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PubMed1979

Sociological correlates of alienation among adolescent suicide attempts.

The purpose of this research is to assess the relationship between adolescent alienation and a number of sociological factors in a sample adolescent suicide attempts from a northern metropolitan area. First, Dean's alienation scale is employed and the distribution of responses of the adolescent suicide attempts are analyzed. Second a number of sociological variables are examined by means of multiple regression procedures. In the regression analysis, eight variables were found to be statistically significant-in descending order: social contact with peers in the neighborhood, conflict with parents, broken romance, economic status of parents, communication blockage with parents, school performance, stepparents, and broken romance, These variables have been salient in previous research and theorizing about adolescent suicidal behavior. The fact that adolescence, by itself, seems to be a good predictor of whether or not a person will attempt suicide strongly suggests that there is something about the condition of adolescence which underlies this type of behavior. One possibility is that biological maturation is itself the crucial variable. Alternatively, the argument which follows concentrates on a major sociological aspect of adolescence-the adolescent's relative alienation from institutionalized social life. Alienation may be endemic to the period of adolescence.

Achievement↗
PubMed1998

Medical work and the computer-based patient record: a sociological perspective.

The computer-based patient record (CPR) is a tool likely to have great impact on the practice of medicine in the years to come. Yet, clinical settings with a fully integrated CPR are hard to find. This paper takes a sociological look at the attempts to construe and introduce CPRs. It is argued that part of the current trouble in getting these tools to work lies in the model of medical work that is inscribed in many (attempted) CPRs. A more sociological perspective on medical work should be able to offer points of departure for the construction of systems which might fit the needs of health care workers better. Based on participatory observation, the paper outlines what it is medical work comes down to from a sociological perspective, and how the medical record figures in this work. Finally, some consequences this depiction has for current discussions on and (proposed) implementations of CPRs are described.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2004

Breast cancer in two regimes: the impact of social movements on illness experience.

This article uses the narrative of one woman, Clara Larson, to explore changes over time in the experiences of illness available to women diagnosed with breast cancer. To claim that different illness experiences become available at different times is simply to acknowledge that experiences of disease are shaped not only by the individual circumstances of disease sufferers and the particular character of their pathologies, but by culturally, spatially and historically specific regimes of practices. This article explores the impact of social movements on the regime of breast cancer and makes four contributions to the scholarship on illness experience. First, it offers the concept disease regime as a way of conceptualising the structural shaping of illness experience. Second, it demonstrates the value of incorporating social movements more thoroughly into the study of illness experience. Third, it proposes that social movements change illness experiences in two ways: (1) by changing the sufferer or her relationship to the regime's practices; and (2) by changing and expanding the regime's actual practices. And fourth, it demonstrates how gender and sexuality are constituted within disease regimes and are challenged by social movements. This article is informed by four years of ethnographic research conducted in the San Francisco Bay Area between 1994 and 1998, supplemented by historical research and more than 40 taped interviews and oral histories with current and former breast cancer patients, activists, educators, scientists, support group leaders and volunteers.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2001

How Robert M. MacIver was forgotten: Columbia and American sociology in a new light, 1929-1950.

It is necessary to reevaluate the role of the Department of Sociology at Columbia University in the years 1929-1950. The impact of Robert M. MacIver, who played a significant role in the exchange between European and American thinkers, is examined, as well as his marginalization. It is argued that in the 1930s it was characteristic that the sociologists in the centers in Chicago and Columbia exchanged their disciplinary functions. It was MacIver's Columbia that took on the role of advocate of humanistic sociology and Mead's and Cooley's heritage.

Famous Persons↗
PubMed2002

Moral education for the elite of democracy: the classe de philosophie between sociology and philosophy.

In this article, I address the issues at stake in the relationship between sociology and philosophy in the second half of the nineteenth century by focusing on a debate between two parties: Emile Durkheim, who was attempting to found an independent scientific sociology, and the editors and collaborators of the Revue de métaphysique et de morale (RMM), one of the central philosophical journals of the period. This debate focused on the role of philosophy in secondary school education, but at its heart, this was a struggle between two disciplines over which ought to direct the formation of good citizens for Third Republic France.

Democracy↗
PubMed2002

When ecology and sociology meet: the contributions of Edward A. Ross.

Edward A. Ross, a key figure in the early history of American sociology, developed a conceptualization of natural and social changes of the material environment that is virtually forgotten today. In this paper, these topics are discussed and located vis-à-vis Ross's intellectual contemporaries and their general take on the nature/society relationship. It is argued that ecological and sociological ideas in the early twentieth century influenced one another and, in the case of Ross, produced a perspective of social change that tried to include the dynamics of nature.

