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PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in field samples using a species-specific DNA probe.

Species-specific DNA probes for Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) were compared with serologic and isolation procedures as a routine diagnostic tool on field specimens acquired from chicken flocks experiencing egg-production losses and suspected of MG infection. The MG DNA probe clearly identified MG directly from tracheal specimens within 2 days, unlike the 7 to 10 days required for culture procedures. Cross-reaction of MG with M. synoviae continues to be a stumbling block in the serum plate agglutination test.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2006

Unique sequence and expression profiles of rat galectins-5 and -9 as a result of species-specific gene divergence.

Presence of species-specific gene divergence in a protein family prompts to thoroughly study structural aspects and expression profiles of the products. We herein focus on two members of an adhesion/growth-regulatory group of endogenous lectins, i.e. galectins-5 and -9. After first ascertaining species specificity of occurrence of galectin-5, constituted by a short section of rat galectin-9's N-terminal part and its C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain, by database mining, we next detected and defined sequence differences in the proximal promoter region between the two genes. The ensuing hypothesis for distinct expression profiles was tested first by RT-PCR and then by immunohistochemistry. For the latter purpose, we employed antibodies rigorously controlled for absence of cross-reactivity including assays with various other galectins and, if necessary, refined by chromatographic removal of bi- or oligospecific activities. Indeed, the galectins have non-identical expression profiles, qualitative differences, e.g. seen for galectin-5-positive bone marrow and erythrocytes or for hitherto unknown expression in cells of the theca folliculi and galectin-9-positive skin epidermis and esophageal epithelium. Lack of hepatocyte or renal cortex staining separates these two expression profiles in rat from localization of galectin-9 in mouse. Interspecies extrapolation in a case of a galectin involved in unique gene divergence may thus not be valid. The presented results on galectin-5 relative to galectin-9 intimate distinct functions especially in erythropoiesis and imply currently unknown mechanisms to compensate its absence from the galectin network in other mammals.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1984

Species specificity of tissue thromboplastin.

The species specificity of thromboplastin (tissue factor) is an important fact to take into consideration when clotting assays or experiments are planned. We have (re)investigated all possible combinations of thromboplastin and plasma from several of the most commonly used species of experimental animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Human-specific sequences: isolation of species-specific DNA regions by genome subtraction.

Uniqueness is fundamental to the individuality of species, and this in turn is based on the uniqueness of their genomes. For the purpose of resolving the genetic basis of human uniqueness, we describe here the isolation of human-specific sequences using the technique of genome subtraction, i.e., competitive reassociation of genomic DNAs between two very closely related species. One such sequence, HS5, was found to be present only in the human genome and absent in the genomes of non-human primates including chimpanzees, the species most closely related to humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Development of a species-specific ELISA for Brazilian pit-viper venoms.

Antigenic cross-reactivity between venoms of the genus Bothrops has been shown to be an extensive problem. However, some venom components are species-specific. In this study we have produced species-specific antivenoms against some members of the genus Bothrops. Monospecific rabbit antivenoms (IgG) were absorbed on venom affinity adsorbents. The species-specificity was tested by ELISA assays and immunoblots. The results of both assays showed complete species-specificity in some cases and highly increased species-specificity in others. These reagents can be used to determine the envenomating species in snake bite patients as an aid to improved serotherapy.

Antivenins↗
PubMed1992

Genus- and species-specific identification of mycoplasmas by 16S rRNA amplification.

Systematic computer alignment of mycoplasmal 16S rRNA sequences allowed the identification of variable regions with both genus- and species-specific sequences. Species-specific sequences of Mycoplasma collis were elucidated by asymmetric amplification and dideoxynucleotide sequencing of variable regions, using primers complementary to conserved regions of 16S rRNA. Primers selected for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, M. hominis, M. fermentans, Ureaplasma urealyticum, M. pulmonis, M. arthritidis, M. neurolyticum, M. muris, and M. collis proved to be species specific in the polymerase chain reaction. The genus-specific primers reacted with all mycoplasmal species investigated as well as with members of the genera Ureaplasma, Spiroplasma, and Acholeplasma. No cross-reaction was observed with members of the closely related genera Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Bacillus, and Clostridium or with any other microorganism tested. On the basis of the high copy number of rRNA, a highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction assay was developed in which the nucleic acid content equivalent to a single organism could be detected.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1983

Monoclonal antibodies specific for Leishmania tropica. I. Characterization of antigens associated with stage- and species-specific determinants.

