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PubMed1995

The SMC family: from chromosome condensation to dosage compensation.

Recent genetic analyses in yeasts and biochemical studies in vertebrate cells have led to the discovery of a family of putative ATPases that play a fundamental role in chromosome condensation and segregation in mitosis. One of the members was also found to be involved in dosage compensation in Caenorhabditis elegans, providing a new link between global regulation of gene expression and chromosome structure. This unique family of proteins may control higher-order chromosome dynamics by regulated self-assembly or mechanochemical activity.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1989

Interstitial collagenase (MMP-1), gelatinase (MMP-2) and stromelysin (MMP-3) released by human fibroblasts cultured on acellular sarcoid granulomas (sarcoid matrix complex, SMC).

We studied collagenase, gelatinase and stromelysin syntheses by human fibroblasts cultured on three models of tridimensional matrix: native collagen sponge, native collagen complexed with glycosaminoglycans sponge, and acellular sarcoid matrix complex prepared from human sarcoid granulomas. Collagenase and stromelysin biosyntheses were differently stimulated according to culture conditions. Fibroblasts secreted a same amount of collagenase or stromelysin when cultured on collagen and collagen-glycosaminoglycans sponges, while collagenase and stromelysin secretions were widely amplified when cultured on sarcoid matrix complex. In contrast, gelatinase production was equally induced by the three culture conditions. In the different culture conditions on tridimensional matrix, the three matrix metalloproteinases were synthesized in a latent form. Thus, the sarcoid matrix complex stimulated the release of collagenase and stromelysin by fibroblast, but did not stimulate the release of gelatinase. This suggests that collagenase and stromelysin syntheses are co-regulated while gelatinase production is controlled by a distinct mechanism.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed2002

SMC proteins.

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Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2003

Case report: Angelman syndrome in an individual with a small SMC(15) and paternal uniparental disomy: a case report with reference to the assessment of cognitive functioning and autistic symptomatology.

The case of a 15-year-old male with Angelman syndrome, paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 15, and a small supernumerary marker chromosome is discussed. Assessment of cognitive functioning revealed an uneven profile of ability across different domains; in particular, receptive language ability was found to be superior to expressive language ability, whilst both gross and fine motor skills were found to be relatively well developed. Assessment using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule showed very little evidence of autistic symptomatology. The patient showed an interest in social interaction and used a variety of methods to communicate, including some gestures and several single words. A clinical history revealed febrile convulsions during childhood but an absence of seizures in the previous 5 years. The patient was not hypopigmented, and height, weight, and head circumference were within the normal range for his age. The implications of these features are discussed in the context of previous work describing a milder phenotype in nondeletion cases of Angelman syndrome and work that has examined the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders amongst individuals with Angelman syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Distribution of the Escherichia coli structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC)-like protein MukB in the cell.

Fluorescent polyclonal antibodies specific for MukB have been used to study its localization in Escherichia coli. In wild-type cells, the MukB protein appeared as a limited number of oblong shapes embracing the nucleoid. MukB remained associated with the nucleoid in the absence of DNA replication. The centre of gravity of the dispersed MukB signal initially localized near mid-cell, but moved to approximately quarter positions well before the termination of DNA replication and its subsequent reinitiation. Because MukB had been reported to bind to FtsZ and to its eukaryotic homologue tubulin in vitro, cells were co-labelled with MukB- and FtsZ-specific fluorophores. No co-localization of MukB with polymerized FtsZ (the FtsZ ring) was observed at any time during the cell cycle. A possible role for MukB in preventing premature FtsZ polymerization and in DNA folding that might assist DNA segregation is discussed.

Antibodies↗
PubMed2003

Mechanism of sign inversion of spontaneous polarization in ferroelectric SmC* liquid crystals.

