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PubMed2006

Facial and affective reactions to tastes and their modulation by sadness and joy.

This study examined adults' affective and facial reactions to tastes which differ in quality and valence, and the impact of sadness and joy on these reactions. Thirty-six male and female subjects participated voluntarily. Subjects each tasted 6 ml of a sweet chocolate drink, a bitter quinine solution (0.0015 M) and a bitter-sweet soft drink. Following a baseline period, either joy or sadness was induced using film clips before the same taste stimuli were presented for a second time. Subjects rated the drinks' pleasantness and intensity of taste immediately after each stimulus presentation. Facial reactions were videotaped and analysed using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS [P. Ekman, W.V. Friesen, Facial Action Coding System: Manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1978., P. Ekman, W. Friesen, J. Hager, Facial Action Coding System. Salt Lake City, Utah: Research Nexus; 2002.]). The results strongly indicated that the tastes produced specific facial reactions that bear strong similarities to the facial reactivity patterns found in human newborns. The data also suggest that some adults' facial reactions serve additional communicative functions. Emotions modulated taste ratings, but not facial reactions to tastes. In particular, ratings of the sweet stimulus were modulated in congruence with emotion quality, such that joy increased and sadness decreased the pleasantness and sweetness of the sweet stimulus. No emotion-congruent modulation was found for the pleasantness and intensity ratings of the bitter or the bitter-sweet stimulus. This 'robustness' of bitter taste ratings may reflect a biologically meaningful mechanism.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Prophylactic treatment of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) by using light visors: bright white or infrared light?

BACKGROUND: Thirty-eight patients with SAD participated in a light visor study addressing two questions. 1. Can the development of a depressive episode be prevented by daily exposure to bright light started before symptom onset in early fall and continued throughout the winter? 2. Does the light have to be visible in order to have beneficial effects? METHODS: Three groups participated in the study: I (n = 14) received bright white light (2500 lux); II, (n = 15) received infrared light (0.18 lux); III (n = 9, control group) did not receive any light treatment at all. RESULTS: Infrared light is just as effective as bright white light. Both are more effective than the control condition. CONCLUSIONS: Light visors can be effectively used to prevent the development of SAD. The fact that exposure to infrared light was as effective as exposure to bright white light questions the specific role of visible light in the treatment of SAD.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Engagement of lateral and medial prefrontal areas in the ecphory of sad and happy autobiographical memories.

Autobiographic memory is usually affect-laden, either positively or negatively. A central question is whether the retrieval of both emotive forms of memory engages the same or a different neural net. To test this we studied 13 normal subjects with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they retrieved a number of distinct episodes, all of which were either rated as strongly positive (happy) or strongly negative (sad) in affect. Comparing the retrieval of sad with that of happy episodes revealed activation in both lateral orbital cortices symmetrically (extending into the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex as well), together with a small region in the right lateral temporal cortex and the left cerebellum. Vice versa, comparing the retrieval of happy with that of sad episodes revealed a major activation in the left hippocampal region, bilateral (though more right-sided) activation in the medial orbitofrontal/subgenual cingulate and a left sided activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal activation. These findings point to the importance of the orbitofrontal cortex for affect-laden information processing and to the existence of distinct neural nets for the re-activation of positively and negatively viewed autobiographic episodes.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Self-generated happy and sad emotions in low and highly hypnotizable persons during waking and hypnosis: laterality and regional EEG activity differences.

EEG correlates of self-generated happy and sad emotions during counterbalanced conditions of waking and hypnosis were investigated in 16 low ("lows') and 15 highly ("highs') hypnotizable men, as assessed by the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility and the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C. Using log mean spectral magnitude, 11 frequency bands (3.5-42 Hz) were evaluated at frontal (F3, F4), central (C3, C4), and parietal (P3, P4) regions. As anticipated, only parietal hemispheric differences in low alpha activity (7.5-9.45 Hz) differentiated between emotions, whereas mid and high alpha activity (9.5-13.45 Hz) did not. There was significantly less low alpha activity in right parietal (P4) in sad than happy emotions, supportive of prior research showing relatively greater right hemispheric involvement in negative than positive emotions. Yet, overall there was more low alpha activity in the left parietal (P3) region. During sadness only in waking, low beta (13.5-15.45 Hz) activity was greater in the right than left frontal region, greater in the left than right central region, and similar in both hemispheres in the parietal region. As anticipated, in comparison to lows, highs showed significantly greater hemispheric asymmetries (right greater than left) in the parietal region in high theta (5.5-7.45 Hz), high alpha (11.5-13.45 Hz), and beta activity between 16.5 and 25 Hz-all frequency bands that are associated with sustained attentional processing. Results support prior research (for reviews, see Crawford, 1994a; Crawford and Gruzelier, 1992) that highs have greater sustained attentional abilities than do lows, which is reflected in different regional brain dynamics. Future EEG research needs to address narrower EEG frequency bands, as well as consider the moderating effects of hypnotic susceptibility level in observed hemispheric asymmetries.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Restoration of sleep in cats pretreated with tabernanthine p-chlorophenoxyacetate (SAD 103) (author's transl)].