Ecology↗
PubMed2006

G. H. Mead in the history of sociological ideas.

My aim is to discuss the history of the reception of George Herbert Mead's ideas in sociology. After discussing the methodological debate between presentism and historicism, I address the interpretations of those responsible for Mead's inclusion in the sociological canon: Herbert Blumer, Jürgen Habermas, and Hans Joas. In the concluding section, I assess these reconstructions of Mead's thought and suggest an alternative more consistent with my initial methodological remarks. In particular, I advocate a reconstruction of Mead's ideas that apprehends simultaneously its evolution over time and its thematic breadth. Such a historically minded reconstruction can be not only a useful corrective to possible anachronisms incurred by contemporary social theorists, but also a fruitful resource for their theory-building endeavors. Only then can meaningful and enriching dialogue with Mead begin.

Behaviorism↗
PubMed2006

The historiography of Swedish sociology and the bounding of disciplinary identity.

Bounding a scientific discipline is a way of regulating its cognitive direction as well as its relations to neighboring disciplines and extra-academic authorities. In this process of identity making, disciplinary history often is a crucial element. In this article, focusing on the historiography of Swedish sociology and the reception of Gustaf Steffen, Sweden's first professional sociologist, it is argued that Steffen's marginalized role in the traditional accounts should be understood not only with reference to his supposed theoretical shortcomings, but also in the historical context of the early postwar reestablishment of sociology as an academic discipline and its prevalent need for a new disciplinary identity, strategically adjusted to the contemporary institutional and political settings.

Historiography↗
PubMed1987

Sociological perspectives on the alcoholism treatment literature since 1940.

From a sociological perspective there are many different worlds of alcoholism treatment. The present time may be crucially opportune for sociological research on the characteristics and development of alcoholism treatment. The last few decades have been characterized by an ongoing theoretical and empirical restructuring in a way that can be described as an emergence of a "new reality" in the perception of the problem area. Central assumptions have been challenged, and new concerns have entered the debate. This chapter analyzes some of the developments that led to these theoretical and ideological changes in viewing the alcoholism treatment field. This is undertaken by a quantitative analysis of the alcoholism treatment literature that was conducted some 10 years ago and that covers the period between 1940 and 1972. In hindsight, it seems that this period leading up to the first years of the 1970s is now of special interest, since the pieces for a more holistic alternative restructuring began to emerge during that time.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1995

Choice, continuity and control: changing midwifery, towards a sociological perspective.

In this paper sociological theories of the professions and the organisation of work are drawn on to explain current developments in the organisation of maternity care. Utilising the literature on the sociology of the professions and general trends in health policy and labour markets, possible reasons for the current renaissance in midwifery and some implications for midwives are discussed. Thus, whilst some women and midwives may be building a paradigm of 'woman-centered' practice based on an equal partnership, for other midwives, the result may be a divided workforce consisting of an elite core and casualised periphery based on the ability to give a full-time flexible commitment to work. The implications of excluding those midwives who are unable to combine full-time work with their own domestic commitments are discussed.

Continuity of Patient Care↗
PubMed1986

Sociological concepts in the etiology of chronic disease: the case of ischemic heart disease.

This paper first gives a selective and critical review of conventional sociological variables included into epidemiologic and clinical studies of ischemic heart disease (IHD). In a second section, links between social and biological processes are discussed, and a conceptual sociological approach is developed which relates critical experiences of active distress to impaired long-term control of social status. This approach is elaborated to some extent in order to illustrate possible avenues of future research which strengthen cross-fertilization between medical and social sciences.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

The development of medical sociology in Finland.

This paper reviews the development and major directions of medical sociology in Finland. An interest in the social aspects of health can be traced to 19th-century social medicine. A general interest in medical sociology emerged in the 1950s but the research was mainly focused on the work setting and behavior of various health professionals. In the 1960s, the regional differences in morbidity and accessibility to health care were the focus of the research sponsored by the government, and many studies examined the health behavior and health status of selected groups. In the 1980s, the research has covered the most topical areas in the field. Although there are a large number of active researchers, the field is characterized by a weak institutionalization.

Finland↗
PubMed1992

Sociological and economic theories of suicide: a comparison of the U.S.A. and Taiwan.

Time-series analyses were carried out to explore the importance of sociological and economic variables in accounting for the suicide rate in the U.S.A. and in Taiwan for 1952-1984. Sociological variables (divorce and female labor force participation) played similar roles in the multiple regressions for both nations while economic variables (GNP per capita/growth and unemployment) played a role only in the U.S.A.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed2005

'I just want permission to be ill': towards a sociology of medically unexplained symptoms.

