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PubMed2005

Comparison of three in-office bleaching systems based on 35% hydrogen peroxide with different light activators.

PURPOSE: To compare in vitro the bleaching effects obtained with and without the use of the various lights on power bleaching systems. METHODS: 19 groups of five tooth specimens were prepared and allocated randomly to treatments. Only specimens with shade C4 were accepted for the study. Three commercial bleaching products all based on 35% hydrogen peroxide were used with and without four different light sources. Shade assessments were made using a Shade Guide (SG), Shade Vision System (SVS) and chromometer. RESULTS: For SG, all but the light only treatment resulted in measurable improvement in shade ranging from 4.6 to 14.6 shade guide units. Similar findings were apparent with SVS and chromometer. No change was seen in the light only treatments by SVS or SG with very small changes by chromometer. In mean terms with all three gels, least change was noted when there was no light used. For SG, SVS and chromometer data analysis over all treatment groups, excluding light only treatments, revealed highly significant differences. Within bleach product treatment differences were only significant with one gel both with and without light activation. Differences between gels with the same light and no light revealed some significant differences in SG and chromometer data but not SVS. In mean terms the order of efficacy of gels with each light and no light was the same for the majority of data sets.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2005

Survey of methodologies for developing media screening values for ecological risk assessment.

This review evaluates the methodologies of 13 screening value (SV) compilations that have been commonly used in ecological risk assessment (ERA), including compilations from state and U.S. federal agencies, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Canada, The Netherlands, and Australia. The majority of surfacewater SVs were primarily derived for the protection of aquatic organisms using 2 approaches: (1) a statistical assessment of toxicity values by species groupings, such as "ambient water quality criteria," or (2) extrapolation of a lowest observed adverse effect level determined from limited toxicity data using an uncertainty factor. Sediment SVs were primarily derived for the protection of benthic invertebrates using 2 approaches: (1) statistical interpretations of databases on the incidence of biological effects and chemical concentrations in sediment, or (2) values derived from equilibrium partitioning based on a surfacewater SV. Soil SVs were derived using a diversity of approaches and were usually based on the lowest value determined from soil toxicity to terrestrial plants or invertebrates and, less frequently, from modeled, incidental soil ingestion or chemical accumulation in terrestrial organisms. The various SV compilations and methodologies had varying levels of conservatism and were not consistent in the pathways and receptors considered in the SV derivation. Many SVs were derived from other compilations and were based on outdated values, or they relied on only older toxicity data. Risk assessors involved in ERA should carefully evaluate the technical basis of SVs and consider the uncertainty in any value used to determine the presence or absence of risk and the need for further assessment.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Methylation of the rat seminal vesicle secretory protein IV gene. Extensive demethylation occurs in several male sex accessory glands.

Seminal vesicle secretory protein IV (SVS IV) is perhaps the most abundant protein made by the epithelial cells of the rat seminal vesicle. In this report, we have asked whether the methylation of its gene correlates with its tissue-specific pattern of expression. Using methylation-sensitive restriction endonucleases HpaII and AvaI, we could examine seven potential methylation sites in or near the gene. All seven sites were largely unmethylated in the seminal vesicle, while in most nonexpressing organs, all sites were heavily modified. The correlation of demethylation with expression was broken by finding that both ventral prostate and coagulating gland (anterior prostate) DNA showed the same demethylation pattern seen for the seminal vesicle. SVS IV protein has not been reported in either of these two organs, and we could not detect mature SVS IV message in prostate RNA or SVS IV transcription by in vitro incubation of prostate nuclei. We conclude that demethylation of the SVS IV gene accompanies the differentiation of several androgen-dependent sex accessory glands but confirm that demethylation per se is not a sufficient signal to bring about gene transcription.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

[Collapsed ventricle syndrome (slit-ventricle). Apropos of 8 cases].

Slit-ventricle syndrome (SVS) may appear in shunted hydrocephalic children as a complication by chronic overdrainage. SVS is defined by clinical features (headache, nausea and/or vomiting, disturbance of consciousness), slow valve refilling and slit or slit-like ventricles at computerized tomography. Authors report eight cases of SVS and review physiopathological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of this syndrome. It is concluded that SVS at present time may be considered an iatrogenic complication and the placement of high-pressure valves as a prophylactic measure can be a useful system to avoid SVS. It seems necessary to make more studies in order to evaluate efficacy of antisiphon devices.