The ferroelectric liquid crystal FLC-117, which is known to exhibit at a certain temperature the sign inversion of spontaneous polarization P(s), is studied under an electric field. From the analysis of the electro-optic response and the direct texture observations, it is concluded that the inversion temperature of P(s) has the applied voltage dependence. To interpret our experimental result, we introduce a coupling term between the molecular dipole moments and the magnitude of the applied electric fields to the asymmetric rotational potential about the molecular long axis. The simulated results using this potential are in accordance with our experimental result.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Probable Langevin-like director reorientation in an interface-induced disordered SmC*-like state of liquid crystals characterized by frustration between ferro- and antiferroelectricity.

To clarify the thresholdless, hysteresis free V-shaped switching due to frustration between ferro- and antiferroelectricity, we have studied a prototype binary mixture system. The apparent orientational order parameters, and , obtained from polarized Raman scattering in thin homogeneous cells indicate that substrate interfaces induce some randomization of local in-plane directors at the tip of the V. Their correlation lengths, xi( parallel) approximately 3.5 nm and xi( perpendicular) approximately 75 nm, have been estimated by assuming the Langevin-like reorientation. Because of the much shorter xi(parallel) and xi(perpendicular) than the visible light wavelength, the switching process looks uniform.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

TGF-beta1 generates a specific multicomponent extracellular matrix in human coronary SMC.

BACKGROUND: Transforming growth factor (TGF-beta(1)) is postulated to play an important role in maintaining the structure and function of arterial tissue and protection against development of arteriosclerosis. The TGF-beta(1)-induced production of a stable extra-cellular matrix-rich plaque phenotype is suggested to be part of the protection against a switch to an unstable rupture-prone arteriosclerotic plaque. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study addresses the question of whether the expression profile and the type of extra-cellular matrix (ECM) generated by TGF-beta(1) stimulation have the structural feature of a fibril-rich stable matrix. Seventeen genes codings for ECM components of human coronary smooth muscle cells (SMCs) after a 24-h stimulation by TGF-beta(1) have been analyzed. RESULTS: Real-time RT-PCR was used to quantify the mRNA of genes under investigation. It was found that after TGF-beta(1) stimulation (a) the up-regulation of COL1A1-specific mRNA was associated with increased [(3)H]proline incorporation into the alpha-1 and -2 chains of collagen type I, (b) the up-regulation of biglycan- and syndecan-1-specific mRNA corresponded to an increased [(35)S]sulphate and [4,5-(3)H]leucine incorporation into the biglycan molecule and to an increase of syndecan-1 protein, (c) the up-regulated FGF-2 gene accounted predominantly for the ECM-bound subfraction of FGF-2-protein and (d) fibronectin and thrombospondin exhibited a significantly higher mRNA level. In contrast collagen XIV, a minor collagen type, and the proteoglycan decorin were down-regulated. The down-regulated decorin changed its structure by elongation and reduced GlcA to IdoA epimerization of the dermatan sulphate side-chain as judged by [(35)S]sulphate metabolic labelling experiments. No significant changes in response to TGF-beta(1) were observed for the collagen types III, VI and XVI, for versican, perlecan and the syndecans-2 and -4. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded from the data that the TGF-beta(1)-induced formation of a highly specific multicomponent extra-cellular matrix on coronary arterial SMCs could provide in vivo mechanical strength to the neointima in arteriosclerotic lesions and to the fibrous cap overlying the lipid core.

Biglycan↗
PubMed2003

Static and dynamic electro-optic properties of a SmC* phase in surface stabilized geometry and dispersed in the polymer matrix.

Comparative electro-optical measurements have been made on a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) in surface stabilized geometry and confined to an ellipsoidal cavity within a polymer matrix. The static and dynamic electro-optical characteristics were measured for both systems and show qualitatively similar behaviours. A fast switching and important bistability were observed and characterized as a function of the applied electric field strength. The switching time between the two stable states of the surface stabilized cell was found to be longer than that found for the composite films. We argue that the faster switching dynamic of the FLC in cavities is due to the enhance of the rotational mobility of the molecules, probably (and partly) because of the "soft" anchoring character of the molecules at the cavity walls. Using a collective switching model in the high field regime, which assume a linear coupling between the spontaneous polarization and the local cavity electric field, we give an estimate of the rotational viscosity of the FLC molecules in the droplets.

Journal Article↗