restaurants having proportionally more males, and a younger clientele. Taste was the primary reason given by patrons for their entree choice, regardless of whether or not it was labeled. In all four restaurants women and older patrons were more aware of the program and more responsive to its recommendations. These findings suggest that environmental strategies may be an effective method of encouraging dietary changes in the general population, but patron characteristics such as age and gender may influence receptivity to this type of intervention. Future studies aimed at developing effective point of purchase education programs should evaluate these patron characteristics and include more powerful behavior change strategies.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

The effect of state regulations on the quality and sale of insurance policies to Medicare beneficiaries.

This paper examines the effects of state regulations on the quality of insurance policies sold to Medicare beneficiaries and on the amount of sales abuse reported in the sale of such policies. State regulations regarding such policies relate to policy content and format, minimum rates of return, sale of these policies related to disclosure requirements, consumer information activities, and penalties for agent and company abuse. This paper examines the impact of specific regulations on the ratio of the expected policy benefits per premium dollars and on the number and kind of abusive sales practices reported by purchasers and nonpurchasers in agent and mail sales. The study finds that loss ratio floors, minimum benefit standards, and the development of states of consumer information guides for prospective policyholders have a positive impact on the quality of the policies purchased. In addition, the study finds that the amount of abuse reported is less when insurance companies routinely issue press releases concerning agent or company misrepresentation and when consumer guides are developed and available from the state.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Technology and the sales force: Amach, Inc.

This paper explores the application of sales force technology by Amach, Inc. a Detroit based medical device firm. Sales force technology represents a variety of dynamic tools that can help the sales force. While these tools cannot replace the salesperson and generate deals from customers, they can enhance efficiency and effectiveness levels. Sales force technology can range from computer laptops, pagers, cellular phones, desktop personal computers and software for contact management, database management and multimedia presentations. The key for sales managers to remember is that these tools do not drive themselves and still need the skill of management to get the best results. Managerial suggestions and research ideas are presented.

Commerce↗
PubMed1991

A change from public to private sale of wine: results from natural experiments in Iowa and West Virginia.

Several proposals to change the existing structure of state alcoholic beverage control authorities have been advanced over the past 10 years in the United States. Most call for eliminating or substantially reducing the state's role in retail sales of alcohol, particularly distilled spirits and wines. In recent years the states of Iowa and West Virginia eliminated state monopolies for retail sales of wine, and now allow such sales by privately-owned licensed establishments. Using time-series methods, we assessed the effects of these policy changes on the alcoholic beverage market in each state. Privatization was associated with statistically significant increases in wine sales in Iowa and West Virginia, after controlling for an initial stocking effect and broader nationwide trends in alcohol sales in the 1980s. In addition, there was a net increase in absolute alcohol consumed in both states across all beverages (beer, wine and distilled spirits) associated with privatization.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1991

Advertising and alcohol sales: a legal impact study.

According to the single distribution theory increases in the availability of alcoholic beverages in the general population are associated with increases in average consumption and increases in alcohol-related damage. If it can be demonstrated that advertising contributes to availability, perhaps in the form of what has been called social or subjective availability, then advertising could be considered an appropriate target of prevention. A 58-year ban on advertising of alcoholic beverages was lifted in Saskatchewan in 1983. Data on monthly sales of beer, wine and distilled spirits were examined for the years 1981 to 1987. Box-Jenkins time series techniques were used to estimate the statistical relationship between the policy change and volume of sales of alcoholic beverages. The results revealed that sales of beer increased and sales of spirits decreased following the change in legislation that permitted alcohol advertising in Saskatchewan. The main finding is that there was no impact on wine and total alcohol sales from the introduction of alcohol advertising. Alcohol advertising may have produced a substitution effect with respect to beer and spirits, but this was not predicted. This evaluation suggests that alcohol advertising is not a contributory force that influences the overall level of alcohol consumption. The place of advertising in the single distribution theory remains not proven, and the place of advertising as an instrument of public policy with respect to the prevention of alcohol-related damage remains in question.

Advertising↗
PubMed1999

Beverage sales and drinking and driving: the role of on-premise drinking places.

