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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Utility of relaxation training with children in school settings: a plea for realistic goal setting and evaluation.

BACKGROUND: School-based relaxation training programmes are a popular means of helping children with anxiety problems such as headaches and test anxiety. AIMS: Our major objective is to evaluate the empirical status of school-based relaxation training programmes. CONTENTS: Focusing on progressive muscle relaxation training, we show how this adult training procedure has been modified for use with children. Several training issues are discussed including the questions of live versus recorded instruction and individual versus group instruction. We also discuss the evaluation of relaxation training programmes in school settings, highlighting issues of reliability and validity. CONCLUSIONS: Our review of studies examining the efficacy of school-based relaxation training shows that improvements are usually modest and of dubious clinical or educational significance. Consequently we suggest that when relaxation training is used with school children treatment goals should be more modest or, that if improvements in specific performance areas are sought, then more comprehensive treatment packages be developed which can influence the successful performance of children in target areas and reduce anxiety to normal levels.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Task-set inertia, attitude accessibility, and compatibility-order effects: new evidence for a task-set switching account of the implicit association test effect.

Based on a task-set switching account of the Implicit Association Test (IAT), the authors predict a specific pattern of aftereffects as a consequence of working through IAT blocks. In Study 1, performance in an evaluative decision task, but not in a color-naming task, was decreased after working through the incompatible rather than compatible block of a flower-insect IAT. In Study 2, response latencies in an evaluative rating task, but not in a color-rating task, were analogously affected, whereas the ratings themselves were not a function of the compatibility of prior IAT blocks. The aftereffects demonstrate reactivity of the IAT; they bear on the mechanisms underlying the IAT and on compatibility-order effects.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Toward integrating a common nursing data set in home care to facilitate monitoring outcomes across settings.

The purpose of our research is to identify a realistic subset of North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA), Nursing Outcome Classification (NOC), and Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) terms specific to the home care (HC) setting. A subset of 89 NOC outcomes were identified for study in HC through a baseline survey. Three research assistants then observed the care of 258 patients to whom the 89 NOC outcomes applied and recorded the associated NANDA and NIC terms. Follow-up surveys and focus groups were conducted with the nurses and research assistants. There were 81 different NANDA and 226 NIC labels used to describe study patients' care. Only 36 of the 89 NOC labels studied were deemed clinically useful for HC. We found that expert opinion about terminology usage before actual experience under practice conditions is unreliable.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1989

Experimental research of a set as a means of a set as a means of understanding specific characteristics of psychological constitutions.

Primary specific characteristics of psychological reactions, typical of the individual and undoubtedly influencing the formation and dynamics of his character, can be defined as "psychological constitution." Experimental study of peculiarities of an individual's set by the method elaborated by D.N. Uznadze and his school was chosen as a way to elicit psychological constitution. The manner in which the subject creates a model of the situation and the rate at which this model is destroyed when it fails to correspond to the perceptual data, appear to be the central question. A conceptual approach is suggested for evaluation of experimental data as characteristics of the individual's psychological constitution. It turns out thereby to be possible, theoretically and experimentally, to single out 8 basic types of psychological constitutions, or "primary psychotypes."

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Immunoregulatory circuits among T cell sets: effect of mode of immunization on determining which Lyl T cell sets will be activated.

Lyl T cells are able to induce B cells to make antibody and also to induce a resting Lyl23 T cell set to exert potent feedback suppression. Which of these two pathways Lyl T cells take can be influenced by the mode of immunization. In particular, in vitro immunized Lyl T cells are more likely to induce suppression than are Lyl T cells immunized in vivo even when both populations deliver the same amount of help to purified B cells. The feedback suppression induced by the Lyl T cells immunized in vitro can be distinguished from suppression mediated by Ly2+ T cells; in the former case suppression is preceded by a precocious antibody response, whereas suppression mediated by Ly2+ T cells is apparent throughout the entire period of observation.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Acoustics in educational settings. Subcommittee on Acoustics in Educational Settings of the Bioacoustics Standards and Noise Standards Committee American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.

The Americans with Disabilities Act (enacted July 26, 1990) has brought into focus the need for removing barriers and improving accessibility of all buildings and facilities. It is clear that the definition of barrier must be expanded to include not only structural features that limit physical accessibility, but also acoustical barriers that limit access to communication and information. Acoustical interference caused by inappropriate levels of background noise and reverberation presents a barrier to learning and communication in educational settings and school-sponsored extracurricular activities, particularly for students with hearing loss or other language/learning concerns. ASHA has provided these guidelines and acoustical improvement strategies in order to assist communication-related professionals, teachers, school officials, architects, contractors, state education agencies, and others in developing the best possible learning environment for all students. Additional research on both the acoustical characteristics of learning environments and the communication requirements of learners is encouraged.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1976

Effects of set, setting, and sedatives, on reaction time.

The effects of sessions, individual characteristics, group behavior, sedative medications, and pharmacological anticipation, on simple visual and auditory reaction time were evaluated with a randomized block design. The project involved 4 separate small groups of 5 to 9 healthy young adults who met 4 times for 9 hr. over 4 mo. and received 4 drug regimens under controlled conditions. Attitudes toward the experiment, which were mainly related to an early fear of potent drugs and late feelings of weariness, markedly affected reaction time. This effect decreased the test-retest reliability of the instrument, hence its sensitivity. Group behavior, subjective feelings attributable to the medications, and pharmacological anticipation, on the other hand, did not seem to have affected psychomotor performance. The effects of sedatives were much more marked and consistent with reaction time than with subjective responses, which primarily represented the influence of anticipation. This dissociation between objective and subjective behavior indicates that the subjects acted according to the drugs which they had taken but felt according to what they believed they had received.

Anxiety↗