Brain Diseases↗

PubMed1980

Optimal preparation techniques for human saphenous vein grafts.

Endothelial damage during preparation of saphenous vein grafts is an important cause of early and late graft failure. To determine optimal preparation techniques for human saphenous veins (SVs), we made a scanning electron microscopic comparison of the effects of handling techniques, immersion media, and distention pressures on human SV morphology. Segments of SVs from 30 patients were divided into seven groups of five veins each. The effects of both blood and saline solution immersion at 4 degrees and 28 degrees C, 100 and 300 mm Hg distention pressures, and trauma from surgical instrumentation were examined. All groups of veins were fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde at 100 mm Hg to simulate arterial pressure and were examined with a scanning electron microscope. SVs immersed in warm saline solution showed massive endothelial cell loss, whereas SVs immersed in warm blood showed only moderate endothelial damage. Cold blood and saline immersion fully preserved endothelium; however, cold saline immersion produced mural edema. Distention to 300 mm Hg with saline solution produced severe endothelial damage and edema, an effect lessened by blood distention. Vascular clamping destroyed endothelium and fractured the intima and media. Marked luminal stenoses were caused by four of seven side branch ties that appeared normal externally. We conclude that human SVs are preserved best by a "no touch" harvesting technique in which manipulation is minimized, side branch ties are placed away from the SV wall, veins are immersed in cold blood, and distention above 100 mm Hg is avoided.

Blood↗

PubMed2001

Improving diagnostic yield in brain biopsy: coupling spectroscopic targeting with real-time needle placement.

The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of intraoperative magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for targeting during brain biopsy using a skull-mounted trajectory guide. From January 1999 to January 2001, 17 patients had intraoperative MRS-guided brain biopsy using a trajectory guide. Ten had turbo spectroscopic imaging (TSI), and seven had both SVS (single-voxel spectroscopy) and TSI. Prospective stereotaxy was used to align the device in a short-bore 1.5-T MR scanner. Areas of elevated choline relative to creatine on SVS and TSI were targeted during the biopsy. Intraoperative imaging confirmed appropriate positioning of the biopsy needle at the time of tissue sampling in all cases. All 17 biopsies (100%) yielded diagnostic tissue. Six patients (34%) had glioblastomas multiforme, three (18%) had anaplastic astrocytomas, three (18%) had anaplastic oligodendrogliomas, two (12%) had radiation necrosis, and one each (6%) had germinoma, ganglioglioma, and astrocytoma. Postoperative imaging confirmed the absence of clinically and radiographically relevant hemorrhage. The findings on SVS correlated with the pathology in all seven cases (100%). In 13 of 17 patients (76%) who had TSI, the spectra correlated well with the permanent pathologic examination. The SVS and TSI spectra were similar in six of seven (86%) cases. Intraoperative MRS-guided brain biopsy using a trajectory guide is a simple, safe, and accurate technique for accessing areas of the brain of diagnostic interest. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:12-15.

Biopsy, Needle↗

PubMed2006

Quantitative short echo-time 1H LASER-CSI in human brain at 4 T.

A novel short echo-time (1)H chemical shift imaging (CSI) pulse sequence is presented that incorporates localization by adiabatic selective refocusing (LASER) for FOV-reduction, k-space weighted averaging and macromolecule subtraction, to obtain quantitative concentration measurements of N-acetyl-aspartate, glutamate, glucose, myo-inositol, creatine and choline using a nominal voxel size of 0.56 cm(3). A comparison of spectral quality and metabolite concentration measurements was made between LASER-CSI and LASER-single voxel spectroscopy (SVS) in a region of homogeneous parietal white matter (N = 8). No significant differences were found in linewidths, signal-to-noise ratios or the effectiveness of the macromolecule subtraction between SVS and CSI. Water suppression was 45% more effective in SVS than in CSI (p < 0.05). A linear regression of all paired metabolite measurements resulted in a slope = 1.01 +/- 0.03 (r(2) = 0.73). LASER-CSI concentration measurements of N-acetyl-aspartate, glutamate, glucose, myo-inositol, creatine and choline were in agreement (within standard deviations) with LASER-SVS measurements. LASER-CSI is, therefore, a viable and attractive option for future (1)H CSI investigations.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Dissecting genetic architecture and improving machine learning‑based genomic prediction of flowering time in Osmanthus fragrans by integrating structural variants.

Sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans), a traditional ornamental plant in China, exhibits substantial variation in autumn flowering time, which significantly affects landscape application and cultivation efficiency. Here, we performed a genome-wide association study on 127 resequenced accessions classified into early, intermediate, and late flowering types, using a set of 2,325,410 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 246,824 structural variants (SVs). By integrating SNP/insertion and deletion (Indel) and SV data with weighted gene co-expression network analysis, machine learning, and genomic prediction, we dissected the genetic architecture of flowering time. We identified 24 associated SNP/Indels and six SVs, mapping to 30 candidate genes, including known flowering regulators FLK, LOS1, Y14, MIF2, and GID1B. These genes showed tissue-specific expression, with some responding to low temperature. The two hub genes, GUX1 and LYG027904, were located within modules of the co-expression network associated with low-temperature treatment. Haplotype analysis revealed a specific three-SNP haplotype associated with late flowering and linked to LOS1, and epistatic interactions among combined genotypes contributed to phenotypic variation. Notably, integrating SVs with SNP/Indels improved genomic prediction accuracy; the gradient boosting decision tree model outperformed other machine learning algorithms, achieving a mean accuracy of 0.859 and an AUC > 0.8 (where AUC is area under receiver operating characteristic curve) for all flowering types. These findings provide insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying flowering time variation in O. fragrans, offer candidate genes and haplotypes for molecular breeding, and highlight the value of integrating SVs with machine learning for genomic prediction in woody ornamentals.

Machine Learning↗

PubMed1997

Novel smooth muscle cell lines from transgenic mice harboring temperature-sensitive SV40 large T-antigen gene. Temperature-dependent expression of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain-1 and calponin genes.

We have established novel vascular smooth muscle cell lines (SVS30 and SVS24 cells) which retain the expression of specific markers for smooth muscle cells, such as alpha-actin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain-1, and calponin, from transgenic mice harboring the temperature-sensitive SV40 large T-antigen gene. SVS cell lines showed temperature-dependent growth and the expression of SV40 large T-antigen. Interestingly, protein and mRNA levels of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain-1 and calponin seen in culture at the non-permissive temperature (39 degrees C) were higher than those at the permissive temperature (33 degrees C). These results suggest that SV40 large T-antigen affects the expression of smooth muscle-specific markers in SVS cell lines, and that some of the characters in SVS cell lines can be controlled by culture temperature. SVS cell lines should be quite valuable tools with which to study the regulation of phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells, and to identify smooth muscle specific transcription factors which involve the expression of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain-1 and calponin genes.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Comparison of 35S- and digoxigenin-labeled RNA and oligonucleotide probes for in situ hybridization. Expression of mRNA of the seminal vesicle secretion protein II and androgen receptor genes in the rat prostate.