OBJECTIVE: The relationships between on-premise drinking places, beverage specific alcohol sales and drinking and driving were examined in a time series cross-sectional study of place-of-last-drink data from Perth, Western Australia. METHOD: At arrest, 2,411 drinking drivers reported their last location of consumption. Tabulated by 57 premises over 4 years, the rates at which individual premises were referenced as the place-of-last-drink were taken to reflect the relative distributions of numbers of drinking drivers coming from different premise types (hotels, taverns and nightclubs). The data were then statistically related to measures of premise types and characteristics and beverage specific alcohol sales. RESULTS: Significant cross-sectional relationships were obtained between measures of premise types, alcohol sales and drinking and driving. Greatest numbers of drinking drivers came from taverns and from places selling greater amounts of beer and spirits. Significant longitudinal effects were obtained for sales of beer, proportions of high alcohol beer sold and sales of spirits. CONCLUSIONS: As a whole, the results suggest that, at least for Western Australia, outlets selling greater amounts of beer and spirits, and greater amounts of high alcohol beer, will produce larger numbers of drinking drivers.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1996

Reducing the illegal sales of cigarettes to minors: analysis of alternative enforcement schedules.

The majority of adolescent smokers are able to purchase cigarettes even though laws prohibit the sale of cigarettes to minors (Radecki & Zdunich, 1993). The present study focused on merchant licensing, civil penalties, and monitoring of merchant behavior. Several different schedules of enforcement in the city of Chicago were evaluated to determine the optimal schedules to reduce the sale of cigarettes to minors in a major metropolitan area. Schedules of 2,4, and 6 months were effective in reducing illegal sales, from 86% to 19%, 87% to 34%, and 87% to 42%, respectively. In a control condition, illegal sales remained high (approximately 84%). Cigarette control laws that regularly enforce civil penalties for tobacco sales violations can successfully reduce minors' access to cigarettes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Use of pharmacy data to evaluate smoking regulations' impact on sales of nicotine replacement therapies in New York City.

OBJECTIVES: Recently, New York City and New York State increased cigarette excise taxes and New York City implemented a smoke-free workplace law. To assess the impact of these policies on smoking cessation in New York City, we examined over-the-counter sales of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products. METHODS: Pharmacy sales data were collected in real time as part of nontraditional surveillance activities. We used Poisson generalized estimating equations to analyze the effect of smoking-related policies on pharmacy-specific weekly sales of nicotine patches and gum. We assessed effect modification by pharmacy location. RESULTS: We observed increases in NRT product sales during the weeks of the cigarette tax increases and the smoke-free workplace law. Pharmacies in low-income areas generally had larger and more persistent increases in response to tax increases than those in higher-income areas. CONCLUSIONS: Real-time monitoring of existing nontraditional surveillance data, such as pharmacy sales of NRT products, can help assess the effects of public policies on cessation attempts. Cigarette tax increases and smoke-free workplace regulations were associated with increased smoking cessation attempts in New York City, particularly in low-income areas.

Health Promotion↗
PubMedDate not supplied

"Bread: it's a great way to go". Increasing bread consumption decreases laxative sales in an elderly community.

OBJECTIVE: To test the effects on laxative sales of two methods of promoting increased consumption of wholemeal/wholegrain bread by the elderly. DESIGN: Community intervention trials were carried out in two test communities and one control community on the mid-north coast of New South Wales. PARTICIPANTS: Small retirement communities with a high proportion of the population aged over 55 years. INTERVENTIONS: A community organisation strategy (COS) involving the media, community activities and social marketing principles using the theme "Bread: It's a Great Way to Go" was compared with a patient education strategy (PES) through local doctors and a control community (CON). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Wholemeal/wholegrain bread sales and laxative sales. RESULTS: There was a 49% decrease in laxative sales corresponding to a 58% increase in sales of wholemeal/wholegrain bread in the COS community but no significant changes in either the PES or CON communities. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests a positive, cost effective approach for increasing fibre intake and improving gastrointestinal problems in the elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Developing a scale to measure hospital sales orientation.

The authors examine the sales orientation of the hospital and how it relates to the implementation of sales management policies. By polling sales managers and marketing directors at 136 hospitals nationwide, they develop scales to measure hospital sales orientation and sales management policies, and explore the relationship between them.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Syndromic surveillance of gastrointestinal illness using pharmacy over-the-counter sales. A retrospective study of waterborne outbreaks in Saskatchewan and Ontario.