The effects upon sleep returning after an effective dose of Tabernanthine p-chlorophenoxyacetate (SAD 103) are studied on chronically implanted cats. The near-total insomnia lasting for 6-8 h provoked by SAD is characterized by a calm waking period broken by periods of drowsiness. Recuperation follows a characteristic pattern: slow-wave sleep first reappears as phasic slow-wave sleep, the duration of the phases augmenting greatly between the 12th and 18th hour, after which slow-wave sleep reappears. After having been blocked for some 10 h, paradoxical sleep is seen again, remaining, however, as does slow-wave sleep, below normal for the first 30 h. The basic mechanisms behind the stimulating effect of SAD 103 are still unknown; hypotheses derived from recent neurophysiological and neurochemical investigations on sleep are discussed.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed2002

Perception of happy and sad facial expressions in chronic schizophrenia: evidence for two evaluative systems.

BACKGROUND: Persons suffering from schizophrenia have impaired perception of emotional expressions, but it is not clear whether this is part of a generalized deficit in cognitive function. AIM: To test for existence of emotion-specific deficits by studying the effects of valence on recognition of facial emotional expressions. METHODS: 24 male subjects suffering from chronic schizophrenia were examined with two tests of perception of emotion: the Penn Emotion Acuity Test (PEAT 40) and the Emotion Differentiation Task (EMODIFF). Clinical state was assessed with the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), visual memory with the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) and motor function with the finger tapping test. RESULTS: Identification of happy facial expressions showed significant negative correlation with age, cumulated time in hospital and length of current hospitalization; positive correlations were found with visual retention and finger tapping scores. Identification of sad facial expressions showed significant correlation only with cumulated time in hospital while identification of neutral facial expressions showed no significant correlations. Discrimination between degrees of happy but not sad facial expression showed a positive correlation with negative symptoms. CONCLUSION: Perception of happy and sad emotion relates differently to significant illness parameters. This differentiability supports the existence of an emotion-specific deficit in perception of emotions in schizophrenia and of separate channels for processing positive and negative emotions.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Investigation of facial recognition memory and happy and sad facial expression perception: an fMRI study.

We investigated facial recognition memory (for previously unfamiliar faces) and facial expression perception with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Eight healthy, right-handed volunteers participated. For the facial recognition task, subjects made a decision as to the familiarity of each of 50 faces (25 previously viewed; 25 novel). We detected signal increase in the right middle temporal gyrus and left prefrontal cortex during presentation of familiar faces, and in several brain regions, including bilateral posterior cingulate gyri, bilateral insulae and right middle occipital cortex during presentation of unfamiliar faces. Standard facial expressions of emotion were used as stimuli in two further tasks of facial expression perception. In the first task, subjects were presented with alternating happy and neutral faces; in the second task, subjects were presented with alternating sad and neutral faces. During presentation of happy facial expressions, we detected a signal increase predominantly in the left anterior cingulate gyrus, bilateral posterior cingulate gyri, medial frontal cortex and right supramarginal gyrus, brain regions previously implicated in visuospatial and emotion processing tasks. No brain regions showed increased signal intensity during presentation of sad facial expressions. These results provide evidence for a distinction between the neural correlates of facial recognition memory and perception of facial expression but, whilst highlighting the role of limbic structures in perception of happy facial expressions, do not allow the mapping of a distinct neural substrate for perception of sad facial expressions.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A selective impairment in the processing of sad and fearful expressions in children with psychopathic tendencies.

The processing of emotional expressions is fundamental for normal socialisation and interaction. Reduced responsiveness to the expressions of sadness and fear has been implicated in the development of psychopathy (R. J. R. Blair, 1995). The current study investigates the sensitivity of children with psychopathic tendencies to facial expressions. Children with psychopathic tendencies and a comparison group, as defined by the Psychopathy Screening Device (PSD; P. J. Frick & R. D. Hare, in press), were presented with a cinematic display of a standardised set of facial expressions that depicted sadness, happiness, anger, disgust, fear, and surprise. Participants observed as these facial expressions slowly evolved through 20 successive frames of increasing intensity. The children with psychopathic tendencies presented with selective impairments; they needed significantly more stages before they could successfully recognise the sad expressions and even when the fearful expressions were at full intensity were significantly more likely to mistake them for another expression. These results are interpreted with reference to an amygdala and empathy impairment explanation of psychopathy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Beyond simple pessimism: effects of sadness and anger on social perception.