The sensitivity of radiolabeled and digoxigenin-labeled RNA probes and synthetic oligonucleotide probes for the detection of seminal vesicle secretion protein II (SVS II) and androgen receptor (AR) mRNA was compared by in situ hybridization in paraformaldehyde-fixed cryostat sections of the rat prostate. Both genes are expressed in different amounts in the various prostatic lobes and contiguous glands. SVS II or AR RNA probes were either labeled with digoxigenin-11-UTP or [35S]UTP by in vitro transcription. A synthetic SVS II oligonucleotide probe was 3' end-labeled (tailed) with either digoxigenin-11-dUTP or [35S]dATP. Hybridized 35S-labeled probes were detected by autoradiography and digoxigenin-labeled probes by immunohistochemistry using alkaline phosphatase conjugated anti-digoxigenin antibody or gold-labeled antibody followed by protein A-gold and silver enhancement. Digoxigenin-labeled probes provided the same degree of sensitivity as their 35S-labeled counterparts for the detection by in situ hybridization of weakly and strongly expressed mRNA. Using both labeling methods, the SVS II RNA probes were more sensitive than the oligonucleotide probes and background labelling of the 35S-labeled oligonucleotide probe was high. The digoxigenin method produced less background with all probe types, hybridization signals showed higher resolution and results were obtained faster than with radiolabeled probes. The immunogold silver enhancement system provided the fastest detection of digoxigenin-labeled probes with a sensitivity and resolution similar to that provided by alkaline phosphatase anti-digoxigenin immunohistochemistry. It is concluded that digoxigenin probe labeling and detection provides a sensitive, reliable, and efficient alternative to radiolabeled probes for in situ hybridization of mRNA.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Fascial relations and structure of the tributaries of the saphenous veins.

The objective was to define planar anatomy, fascial relationships and structure of the tributary vessels (TVs) of the saphenous veins (SVs). The gross anatomy of the TVs was evaluated by dissection in cadaver limbs and by sonography and computerized tomography in healthy volunteers. Correlated light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate and compare the wall structure in 45 specimens of SVs and 122 specimens of TVs. The TVs showed a subdermal path and were surrounded by an amorphous fatty tissue. Only the "Giacomini's vein" and the cranial segment of the "anterior accessory saphenous vein" ran deeply in the hypodermis, ensheathed by the muscular fascia and the membranous layer of the hypodermis. The wall of the TVs was weaker than that of the SVs due to the absence of intimal hyperplasia, to lesser muscularization and to scarce connective tissue proliferation. The absence of any fascial ensheathing and the parietal weakness are suggestive of a lower resistance of the TVs wall to increased endovascular pressure. This would explain why varicose changes occurring in the TVs are usually greater than those occurring in the affected SVs.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography for quantification of the difference in left ventricular versus right ventricular stroke volume in a chronic animal model study: Improved results using C-scans for quantifying aortic regurgitation.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to test the applicability of calculating the difference between left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) stroke volume (SV) for assessing the severity of aortic (Ao) regurgitation (AR) using a real-time 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiographic (RT3DE) imaging system. METHODS: The Ao valve was incised in 5 juvenile sheep, 6 to 10 weeks before the study, to produce AR (mean regurgitant fraction = 0.50). Simultaneous hemodynamic and RT3DE images were obtained on open-chest animals with Ao and pulmonary flows derived by Ao and pulmonary electromagnetic flowmeters balanced against each other. Four stages (baseline, volume loading, sodium nitroprusside, and angiotensin infusion) were used to produce a total of 16 different hemodynamic states. Epicardial scanning was done with a 2.5-MHz probe to sequentially record first the RV and then the LV cavities. Cavity volumes from the 3D echocardiography data were determined from angled sector planes (B-scans) and parallel cutting planes (C-scans, which are planes perpendicular to the direction of the volume interrogation). AR volumes were determined from 3D images by computing and then subtracting RV SVs from LV SVs and then these were compared with electromagnetic flowmeter-derived SV and regurgitant volumes. RESULTS: There was close correlation between RV and LV SVs of the RT3DE and electromagnetic methods (C-scans: LV, r = 0.98, standard error of the estimate [SEE] = 2.62 mL, P =.0001; RV, r = 0.89, SEE = 2.67 mL, P <.0001; and B-scans: LV, r = 0.95, SEE = 3.55 mL, P =.0001; RV, r = 0.77, SEE = 2.78 mL, P =.0003). Because of the small size of the RV in this model, the correlation was closer for C-scans than B-scans for RV SV. AR volume estimation also showed that C-scan (r = 0.93, SEE = 4.23 mL, P <.0001) had closer correlation than B-scan (r = 0.89, SEE = 4.87 mL, P <.0001). However, B-scan-derived AR fraction showed closer correlation than did C-scan (r = 0.82 vs r = 0.85, respectively). CONCLUSION: In this animal model, RT3DE imaging had the ability to reliably quantify both LV (B- and C-scans) and RV SVs and to assess the severity of AR.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Charting host structural variations in cervical cancer by long-read sequencing pinpoints a functional deletion in PIAS1.