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain if monitoring over-the-counter (OTC) drug sales could provide a timely syndromic surveillance method of detecting outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness. METHOD: This study evaluated the potential of a syndromic surveillance system by comparing retrospective pharmacy OTC sales of anti-nauseants and anti-diarrheals to emergency room visits and case numbers from two Canadian outbreaks related to water contamination by Cryptosporidium, and E.coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter. RESULTS: Local sales trends of weekly aggregate OTC products were comparable to the outbreak epidemic curves. Statistical control tests on the sales data indicated the start of the outbreak periods. CONCLUSIONS: An automated monitoring tool based on spatial and temporal trend analyses of daily OTC sales would provide supplemental community health information for public health officials that is timelier than currently available laboratory-based surveillance systems.

Antidiarrheals↗
PubMed2006

International trends in admissions and drug sales for asthma.

OBJECTIVE: To test whether national patterns of asthma drug use, particularly inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), are related to the rate of acute severe asthma exacerbations. DESIGN: The relation of international trends in hospital admissions for asthma with asthma drug sales was examined using country-specific regressions over the period 1990-1999. Pooled estimates of the regression coefficients were calculated using random effects models. RESULTS: Data on asthma admissions and asthma drug sales (including the sub-category ICS) were obtained from 11 countries. There was a negative relationship between falling admissions and rising sales of respiratory drugs and ICS in 9 of these 11 countries. A pooled estimate of the change in asthma admission rate per 10,000 associated with a unit increase in sales rate was -6.3 (95% CI -10.4 - -2.3) for all asthma drugs and -11.2 (95% CI -19.7 - -2.8) for ICS. CONCLUSION: At the national level, there is good evidence that over the last decade, increased sales of asthma drugs, and ICS in particular, were associated with a decline in rates of hospital admission for asthma. This is consistent with a beneficial effect of increasing use of asthma drugs, but other explanations such as decreasing prevalence could also be responsible.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

An intervention to reduce the sale of cigarettes to minors.

This study reports the results of an intervention to stop the illegal sale of cigarettes to minors. Sixty-two of 120 stores in Erie County, New York, were randomly selected to receive in the mail an informational packet requesting their help in stopping the illegal sale of tobacco to minors. The packet included a letter to the store manager citing the law prohibiting the sale of tobacco products to minors and requesting their assistance in observing the law; a supply of warning signs; and a tip sheet designed to assist store managers in educating their employees about the law. Two weeks after the mailing, stores in the study were visited by study teenagers aged 14 to 16 who attempted to purchase cigarettes. The intervention resulted in an increased number of stores posting warning signs, but had no effect on deterring the sale of cigarettes to minors. Minors purchased cigarettes in 77% of stores that received the special mailing and in 86% of nonintervention stores. Warning signs were visible in 40% of stores that received the special mailing and in none of the nonintervention stores. The findings from this study suggest that a merchant education program to increase awareness of the law and posting of warning signs is not sufficient to discourage the sale of tobacco products to minors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Reducing the illegal sale of cigarettes to minors.

This study reports on an effort to stop the illegal sale of cigarettes to minors. In Santa Clara County, Calif, 412 stores and 30 vending machines were visited by 18 minors aged 14 through 16 years with the intent to purchase cigarettes; they were successful at 74% of the stores and 100% of the vending machines. After an aggressive six-month campaign using communitywide media, direct merchant education, contact with the chief executive officers of chain stores and franchise operations owned by major companies, and grassroots work with community organizations, the percentage of stores with illegal over-the-counter sale of cigarettes to minors was reduced to 39%. Sales from vending machines were not reduced. While much remains to be accomplished in stopping the illegal sale of tobacco to minors, data from this study illustrate that a well-designed community and merchant education campaign can significantly reduce such sales.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Analgesic nephropathy in Belgium is related to the sales of particular analgesic mixtures.

Analgesic nephropathy, a chronic progressive renal disease induced by the abuse of drugs containing analgesics and potentially addictive substances (e.g. caffeine, codeine), continues to be a serious problem in Belgium. A recent investigation (1990) of Belgian dialysis patients, including 54 of the 55 dialysis centres, established that 15.6% of the patients had analgesic nephropathy, showing a small decrease in prevalence compared to the 1979 and 1984 estimates. Considerable changes were observed in the sales figures of analgesic during the period 1983-1991. Phenacetin completely disappeared from the market and single analgesics, particularly paracetamol, gained large market shares. The total sales of single analgesics slowly increased, whereas the sales of analgesic mixtures decreased from 12.5 million to 8 million packages per year. In recent years the composition of most analgesic mixtures has been reduced to a single analgesic component in combination with caffeine and/or codeine. In comparing the geographical distribution of the sales of different analgesic products (1983) with the prevalence of analgesic nephropathy (1990), a strong correlation could be observed with particular analgesic mixtures, whereas this was not the case with single analgesics. This observation suggests that a careful analysis of sales data showing a high volume of analgesic mixtures sold, containing two analgesic substances combined with potentially addictive components, is a pharmacoepidemiological indicator for the presence of analgesic nephropathy in a given population.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The effects of tobacco sales promotion on initiation of smoking--experiences from Finland and Norway.