A significant proportion of symptoms are medically unexplained. People experience illness but no pathological basis for the symptoms can be discerned by the medical profession. Living without a clinical diagnosis or medical explanation has consequences for such patients. This paper reports on a small qualitative interview-based study of 18 neurology outpatients in England who live with such medically unexplained symptoms (MUS). The findings broadly concur with those identified in the related literatures on medically unexplained syndromes and unexplained pain: the difficulties of living with uncertainty; dealing with legitimacy; and a resistance to psychological explanations of their suffering. From a thematic analysis of the interview data we identify and elaborate on three related issues, which we refer to as: 'morality'; 'chaos'; and 'ambivalence'. Although this article presents empirical data its aim is primarily conceptual; it integrates the findings of the empirical analysis with the existing literature in order to try to make some sociological sense of the emergent themes by drawing on sociological and cultural analyses of risk and the body. We draw on Bauman's concept of ambivalence to suggest that the very processes associated with more precise 'problem solving' and 'classification' do, in fact, generate even more uncertainty and anxiety. On the one hand, we seek closure and certainty and yet this leaves no means of living with uncertainty. Indeed, society does not readily grant permission to be ill in the absence of disease. We conclude by suggesting that an appreciation of the experience of such embodied doubt articulated by people who live with MUS may have a more general applicability to the analysis of social life under conditions of late modernity.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

An economic and sociological interpretation of social differences in health-related behaviour: an encounter as a guide to social epidemiology.

We argue that the group-centred analyses of social epidemiology should follow from theoretical considerations that take the situation of the individual as their natural starting point. In a tentative dialogue between economics and sociology, we develop a framework for the analysis of health-related behaviour. Such behaviour is modelled as a process of decision-making at the individual level. Within economics, we draw specifically on the demand-for-health literature and the new institutional economics. Within sociology, Bourdieu's habitus theory is presented in combination with a macro-structural approach where the focus is on the process of individualization. The relationship between these different approaches to health-related behaviour and their implications is discussed. We find that the encounter between different sciences provides valuable insights for future work in the socio-epidemiological tradition.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1995

The origins of insane asylums in England during the 19th century: a brief sociological review.

This paper explores the origins of insane asylums in 19th century England by comparing the official 'received' medically dominated perspective with an alternative sociological perspective. The major structural changes in provision are addressed as the focus for analysing the differing histories. A brief review is presented of the responses to insane people prior to the national asylum programme following the 1845 Lunacy Act, and of the reform logic that underpinned asylum care. The alternative sociological perspective presents the origins of psychiatric asylums as part of the social and economic changes occurring generally at that time. As such the origins of insane asylums are presented as part of a state-guided 'sanitary' movement which included poor, criminal and insane people within its remit. The effect of state-guided correction was the segregation of insane people from both the general population and other deviants who were formerly classed together. Insane people are thus presented as a group of deviants who departed most radically from the 'rational individualist' qualities of self-control, predictability and responsibility required in the industrialized world of capital social relations that emerged during the last century.

England↗
PubMed2001

[Attitudes of students of medicine, sociology and jurisprudence towards autopsy].

UNLABELLED: Attitudes of students of medicine, sociology and jurisprudence towards autopsy. SUBJECT: The autopsy is an important instrument of quality control in medicine. Nevertheless, we observe a dramatic decrease of post-mortem examinations. Because physicians take a important role as mediators, we tried to examine the attitudes of medical students towards autopsy and possible differences to students of other faculties. PROBANDS AND METHODS: Data of medical students (n = 335), students of jurisprudence (n = 95), and of sociology (n = 26) at Leipzig University were collected with the help of a specially elaborated questionnaire >>Post-mortem Examination<< (Fragebogen zur Sektion, FBZS), and two questionnaires >>Death and Dying<< (Fragebogen zu Tod und Sterben, FIMEST) and >>Personality<< (Persönlichkeitsfragebogen, Giessen-Test). RESULTS: Referring to the attitudes towards post-mortem examination there is only a slight difference between students of the above-mentioned faculties. Even preclinical students showed no difference with their attitudes towards autopsy compared to the students of other faculties and they showed lack of knowledge and ethical doubts towards autopsy. CONCLUSION: Due to the significant lack of knowledge of the medical students of the University of Leipzig it seems questionable, if they will be able to convince relatives to give consent to an autopsy in later activity as physicians. More instructional work during study and further medical education should be done.

Attitude to Death↗
PubMed2001

Abstract and engaged critique in sociology: on football hooliganism.

This note is a response to a critical review of some of my own work published recently in the British Journal of Sociology but it does not reply to the specific criticisms made in that article. Rather it addresses the question of what constitutes appropriate critique in sociology by developing a distinction between abstract and engaged criticism.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