Host structural variations (SVs) are critical in cancer development but their landscape and interaction with HPV integration in cervical carcinogenesis remain unclear. In this study, we performed Nanopore long-read sequencing on five HPV-positive cervical cancer tissues and two cell lines to profile host SVs. We identified thousands of SVs and statistically demonstrated their significant enrichment in genomic windows ±25 to ±50 kb from HPV integration sites. Cross-sample analysis revealed 60 shared SVs, including a recurrent deletion within the PIAS1 gene. Multi-omics integration (Hi-C, H3K27ac ChIP-seq, and TCGA data) showed that this deletion is associated with reduced PIAS1 expression, disruption of local topologically associating domains, advanced pathological tumor stage, and poorer overall survival. Functional assays confirmed that PIAS1 deficiency inhibits cervical cancer cell proliferation and migration. Our findings identify a PIAS1 deletion as a candidate driver event, and underscore the pivotal role of host genomic instability in HPV-associated oncogenesis.

Cervical cancer↗

PubMed2003

Analysis and optimization of structure-based virtual screening protocols. 2. Examination of docked ligand orientation sampling methodology: mapping a pharmacophore for success.

An important element of any structure-based virtual screening (SVS) technique is the method used to orient the ligands in the target active site. This has been a somewhat overlooked issue in recent SVS validation studies, with the assumption being made that the performance of an algorithm for a given set of orientation sampling settings will be representative for the general behavior of said technique. Here, we analyze five different SVS targets using a variety of sampling paradigms within the DOCK, GOLD and PROMETHEUS programs over a data set of approximately 10,000 noise compounds, combined with data sets containing multiple active compounds. These sets have been broken down by chemotype, with chemotype hit rate used to provide a measure of enrichment with a potentially improved relevance to real world SVS experiments. The variability in enrichment results produced by different sampling paradigms is illustrated, as is the utility of using pharmacophores to constrain sampling to regions that reflect known structural biology. The difference in results when comparing chemotype with compound hit rates is also highlighted.

Binding Sites↗

PubMed2003

The expression of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and its receptor splice variants in human breast cancer lines; the evaluation of signaling mechanisms in the stimulation of cell proliferation.

Antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) inhibit growth of various human cancers including breast cancer, xenografted into nude mice or cultured in vitro. Splice variants (SVs) of receptors for GHRH have been found in several human cancers and cancer cell lines. The antiproliferative actions of GHRH antagonists could be mediated in part through these SVs of GHRH receptors. In this study we examined the expression of mRNA for GHRH and SVs of its receptors in human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, MCF-7MIII, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-435, MDA-MB-468, and T47D. mRNA for GHRH was present in all lines tested. mRNA for SV1 isoform of GHRH receptors was found in MCF-7MIII, MDA-MB-468, and T47D; and for SV2 isoform in MCF-7MIII and T47D cell lines. In proliferation studies in vitro, the growth of T47D cells was stimulated by GHRH and dose-dependently inhibited by GHRH antagonist JV-1-38. H89 (protein kinase A inhibitor), bisindolylmaleimide I (protein kinase C [PKC] inhibitor) and verapamil (voltage-dependent calcium channel blocker) inhibited the GHRH-stimulated proliferation of T47D cells. The GHRH antagonist JV-1-38 suppressed the T47D cell growth in vitro stimulated by PKC activator (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate). The stimulation of T47D cells by GHRH was followed by an increase in cAMP production and GHRH antagonist JV-1-38 competitively inhibited this effect. Our results suggest that SVs of GHRH receptors could mediate the responses to GHRH and GHRH antagonists in breast cancer through Ca2+-, cAMP- and PKC-dependent mechanisms. The presence of SV1 of GHRH receptors in human cancers provides a rationale for antitumor therapy based on the blockade of this receptor by specific GHRH antagonists.

Alternative Splicing↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Genetic and molecular analysis of synaptic vesicle recycling in Drosophila.