In keeping with cognitive appraisal models of emotion, it was hypothesized that sadness and anger would exert different influences on causal judgments. Two experiments provided initial support for this hypothesis. Sad Ss perceived situationally caused events as more likely (Experiment 1) and situational forces more responsible for an ambiguous event (Experiment 2) than angry Ss, who, in contrast, perceived events caused by humans as more likely and other people as more responsible. Experiments 3, 4, and 5 showed that the experience of these emotions, rather than their cognitive constituents, mediates these effects. The nonemotional exposure to situational or human agency information did not influence causal judgments (Experiment 3), whereas the induction of sadness and anger without explicit agency information did (Experiments 4 and 5). Discussion is focused on the influence of emotion on social judgment.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Mood and heuristics: the influence of happy and sad states on sensitivity and bias in stereotyping.

The influence of mood states on the propensity to use heuristics as expressed in stereotypes was examined using signal detection statistics. Participants experienced happy, neutral, or sad moods and "remembered" whether names connoting race (African American, European American) belonged to social categories (criminal, politician, basketball player). Positive mood increased reliance on heuristics, indexed by higher false identification of members of stereotyped groups. Positive mood lowered sensitivity (d'), even among relative experts, and shifted bias (beta) or criterion to be more lenient for stereotypical names. In contrast, sad mood did not disrupt sensitivity and, in fact, revealed the use of a stricter criterion compared with baseline mood. Results support theories that characterize happy mood as a mental state that predisposes reliance on heuristics and sad mood as dampening such reliance.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The effects of sad mood on memory in older adults: a test of the mood congruence effect.

Mood congruence effects have long been studied in younger adults, but not in older adults. Socioemotional selectivity theory (SST) suggests that mood congruence could operate differently in older adults. One hundred and nineteen younger and 78 older adults were randomly assigned to sad or neutral mood inductions, using combined Velten and music induction procedures. Results indicated that during sad mood induction both older and younger adults showed enhanced recall of sad words on delayed word list recall task and in autobiographical memory. However, only older adults displayed mood congruence effects on lexical ambiguity and lower recall of positive words in the word list task. Results provided partial support for developmental effects on mood congruence derived from SST.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Sadness and amusement reactivity differentially predict concurrent and prospective functioning in major depressive disorder.

Depressed individuals often fail to react to emotionally significant stimuli. The significance of this pattern of emotional dysregulation in depression is poorly understood. In the present study, depressed and nondepressed participants viewed standardized neutral, sad, fear, and amusing films; and experiential, behavioral, and physiological responses to each film were assessed. Compared with nondepressed controls, depressed participants reported sadness and amusement in a flattened, context-insensitive manner. Those depressed participants who reported the least reactivity to the sad film exhibited the greatest concurrent impairment. Prospectively, the depressed participant who exhibited the least behavioral and heart rate reactivity to the amusing film were the least likely to recover from depression. Loss of the context-appropriate modulation of emotion in depression may reflect a core feature of emotion dysregulation in this disorder.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

A pilot study of routine quality control of sampling by the SAD method, applied to packaged and bulk foods.

A recently proposed method of looking at sampling uncertainty has been tested by its application to the sampling and analysis of several types of food and an animal feedstuff. In this 'SAD' method, increments comprising the conventional sample (that is, collected in the fashion prescribed by the standard sampling protocol) are allocated to either of two equal sized 'splits', which are prepared and analysed separately. The absolute difference between the analytical results for the two splits (the split absolute difference, or SAD) is plotted on a one-sided control chart. A non-compliance indicates that the combined uncertainty of sampling or analysis is larger than expected and the result of the measurement (the mean of the two split results) is possibly not fit for purpose. In addition, the SAD results give rise to a rugged estimate the uncertainty associated with the sampling protocol, often a major part of the total measurement uncertainty.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Immunogenicity and efficacy of the oral rabies vaccine SAD B19 in foxes.