Four monoclonal antibodies (T-1 through T-4), which were produced to membrane-enriched preparations of Leishmania tropica major promastigotes, reacted specifically with the members of L. tropica complex. The antibodies T-1 and T-4 react exclusively with L. t. major and L. t. minor. The remaining two monoclonal antibodies bind, in addition, to L. t. aethiopica and weakly to L. mexicana amazonensis. No significant cross-reactivity was observed with L. donovani, L. braziliensis braziliensis, and Trypanosoma cruzi. Antibodies T-1, T-2, and T-4 were found to be specific for the promastigote stage (insect) of L. tropica. Antibody T-3 reacts with both the amastigote and promastigote stages of the parasite. All of the monoclonal antibodies react with cell surface components on intact promastigotes. The protein antigens containing the species-specific determinants recognized by each of the four antibodies were identified by radioimmunoprecipitation of solubilized 125I-labeled L. t. major promastigotes. A single 50 kilodalton protein is recognized by clone T-4. T-1 recognized two high m.w. proteins (100 and 200 kilodaltons). These two antigens plus an additional protein of lower m.w. (70 kilodaltons) are also immunoprecipitated by the antibodies T-2 and T-3, demonstrating that species-specific determinants are present on several different cell surface proteins of L. t. major.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The determination of the species specificity of Leishmania antibodies in different groups of human sera].

Species-specificity of two serological tests has been compared: Indirect immunofluorescence test and C-ELISA using antigens prepared of 7 Leishmania species of various groups of human sera, including sera from healthy donors; sera of patients with various tropical parasitoses; sera containing rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibodies; sera of patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL); sera of normal subjects arrived from regions endemic for VL; sera of students arrived in Czechoslovakia from various tropical countries endemic for leishmaniasis. It has been shown that C-ELISA (and EIA with corpuscular antigen), being highly sensitive techniques, are very promising for the identification of species-specific Leishmania antibodies. C-ELISA titres beginning from 1:800 and above may be considered as species-specific. With the titre 1:400, cross-reactions with antigens of various Leishmania species are observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Isolation and characterization of a species-specific DNA probe for Candida albicans.

As a model for the isolation of species-specific sequences of DNA, we isolated and characterized a species-specific DNA fragment from the Candida albicans genome. We used a series of differential colony hybridization experiments, in which a C. albicans genomic library was hybridized with genomic DNA probes from related organisms to minimize the number of potentially specific C. albicans DNA fragments to be tested. Six clones were tested by dot blot analysis, and one of them, a 1348 bp EcoRI DNA fragment, was confirmed as specific for C. albicans. This species-specific fragment could be utilized as a DNA probe for rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnosis of C. albicans DNA in clinical specimens.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Selection and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against a major allergen in Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Species-specific and common epitopes in three dermatophagoides species.

Hybridomas were produced after immunization with Der p I (Ag 42, P1). Specific anti-Der p I activity was detected in a reverse ELISA using immobilized anti-mouse Ig and highly purified Der p I labelled with horseradish peroxidase. Stable subclones from 6 parental hybridomas were obtained. The species specificities of the monoclonal antibodies (MABs) were classified: by an overlayer technique analogous to the CRIE technique, and by two competitive ELISA techniques. One MAB recognized an epitope specific for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. This MAB was successfully employed as a coating reagent in a species-specific ELISA for Der p I in house dust. The remaining antibodies reacted with epitopes shared to varying degrees by either of two other Dermatophagoides species. MABs recognizing epitopes common to all 3 species were not observed. Mutual cross-inhibition studies revealed four topographically distinct antibody binding sites on Der p I.

Allergens↗
PubMed2005

Species-specific oligonucleotide probes for the detection and identification of Lactobacillus isolated from mouse faeces.