Following exocytosis, one of the major presynaptic events is replenishing synaptic vesicles (SVs) to ensure the possibility of continuous synaptic transmission. The nerve terminal is thought to recycle SVs through clathrin-mediated endocytosis and by a clathrin-independent pathway called "kiss and run". This review highlights the use of the genetic model organism, the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), in dissecting the molecular mechanisms of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in recycling SVs at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Analyses of endocytotic mutants in Drosophila indicate that clathrin-mediated endocytosis may be essential for SV recycling, including a putative fast recycling mechanism uncovered recently. Further, a rather complex picture begins to emerge suggesting that clathrin-mediated endocytosis involves several sequential steps mediated by a large number of proteins. Finally, these studies also reveal that SV proteins may be selectively retrieved into nascent SVs by clathrin accessory proteins and defects in protein retrieval have significant impacts on synaptic transmission. Following the completion of the Drosophila Genome Project and the development of gene targeting and RNAi approaches, genetic studies in Drosophila have become increasingly efficient. Hence, Drosophila is expected to continue to serve as an important model organism for studies of SV recycling.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fascia iliaca compartment block for femoral bone fractures in prehospital care.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The fascia iliaca compartment block provides a faster and more consistent simultaneous blockade of the lateral cutaneous and femoral nerves than the "3 in 1" block. We studied the effectiveness of this technique for analgesia after a femoral bone fracture in pre-hospital care. METHODS: Patients with an isolated femoral shaft fracture were included. A fascia iliaca compartment block was performed on all of them. Twenty milliliters of lidocaine 1.5 % with epinephrine were injected under the fascia iliaca. The intensity of pain was measured using a simplified verbal scale (SVS) from 0 (no pain) to 4 (extreme pain). The SVS was noted before the block was performed, 10 minutes later, and then on admission to the trauma care center. Sensory blockade was evaluated using cold perception in the lateral, medial, and internal part of the thigh 10 minutes after block performance and on arrival at the trauma care center. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients were enrolled in this study. The SVS was 3 (3-4) before the block, 1 (0-2) 10 minutes after the block, and 0 (0-1) when arriving at the trauma care center (P <.05). The SVS was lower when the internal part of the thigh was blocked. CONCLUSION: The fascia iliaca compartment block is a simple, inexpensive, and effective method of prehospital analgesia for femoral shaft fracture. A sensory block of the internal part of the thigh is an early predictive sign of optimal pain relief.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

[1H-MR Spectroscopy of brain tumors in the course of radiation therapy: Use of fast spectroscopic imaging and single-voxel spectroscopy for diagnosing recurrence].

PURPOSE: To improve differential diagnosis of residual or recurrent tumor vs. tissue necrosis in the course of radiation therapy of neurosurgically-treated brain tumors by application of fast (1)H-MR spectroscopic imaging in combination with single-voxel spectroscopy (SVS). METHODS: 54 patients after with malignant brain tumor (44 cases of glioblastoma, 10 other high-grade gliomas) were examined post-surgically in a total of 140 proton MRS examinations in the course of radiotherapy and in follow-up controls. Fast SI acquisition was performed as single-slice or double-slice TSI sequence with 32 x 32 phase encodings within 11 or 15 minutes, respectively. SVS with TR/TE 2000/272 ms yielded relative metabolite ratios, and in 15 patients the time courses of the absolute concentrations of brain metabolites were also determined. RESULTS: In the group of 44 patients that could be tracked by MRS until therapy completion, TSI localized in 23 patients a persistent or newly arisen distinct choline accumulation indicating residual or recurrent tumor after radiation therapy. In all these cases MRS diagnosis was confirmed histologically or by short-term follow-up. However, in 6 of 15 patients showing a normal choline pattern in the TSI acquisition, tumor recurrence appeared within three months. SVS provided early recognition of recurrent tumor when detecting characteristic alterations of metabolite concentrations oin therapy follow-up. CONCLUSION: TSI and SVS represent complementary MRS techniques and are able to diagnose tumor recurrence early and unambiguously in cases where focal choline accumulation is detected.

Adult↗