Studies on the immunogenicity and efficacy of SAD B19 attenuated rabies virus vaccine in foxes under laboratory conditions were conducted. Twenty-seven foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were offered a vaccine bait containing 10(6.3) FFU/ml SAD B19. Blood samples were collected 60, 110 and 190 days post-vaccination. On day 190 post vaccination the animals and 14 controls were challenged with a canid street rabies virus. Twenty-four of the 26 vaccinated foxes (92.3%) survived the challenge, whereas all the controls died from rabies. The two vaccinated foxes that did not survive the challenge did not show any detectable level of rabies neutralizing antibodies at any time after vaccination. The geometric mean titres (GMT) of foxes that seroconverted after vaccination were 43.5, 33.9 and 43.5 IU/ml 60, 110 and 190 days post-vaccination, respectively. Furthermore, to test the vaccine virus under sub-optimal conditions five naive and nine previously vaccinated vixens received 2 ml SAD B19 (10(6.7) FFU/ml) by direct administration of the vaccine virus into the oral cavity shortly before or during pregnancy. All vixens seroconverted above the threshold of 0.5 IU/ml. No booster effect was observed in the immune response of the previously vaccinated animals.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2003

Pharmacologic denervation of frown muscles enhances baseline expression of happiness and decreases baseline expression of anger, sadness, and fear.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with intense frowning are commonly perceived as expressing negative emotions. Anger, fear, and sadness are associated with corrugator ("frown") muscle activity. OBJECTIVE: We sought to study how faces were perceived by others after denervation of frown muscles with localized botulinum toxin injections for treatment of facial frown lines. METHODS: Facial photographs were taken from volunteers before and after botulinum toxin injection. These photographs were shown to viewers who were naive to the procedure and asked to rate the expressed intensity of anger, sadness, fear, and happiness. As reference for this task we used a standard set of pictures of facial affect displaying different intensity levels for each emotion tested. RESULTS: Of 40 viewers, 39 were able to discriminate different intensity levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of emotional affect in the control task. According to their ratings faces with denervated frown muscle activity expressed relatively less anger (-40%), fear (-49%), sadness (-10%), and more happiness (+71%). CONCLUSION: Frown muscle activity is essential for both negative and positive emotional expressions. Temporary denervation using botulinum toxin enhances the facial expression of positive emotion resulting in a shift rather than a loss of facial affect.

Anti-Dyskinesia Agents↗
PubMed2007

Rumination on anger and sadness in adolescence: fueling of fury and deepening of despair.

We examined anger rumination and sadness rumination in clinic-referred adolescents (N = 121). Factor analysis indicated that items from analogous anger and sadness rumination measures loaded onto 2 factors tapping anger rumination and sadness rumination, respectively. Structural equation modeling confirmed unique relations between each form of rumination and specific emotional or behavioral problems. Anger and anger rumination were independent predictors of aggression, suggesting that both the affective component of anger (i.e., angry feelings) and the cognitive process (i.e., recurrent thoughts about anger) are important in predicting aggressive behavior. Girls reported higher levels of both forms of rumination compared to boys; however, no sex differences were found in the relations between either form of rumination and outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Frequency of manic symptoms and bipolar disorder in psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents using the K-SADS Mania Rating Scale.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of manic symptoms and bipolar spectrum disorders in an adolescent inpatient psychiatric sample using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) Mania Rating Scale (MRS), parent and adolescent measures. METHOD: A total of 391 consecutive admissions to a psychiatric inpatient unit were assessed using the K-SADS MRS, the Childhood Inventory of Psychiatric Syndromes (CHIPS), and other clinically relevant measures. RESULTS: The frequency of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) manic symptoms in this population was generally high. However, only 19.6% received a consensus diagnosis of juvenile bipolar disorder. The K-SADS MRS discriminated bipolar from non-bipolar patients when parents rated symptoms but not when rated by adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: This study of non-selected adolescents over a one-year period demonstrates that bipolar spectrum disorders in an inpatient population are common, and that the use of the KSADS MRS is effective in identifying this syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Separate neural circuits for primary emotions? Brain activity during self-induced sadness and happiness in professional actors.

The question of whether distinct or similar neural substrates underlie primary emotions has not been resolved yet. To address this issue, we used fMRI to scan professional actors during self-induced states of sadness and happiness. Results demonstrated that, relative to an emotionally Neutral state, both the Sad and the Happy states were associated with significant loci of activation, bilaterally, in the orbitofrontal cortex, and in the left medial prefrontal cortex, left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, left anterior temporal pole, and right pons. These loci of activation were localized distinctly within these regions, that is, in different sub-regions. These results suggest that sadness and happiness may be associated with similar brain regions but distinct sub-regions and neural circuits.

Adult↗