AIMS: To develop species-specific monitoring techniques for rapid detection and identification of Lactobacillus isolated from mouse faeces. METHODS AND RESULTS: The specificity of oligonucleotide probes was evaluated by dot blot hybridization to 16S rDNA and 23S rDNA amplified by PCR from 12 Lactobacillus type strains and 100 strains of Lactobacillus isolated from mouse faeces. Oligonucleotide probes specific for each Lactobacillus species hybridized only with targeted rDNA. The Lactobacillus strains isolated from mouse faeces were identified mainly as Lactobacillus intestinalis, L. johnsonii, L. murinus and L. reuteri using species-specific probes. 16S rDNA of eight unidentified isolates were sequenced and two new probes were designed. Four of eight strains of unhybridized Lactobacillus were identified as L. johnsonii/gasseri group, and the remaining four strains as L. vaginalis. CONCLUSIONS: The species-specific probe set of L. intestinalis, L. johnsonii, L. murinus, L. reuteri and L. vaginalis in this study was efficient for rapid identification of Lactobacillus isolated from mouse faeces. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The oligonucleotide probe set for Lactobacillus species harboured in the mouse intestine, can be used for rapid identification of lactobacilli and monitoring of the faecal Lactobacillus community.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of prenatal species-specific and music stimulation on the postnatal auditory preference of domestic chick.

Perinatal sensory experience plays an important role in the development of perceptual preferences. In the present study prenatal enrichment with sound stimulus was given to see its effect on the development of postnatal auditory preference. Auditory stimulation with either species-specific (chicken maternal and hatching calls) or music (slow and fast sitar music) sounds was provided to two separate sets of fertilized eggs from the day 10 of incubation. The postnatal auditory preference of the chicks to either species-specific or music sounds was then tested at different time periods after hatching. All the chicks, irrespective of the type of prenatal exposure, showed preference for species-specific maternal calls. Notably, the music stimulated chicks did not show preference for either slow or fast music. In both the experimental groups, the number of chicks responding to the species-specific maternal calls was significantly (P<0.001) more at 24 h and 48 h post hatch, when compared with the unstimulated control group. Comparison of the species-specific stimulated group with the music stimulated group, for auditory preference to the maternal calls, did not show any significant difference. Further, in the species-specific sound stimulated groups, there was a significant (P<0.001) increase in the number of chicks responding to maternal calls at 60 h of age with repeated testing. However, there was no effect of peer imprinting on the auditory preference of the chicks, in both the experimental groups. The results indicate that prenatal auditory experience with either species-specific or non-specific music enhances the postnatal auditory preference of chicks for the species-specific sounds.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2002

Determination of species-specific components in the venom of Parabuthus scorpions from southern Africa using matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

The aim of the present study was to analyze mass spectra of scorpions belonging to the genus Parabuthus (Pocock 1890) by means of matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) and to construct a species-specific venom code for species identification. The venom compositions of sixteen Parabuthus species, occurring in southern Africa, were characterized using representative peaks in the molecular mass range of 6400-8400 Da. This mass range is characteristic for the typical long-chain neurotoxins influencing sodium channels. Only a few of these peptides have been sequenced up to now. The impetus for development of these species-specific profiles was the observation of unique, highly reproducible mass spectral peaks within a specific species. An identification label for all the different species could be found using a minimum number of peaks. MALDI-TOFMS is therefore proposed as a complementary method to morphological and behavioural characteristics for species and ultimately subspecies discrimination.

Africa, Southern↗
PubMed1999

Distribution of bifidobacterial species in human intestinal microflora examined with 16S rRNA-gene-targeted species-specific primers.

In order to clarify the distribution of bifidobacterial species in the human intestinal tract, a 16S rRNA-gene-targeted species-specific PCR technique was developed and used with DNAs extracted from fecal samples obtained from 48 healthy adults and 27 breast-fed infants. To cover all of the bifidobacterial species that have been isolated from and identified in the human intestinal tract, species-specific primers for Bifidobacterium longum, B. infantis, B. dentium, and B. gallicum were developed and used with primers for B. adolescentis, B. angulatum, B. bifidum, B. breve, and the B. catenulatum group (B. catenulatum and B. pseudocatenulatum) that were developed in a previous study (T. Matsuki, K. Watanabe, R. Tanaka, and H. Oyaizu, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 167:113-121, 1998). The specificity of the nine primers was confirmed by PCR, and the species-specific PCR method was found to be a useful means for identifying Bifidobacterium strains isolated from human feces. The results of an examination of bifidobacterial species distribution showed that the B. catenulatum group was the most commonly found taxon (detected in 44 of 48 samples [92%]), followed by B. longum and B. adolescentis, in the adult intestinal bifidobacterial flora and that B. breve, B. infantis, and B. longum were frequently found in the intestinal tracts of infants. The present study demonstrated that qualitative detection of the bifidobacterial species present in human feces can be accomplished rapidly and accurately.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Quantitative intra-short interspersed element PCR for species-specific DNA identification.