Norway and Finland were among the first countries to adopt a total ban on tobacco sales promotion. Such legislation came into force in Norway and Finland in 1975 and 1978 respectively. These two countries are sometimes referred to as illustrations that such legislation has been successfully used as a means to reduce tobacco consumption. Tobacco industry spokesmen seem to interpret available evidence in the opposite way and maintain that the prohibition has not contributed to reducing the use of tobacco. Among the publications referred to and misused by tobacco industry spokesmen are publications from the authors of the present report. The effects of a ban on advertising can only be properly examined after describing a reasonable conceptual model. Such a model has to take into account (i) other social and cultural predictors of smoking, (ii) tobacco sales promotion in the contexts of all other mass communication, (iii) control measures other than a ban, and (iv) the degree of success in implementing the ban on advertising. Like any other kind of mass communication tobacco advertising influences the individual in a rather complex way. Behaviour change may be regarded as the outcome of an interpersonal and intrapersonal process. Social science research on tobacco advertising and the effects of banning such advertising has a short history, most studies having been carried out in the late 1980s. After examining available evidence related to the effects of tobacco advertising on the smoking habits of adolescents we conclude as follows: the few scientifically valid reports available today give both theoretical and empirical evidence for a causal relationship. Tobacco sales promotion seems both to promote and to reinforce smoking among young people. The dynamic tobacco market represented by children and adolescents is probably the main target of tobacco sales promotion. In Finland, there have been few studies explicitly addressing the causal links between tobacco sales promotion and the smoking habits of adolescents. In Norway, no such studies have been carried out. If we examine the changes in the use of tobacco over time, the data available do not lend support to the conclusions drawn by the tobacco industry spokesmen. In Norway the prevalence of daily smokers was higher in 1975, when the ban on tobacco advertising came into force than either before or after. The strongest decrease in the prevalence of daily smokers took place during the first five-year period after the ban was introduced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Anthelmintic sales in the highveld region of Eastern Transvaal.

Throughout a survey from 1991 to 1993 in the Highveld region of Eastern Transvaal, levamisole sales dominated in the sheep anthelmintic market. The macrocyclic lactone sales dominated in the cattle anthelmintic market, but were superseded by those of levamisole in 1993. The salicylanilides enjoyed the second highest demand in the sheep anthelmintic market. Anthelmintics were purchased throughout the year, but sales peaked in summer and autumn. When it rained in winter, sales increased during winter and peaked in spring. Eastern Transvaal Co-operative (OTK) sold 2,64 therapeutic doses per sheep during the driest year and 3,54 per sheep during the wettest year in the Highveld region. Only 24-29% of the cattle in the region could be treated with the anthelmintics sold by OTK for cattle. Total sales are estimated at double these figures.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Condom sales at public universities in California: implications for campus AIDS prevention.

Public health officials have called for increased use of condoms to protect Americans from sexually acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To investigate the availability of condoms for sale on college campuses, we asked student union directors and bookstore managers from all 28 public universities in California, with a combined enrollment of half a million students, to complete a detailed questionnaire in August and September 1987. Two thirds of the campuses reported having condoms for sale in either their bookstores or convenience stores; one third said condoms were available in the men's and women's restrooms in their student unions. On most campuses, sales were instituted in the past year in response to the AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) epidemic. However, very few campuses provided AIDS education at the point of sale, and condoms were not easily available outside of store hours. Respondents felt that the most important obstacles to increasing the distribution of condoms on campus included concern about presenting a negative image of the university and the low priority assigned to this issue by the university administration and others on campus. This study suggests that although condom availability has improved in the past year, the opportunity exists at most California public universities to increase the distribution of condoms and improve associated AIDS-related health education efforts.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