We have designed and evaluated four assays based upon PCR amplification of short interspersed elements (SINEs) for species-specific detection and quantitation of bovine, porcine, chicken, and ruminant DNA. The need for these types of approaches has increased drastically in response to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy epidemic. Using SYBR Green-based detection, the minimum effective quantitation levels were 0.1, 0.01, 5, and 1 pg of starting DNA template using our bovine, porcine, chicken, and ruminant species-specific SINE-based PCR assays, respectively. Background cross-amplification with DNA templates derived from 14 other species was negligible. Species specificity of the PCR amplicons was further demonstrated by the ability of the assays to accurately detect trace quantities of species-specific DNA from mixed (complex) sources. Bovine DNA was detected at 0.005% (0.5 pg), porcine DNA was detected at 0.0005% (0.05 pg), and chicken DNA was detected at 0.05% (5 pg) in a 10-ng mixture of bovine, porcine, and chicken DNA templates. We also tested six commercially purchased meat products using these assays. The SINE-based PCR methods we report here are species-specific, are highly sensitive, and will improve the detection limits for DNA sequences derived from these species.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Participation of species specific and group specific ornithosis antigens in immune reactions].

The immunogenic properties of the species-specific antigen localized in the elementary particle membrane and group-specific or inner antigen of the causative agent of ornithosis were studied. The species specific antigen was shown to induce the antibody neutralizing the infectious properties of the agent as well as those agglutinating elementary bodies, inhibiting hemagglutination, and complement-fixing antibody detectable in the direct and indirect complement-fixation tests. The results indicate that the antigens most clearly defining the species-specific properties of the causative agent of ornithosis are localized in the elementary particle membrane. These antigens may be used for differential diagnosis studies employing not only CFT but also other antibody tests.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2006

Derivation of species-specific hybridization-like knowledge out of cross-species hybridization results.

BACKGROUND: One of the approaches for conducting genomics research in organisms without extant microarray platforms is to profile their expression patterns by using Cross-Species Hybridization (CSH). Several different studies using spotted microarray and CSH produced contradicting conclusions in the ability of CSH to reflect biological processes described by species-specific hybridization (SSH). RESULTS: We used a tomato-spotted cDNA microarray to examine the ability of CSH to reflect SSH data. Potato RNA was hybridized to spotted cDNA tomato and potato microarrays to generate CSH and SSH data, respectively. Difficulties arose in obtaining transcriptomic data from CSH that reflected those obtained from SSH. Nevertheless, once the data was filtered for those corresponding to matching probe sets, by restricting proper cutoffs of probe homology, the CSH transcriptome data showed improved reflection of those of the SSH. CONCLUSIONS: This study evaluated the relative performance of CSH compared to SSH, and proposes methods to ensure that CSH closely reflects the biological process analyzed by SSH.

Cluster Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Description of Perkinsus andrewsi n. sp. isolated from the Baltic clam (Macoma balthica) by characterization of the ribosomal RNA locus, and development of a species-specific PCR-based diagnostic assay.

A Perkinsus species was isolated from the baltic clam Macoma balthica and an in vitro culture established under conditions described for P. marinus. As reported previously, morphological features remarkable enough to clearly indicate that this isolate is a distinct Perkinsus species were lacking. In this study, regions of the rRNA locus (NTS, 18S, ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2) of this isolate were cloned, sequenced, and compared by alignment with those available for other Perkinsus species and isolates. Sequence data from the rRNA locus and species-specific PCR assays indicated not only that Perkinsus sp. from M. balthica was not P. marinus, but it was different from P. atlanticus and P. olseni. The degree of difference was comparable to or greater than differences between accepted Perkinsus species. In particular, NTS sequence and length were dramatically different from that of P. marinus and P. atlanticus. Therefore, we formally propose to designate the Perkinsus sp. from M. balthica as a separate species, P. andrewsi n. sp. Primers based on P. andrewsi NTS sequence were used to develop a PCR-based diagnostic assay that was validated for species-specificity and sensitivity. PCR-based assays specific for either P. andrewsi or P. marinus were used to test for their presence in bivalve species sympatric to M. balthica. Although isolated from M. balthica, P. andrewsi was also detected in the oyster Crassostrea virginica and clams Macoma mitchelli and Mercenaria mercenaria, and could coexist with P. marinus in all four bivalve species tested.

Animals↗